Some problems of the geochemistry of the supergene zone

Supergenesis, sedimentational lithogenesis, and technological activities of man are characterized here in brief, as well as the geocosmochemical processes. Principal types of geochemical territories are indicated for supergenesis and sedimentational lithogenesis. Considerations are presented for expansion of the research in supergenesis and lithogenesis, and its fundamental orientations and major problems are defined. -- Authors     

Significance of contrast in the early stages of the structural history of the Delhi and the pre-Delhi rock groups in the Proterozoic of Rajasthan, western India

Structures of four generations are decipherable both in the pre-Delhi rocks of central Rajasthan, and in the Delhi rocks of Khetri in northeastern Rajasthan and around Todgarh in central Rajasthan. There is a remarkable identity in the later phases of the deformational history of the two groups, with gravity-induced structures followed by conjugate folds due to longitudinal shortening (N-S in northeastern Rajasthan and NE-SW in central Rajasthan). The earlier stages of the structural history of the two groups are, however, significantly different. The E-W-trending reclined folds of the first generation in the pre-Delhi rocks are absent in the Delhi rocks throughout Rajasthan. The NNE- to NE-trending folds of the second generation in the pre-Delhi groups are upright, whereas these structures in the Delhi rocks are of two phases—recumbent folds, followed by coaxial upright folds. The folds of the first and the second phases in the Delhi rocks plunge gently NE or SW where they are not affected by subsequent deformations. But the NE-trending folds in the pre-Delhi rocks show an extreme variation in axial plunge from horizontal to vertical, even where they are unaffected by later movements. Evidence has been adduced to suggest that these differences in the earlier phases of the structural evolution of the two groups are due to an angular unconformity between the Delhi and the pre-Delhi rocks.     

江西修水地区早震旦世末期冰碛相分析

<正> 修水地区属于扬子地台江南台褶带的一部分,南频华南加里东褶皱系。早震旦世末期冰碛岩分布较广,出露齐全,沉积岩相类型多样。过去,对该区冰碛岩相的研究较贫乏,对其地层的划分和对比一直存有分歧,最突出的焦点是南沱组内是否存在间冰期及是否存在多期间冰期沉积。此外,在扬子地台区的湘、黔、桂等地的间冰期地层中赋藏丰富的     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部下石盒子组盒8段辫状河三角洲沉积特征

中二叠统下石盒子组盒8段为鄂尔多斯盆地东北部天然气的主产层位,其储集砂体受控于沉积相带的展布。通过对野外露头、岩心及测井曲线等综合分析,笔者认为研究区内主要以发育辫状河三角洲为特征,并对其沉积特征、影响其形成和发育的机理,以及岩相和砂体的展布特征进行深入研究。认为该区盒8段三角洲为辫状河-浅水型湖泊三角洲,在三角洲平原相区储集砂体为分流河道沉积;而在三角洲前缘相区则为水下分流河道沉积,河口坝、席状砂及远砂坝等沉积微相不发育。     

准噶尔盆地南缘郝家沟剖面下侏罗统三工河组辫状河三角洲沉积特征

对准噶尔南缘郝家沟剖面下侏罗统三工河组的沉积相与层序地层特征进行了详细的研究,确认三工河组发育辫状河三角洲沉积。辫状河三角洲包括辫状河三角洲平原亚相、辫状河三角洲前缘亚相和前辫状河三角洲亚相。辫状河三角洲前缘亚相又可进一步划分为水下分流河道、水下分流河道间、席状砂和河口坝等微相类型。三工河组辫状河三角洲沉积除一些层位的辫状河道沉积物颗粒较粗外,主体沉积物以砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩为主,为砂质辫状河三角洲。运用高分辨率层序地层学基准面旋回划分原理,将三工河组划分为2个中期基准面旋回,下部中期基准面旋回又可划分为4个短期基准面旋回,上部中期基准面旋回发育不完整。     

Geochemistry of the Granites in the Tamuqi Area on Southern Margin of Tarim Block

