爆破直采技术在面板堆石坝工程中的应用

面板堆石坝的坝料开挖直接制约工程进度,按传统工艺开挖费时费工,严重影响施工进度,本工程在利用坝体级配料开挖中采用爆破直采技术,加快了坝料开采速度,效果显著。经过爆破试验,优选爆破参数,为获取粒径与级配符合设计要求及成本低廉的坝料创造了有利条件。详细介绍了试验过程,并对试验结果进行了分析。     

上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究

钻爆法是隧道开挖中一种主要的施工方法,爆破开挖不可避免会对围岩产生扰动。以新建走马岗隧道上穿东深供水走马岗引水隧洞工程为背景,开展上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究。选取与交叉段岩性一致的爆破施工开挖区域进行爆破振动监测,得到了现场爆破施工方案条件下走马岗隧道爆破振动规律。对实测数据进行回归分析,计算得出走马岗地区爆破质点峰值振动速度（PPV）的Sadovsk公式,反演得到控制爆破振动的最大掏槽药量及安全距离,制定出交叉段施工的安全控制范围以及相应的爆破方案。通过数值模拟进行了验证并付于交叉段现场施工。现场监测数据表明,提出的振速控制标准及爆破方案符合安全要求,保证了在建隧道的顺利开挖以及既有隧道的安全运行。研究成果可为类似工程爆破开挖及振动控制提供参考。     

Late Cretaceous to Miocene and Quaternary deformation history of the Chalk: Channels,slumps, faults,folds and glacitectonics

Late Cretaceous Chalk sedimentation history across the British Isles included (i) fault controlled uplift and subsidence in Northern Ireland and the Inner Hebrides and (ii) uplift along the lines of en echelon folds in Southern Britain and northern France. Synsedimentary slump folds and downslope displacement structures are compared with penecontemporaneous interbed slides and later tectonic folds and faults. Compressional strike-slip tectonic processes at Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, illustrate intra-Chalk slump beds in a half-graben setting. Progressive ‘growth’ of structures characterises early downslope slump folding, interbed sliding and some listric faulting. Sheet-flints replacing slide shear planes and early fractures provide evidence for early movements. Availability of open-slopes or the depth of burial under which the range of structures developed is reflected in the degree of disruption and fragmentation of chalk and flint. Fragmentation provides clues to the timing of events and origin of the Late Campanian Altachuile Breccia (Northern Ireland) and the Coniacian Hope Gap slides (Sussex). Fragmentation and formation of sheet flints together help distinguish intra-Chalk tectonics from Quaternary glacitectonic structures.The role of marl seams, high porosity chalk beds and hardgrounds on bed-sliding, décollement zones and disruption of chalk blocks from bedrock in glacitectonics is discussed. Chalk formations with marl seams develop a special style of fracturing related to early interbed sliding and pore-fluid escape structures. Marl-seams are shown to be primary sedimentary features and not the products of post depositional pressure-solution. More than any other formation the Late Santonian – Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk contains extensive sheet-flints and shows great lateral variation in thickness and lithology across the fold belts of southern England and northern France.     

Platform loading from explosions in saturated sand using avisco-plastic model

A set of experiments were conducted at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds 1 (Taylor, L.C., Skaggs, R.R. and Gault, W., 2005. Vertical impulse measurements of mines buried in saturated sand. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Orlando, FL, 6 - 9 February, 2.) in which explosive charges were buried in saturated sand beneath a suspended rigid platform. The goal of these experiments was to measure the dependence of the impulse transmitted to the platform on the standoff distance and the charge burial depth. Simulations of these experiments were performed using the BUB2D axi-symmetric code using a frictional-cohesive visco-plastic model to describe the response of the saturated sand. This code solves a constrained set of conservation laws in which the liquid region (in this case saturated sand) is assumed incompressible. The explosion is initialized as a high pressure gas bubble (void) within the fluid. Comparisons of the simulations to the experiments are presented together with a study of the physical phenomenology associated with the loading process. In particular, it is shown that the force imparted to the platform is a combination of the impact of the sand on top of the explosion gas bubble and the pressure of the bubble as it expands before venting into the atmosphere. Under certain conditions, when the platform standoff is sufficiently small and the platform is sufficiently large, the bubble can over-expand before venting and pull the platform downward. This phenomenon was studied further through carefully measured and photographed small-scale experiments performed at the University of Maryland 2 (Fourney, W., Leiste, U., Bonenberger, R. and Goodings, D., 2005, Predicting explosive impulse by means of small scale tests. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Orlando, FL, 6 - 9 February, 2.). The small-scale experiments provide additional important validation benchmarks for our model.     