This study shows that the intrusive rocks distributed in the Aoyiqieke-Tamuqi area on the southern margin of the Tarim Block are composed of gabbro, diorite, granodiorite and granite, which constitute regionally a nearly EW-trending tectono-magmatic belt. Petrochemically the diorite, granodiorite and granite belong to the calc-alkaline, high-K series, with Na₂O/K₂O ratios varying between 0.83 and 2.63. M/F ratios in the diorite are within the range of 0.44–0.70 and those of the granodiorite ( granite) are 0.45–0.87. Petrochemistry data show that the intrusive complexes are of the I type and their ΣREE is slightly variable, within the range of 178.31–229.01 × 10⁻⁶. The LREE/HREE ratios of the diorite and granite are 3.78–5.13 and 6.69–7.66, respectively. The plutons usually show moderate negative Eu anomalies with δEu values ranging from 0.53 to 0.82, showing almost no difference among different rocks. The (La/Yb)_N values of diorite and granite are 12.39−14.86 and 22.07−26.03, respectively. The diorite and granite possess very similar REE distribution patterns, indicating that they were both derived from the same source. As for their trace element ratios, the diorite has higher Nb/Ta ratios than the granite, which are 15.73−17.16 and 12.03−15.01, respectively. It can be seen that the Nb/Ta ratios of the diorite are much closer to the average mantle (17.5). Their Zr/Hf ratios are very close to each other, within the range of 29−34. Th/Y ratios in the diorite are 0.42−0.80 (all less than unity) while those of the granite are 1.02−2.04. Some difference is also noticed in Ti/V between the diorite and the granite (52.6−54.2 for the former and 52.6−54.2 for the latter). As compared with ocean ridge granites, both diorite and granite are characterized by remarkable LILE enrichment, as well as by moderate negative Ba and postive Ce anomalies. The contents of Nb and Ta in the diorite and granite are equivalent to those of the ocean ridge granites, but the contents of Zr, Hf, Sm, Y, and Yb are all lower than those of the ocean ridge granites, indicating that these granites are similar to the island-arc granites of Chile. From their geochemical characteristics, it is considered that the intrusive rocks in the area studied were formed in an island-arc environment at the continental margin.     

Variations of the parameters of the dust envelope of the symbiotic star CH Cygni

The results of JHKLM photometry of the symbiotic star CH Cyg are presented. These demonstrate that, in Autumn 2006, the state of maximum near-IR brightness observed in 2003–2006 was replaced by a sharp brightness decline in all wavebands. One possible explanation is a sharp increase in the density of circumstellar dust envelope. The JHKLM photometry data together with ISO far-IR flux measurements are used to calculate spherically symmetric dust-envelope models for the maximum and minimum brightness states. The optical depth, expansion rate, and mass-loss rate of the envelope are calculated for both states, as well as an upper limit for the mass of the central source. Comparison with earlier models suggests that the rate of growth of the envelope optical depth and the mass-loss rate by the star are accelerating with time.     

The glacial topography in the area of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze river

The Quaternary glacial landforms, such as cirques, glacial troughs, rockdrumlins and lateral moraines are discovered in the area of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze river. The isograms of gravels in the moraines reveal that the a-axes of the gravels are mostly parallel to the trends of the valleys. The inclinations of the a-axes of the gravels are 18°–23°. The tendency of the ab-pianes is varied. The inclinations of ab-planes are 15°–20°. The fine grains in the moraines are of bimodal form in the size-frequency curves. The surface of the quartz grains of the moraines possess typical characteristics of glacial sands. Based on the feature of glacial landforms and the data of analysis of the experiment in the laboratory, authors divide the climatic period of Quaternary in this area into four glacial stages.     

花岗岩与混凝土胶结面抗剪强度的试验研究

坐落在基岩上的重力式建筑物（重力坝、悬索桥的锚碇等）,依靠基岩与大体积混凝土接触面的摩擦力平衡巨大的水压力或锚索拉力。接触面的摩擦系数有很小的变化,需要混凝土的体积发生大的变化保持摩擦力不变,从而工程造价出现大的差别。针对润扬长江公路大桥南汊悬索桥锚碇接触面抗剪强度取值问题,采用室内控制粗糙度试验的方法,测试了不同风化程度和粗糙度的花岗岩与混凝土接触面的抗剪强度。结合现场编录和现场粗糙度测试结果,获得了混凝土与基岩胶结面摩擦角的分区和面积加权平均值,为锚碇的稳定验算提供了准确的数据。试验结果对其它重力式抗滑结构设计有参考价值。     

柳伊河水电站大坝右岸坝区研究

In the paper in order to ascertain the condition of the right-bank of the dam at the Vilyui hydroelectric power plant measurements are applied to obtain experimental date such as drilling borehole,hydrolocation and so forth. By finding out the distribution of the temperature field some corresponding measures are taken to improve the stability of the dam during the change of the ground temperature. And finally some conclusions are draw to the study.     

赤水地区二叠系及三叠系碳酸盐岩油气储集岩层研究

通过岩芯及露头研究，结合部分测井资料，系统研究了赤水地区二、三叠系储集岩岩石类型及其储集性能，主要储集空间类型及孔隙演化特征，探讨了各类储层的主要控制因素。研究发现三叠系非均质性较强，但纵横向上仍有一些可对比的储集层段。如以T2rl^1为代表的孔隙型储层。以及以T1c^21,t1c^1为代表的裂缝一孔隙型储层。二叠系储层的存在取决于构造裂疑发育带，断层发育带、地震异常带等三有利部位。岩溶储层的发育与否必须考虑到地层厚度的异常变化。三叠系储层主要受控于发育在膏盐层下的潮间带中粒屑滩微相的粒屑云岩的溶蚀作用和白云岩化作用。构造作用同时也促使了白云岩化的发育，t1c^21-T1c^11层的白云岩层厚度决定了其储集性能。     

惠民凹陷西部沙四下亚段冲积扇沉积类型与成因分析

本文在岩心观察和描述的基础上,结合地震、测井等资料及平面上砂体的分布形态,对惠民凹陷西部沙四下亚段的沉积特征及成因进行了研究。认为研究区沙四下亚段主要发育冲积扇沉积的泥石流扇和辫状河扇两种类型,共识别出了6种沉积微相。宁南断层和无南断层下降盘发育大面积的辫状河扇沉积。砂体垂直岸线分布,延伸距离较远。平面上分布呈扇形,沉积相带分异不明显,主要沉积微相为辫状河道、河道砂坝与河道间沉积。邻近齐广断层断崖处发育泥石流扇沉积,砂体不甚发育,与辫状河扇相比,该沉积类型砾岩富集,扇体规模较小。相带变化比较明显,主要沉积微相为泥石流沉积、河道沉积与漫流沉积。该沉积体系的形成主要受构造活动、古地貌、物源区性质与古气候等因素的影响,断裂活动是该沉积体系形成的决定性因素。     

塔中北斜坡鹰山组碳酸盐岩溶蚀的模拟实验研究

为了研究碳酸盐岩的微观溶蚀机理,本文采用溶蚀实验和镜像观察的方法,研究了塔中北斜坡鹰山组3种类型碳酸盐岩的溶蚀过程及微观溶蚀特征。结果表明:在相同实验条件下,亮晶生屑灰岩、云质灰岩和泥晶颗粒灰岩的溶蚀量基本一致。由于对物质成分和岩石微结构的选择性溶蚀,它们的微观溶蚀特征存在明显差异。亮晶生屑灰岩和泥晶颗粒灰岩样表面整体被溶蚀降低。云质灰岩样表面方解石部分整体被溶蚀降低,形成铸模孔,白云石溶蚀成蜂窝状溶蚀孔,并突出岩石表面,白云石晶间缝溶蚀加大且相互连通,这对油、气和地下水储渗具有重要意义。      

扬子克拉通前寒武纪基底对中生代大面积低温成矿的制约

大面积低温成矿主要见于扬子克拉通和美国中西部,且扬子克拉通比美国中西部具有更多的矿床类型,在全球极具特色,是建立大面积低温成矿理论的理想区域。前人对扬子克拉通中生代大面积低温矿作用进行了较系统的研究,在矿床地质特征、矿床物质组成、成矿流体特征、成矿时代和成矿动力学背景等方面,已取得重要进展。进一步的研究表明,扬子低温成矿域不同矿种的矿床组合(Pb-Zn、Au-Hg-Sb-As、Au-Sb等)在地理位置上是分区产出的,而这种不同矿床组合的分区对应着不同类型的前寒武纪基底。初步证据显示,扬子克拉通前寒武纪基底(含寒武纪)富含低温成矿元素,深循环流体浸取基底岩石中的成矿元素发生了大面积低温成矿,而基底岩石成矿元素组成的空间不均一分布则控制了不同区域矿床组合的差异。应指出的是,由于成矿金属元素来源示踪的复杂性,大面积低温成矿的物质基础尚需更系统的研究进一步证实。     

渤海和黄海北部潮间带底质中的介形虫

间带不同性质的底质中 ,介形虫动物群的特征和生态分布各不相同。在岩石滩和沙滩中介形虫较丰富、多样 ,前者具有 Xestoleberishanaii,Cythere lutea lutea,Loxoconcha hattorii,Aurila cymba等 ,而后者有 Sinocytheridea impressa,Pistocythereis bradyformis,Bicornucytherebisanensis,Cushmanidea subjaponica等。泥质滩中介形虫通常很少 ,有 Loxoconcha binhaiensis和L.ocellata等。受高潮和中潮影响的河口区 ,通常介形虫丰度和多样性的分布较低 ,都是适应环境变化很强的属种 ,并具有海、陆相介形虫分布的混合区段。朝向海洋方向 ,非海相介形虫的百分含量呈逐渐降低变化 ,而海相介形虫正好相反。     

疏勒河中、下游盆地景观环境变化分析

通过70－90年代中期遥感卫片解译，对疏勒河中，下游盆地生态景观进行分类，阐述了分布特征，应用GIS技术计算各类景观面积，分析了时空分布变化和成因，指出了两重点盆地存在的主要环境地质问题，提出了合理利用水土资源和保护生态环境的建议。     

Progress in the use of the method of optimum interpolation for the redesign of the Zambian raingauge network

The Zambian Second National Development Plan calls for an increase in the number of raingauge stations from the present 500 to 1000 by 1976, to bring the national network density to above the WMO recommended minimum figure of one gauge per 900 km².The present network is examined for adequacy according to the criterion of maximum admissible error of the estimate of rainfall at any ungauged point, using the method of optimum interpolation. Areas which are inadequately gauged are delimited.Several variations of the maximum admissible error criterion are considered as a basis of network design, and it is concluded that a combination of criteria provides the most suitable basis for network design. The practical constraints in implementing the design, however, restricts the usefulness of detailed planning.     

从清江流域瓦屋场滑坡复活看人类对坡体的利用

居住在山区的人们主要活动空间是斜坡。人们对斜坡利用的有效与否是由人们对斜坡认识充分与否决定的。倘若人们对斜坡认识不足，就可能遭受因斜坡失稳所带来的损失。因此，对这类斜坡的稳定状况的正确认识很有必要。以清江流域典型滑坡——瓦屋场滑坡的复活为例，通过介绍清江流域瓦屋场滑坡人类活动与该滑坡产生的变形情况，根据滑坡体工程地质条件，针对变形原因用萨尔玛法及不平衡推力法进行了稳定分析，同时对复活机制进行分析。在此基础上按照顺应性准则和协调性原则，提出相应的工程治理措施。鉴于该滑坡为该地区的典型滑坡，从灾害学角度说明人类在利用坡体前，对坡体稳定状况认识的重要性并给出人们合理利用该地区自然边坡的建议。     

海上大气波导研究进展

大气波导是对流层中具有异常大气折射率梯度的大气层,对于评估和预测电磁波传播和海上探测通信系统等具有重要的科学意义和应用价值.以海上发生的大气波导类型为线索总结了与大气波导相关的研究方法.在蒸发波导研究中以相似理论为基础,开发蒸发波导诊断模型为重点,开展区域海域适应性研究;海上悬空波导和表面波导从早期的定性分析到目前精确定量研究过程中,中尺度数值模式逐渐成为极其重要的研究手段,不仅提高了特定天气过程中大气波导模拟预测精度,而且在此基础上开展区域大气波导环境研究,分析其出现规律、气候原因等.针对海上大气波导研究现状,借鉴气象上的手段和技术,开展海上水文气象调查和电波传播实验,结合中尺度数值模式和海气耦合模式,采用同化技术和集合预报等手段,提高海上低空大气波导量化精度.     

21世纪初极端天气气候事件研究进展

由于极端天气气候事件的严重影响，越来越多的研究开始关注其变化情况。从观测分析到模拟研究，几乎都发现极端气温、降水事件发生了显著变化，而且在全球变暖的大背景下，未来有些极端事件可能会发生频数更高或强度更强。当然，研究结论也存在一定程度的不确定性，从模式模拟来看，目前模拟结果仍存在不确定性，不同模式的结果间常常存在较大的差异；而从观测分析来看，研究主要局限于20世纪后半叶，如果对更长时间作分析，结论或许会有所不同。文章从最基本的极端天气气候事件的定义出发，结合观测事实和模拟研究两个主要方面来介绍近几年来极端事件研究取得的主要进展，最后简单地总结了这些进展，并提出了进一步研究的思路。 