Artificial screen for reducing seismic vibration generated by blasting

The purpose of blasting operations is rock fragmentation. Blasting is a key component in the overall rock fragmentation system - the first element of the ore extraction process. It provides appropriate rock material granulation or size that is suitable for loading and transportation. However, in spite of many advantages explosives have, their usage may cause environmental problem such as seismic vibration. One of the solutions to this particular problem may be application of an artificial screen as a barrier to the seismic wave path. The results of experimental research on the artificial screen concept, its characteristics and role in attenuation of seismic effects generated by blasting are presented. The experiment is based on two physical phenomena: (1) the size and degree of discontinuity and (2) the reflection and refraction of seismic waves. More than 1,500 laboratory measurements were conducted with different combinations of screen sizes, positions of the screen to blasting source, and intensities of blasting impulses. The results of the study show reduction of generated vibrations up to 58% by employment of artificial screens.     

Climate and water budget change of a Mediterranean coastal watershed, Ravenna, Italy

It is generally difficult to quantify exactly the freshwater going in or out of the coastal watersheds along the northern Adriatic Sea because, on one hand, excess water is drained and pumped into the sea to prevent flooding but, on the other hand, water is brought onto the land from far away for irrigation. Fragmentation of water authorities makes it difficult to collect all the necessary information. Climate change and increasing salinization of the coastal aquifers make it imperative, however, to better know the quantities of freshwater involved in these small basins. The water budget of a small coastal agricultural watershed along the Adriatic Sea in Italy (The Quinto Basin near Ravenna) is presented here considering different land uses. The evaporation of open water and the evapotranspiration of wetlands, pine forests, bare soil and irrigated agriculture are calculated based on the Penman–Monteith equation and the Cropwat program. The current water budget is based on average climate data from 1989 to 2008 and drainage and irrigation data. Predictions for future evapotranspiration, net irrigation and hydrologic deficit are calculated with climate data from IPCC (The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) 200, Climate change 2007). From the study results, the soil type may determine whether or not a crop will need more or less irrigation in the future. Regulations on land use should therefore consider which crop type can be grown on a specific soil type. Water budget analysis in scenarios A1b and A2 both show an increase of water deficits in the summer and an increase of water surplus in the winter. This is explained by the fact that a larger percentage of the rain will fall in winter and not during the growth season. The open water evaporation will decrease under future climate scenarios as a result of increased relative humidity in winter and decreased wind velocity. This may have a positive effect on the water cycle. The current irrigation is very abundant, but has beneficial effects in contrasting soil salinization and saltwater intrusion into the coastal aquifer.     

坝基开挖产生的爆破松弛带厚度确定

爆破开挖会产生一定范围的爆破松弛带,其岩体工程特性会降低.确定爆破松弛带的厚度具有重要的工程意义,在此主要介绍用纵波速等方法确定爆破松弛带厚度.     

深埋隧洞爆破开挖扰动损伤效应的数值模拟

爆破开挖扰动是深埋隧洞损伤区孕育及演化的重要影响因素。根据隧洞岩体钻爆开挖过程分析了爆炸荷载及开挖荷载瞬态卸荷对岩体的扰动作用,基于LS-DYNA动力有限元程序,提出了利用施加节点反力模拟待开挖隧洞岩体的约束作用,通过控制节点反力的变化过程以模拟开挖荷载瞬态卸荷,采用爆炸荷载变化曲线模拟爆炸作用过程的爆破开挖扰动数值模拟方法,并利用该方法模拟分析了爆破开挖扰动对围岩的损伤效应,结果表明,应力重分布对围岩损伤最大,隧洞围岩损伤区主要由围岩初始应力重分布所导致,爆炸荷载作用将增大围岩损伤区范围,考虑开挖荷载瞬态卸荷作用的围岩损伤区最大,且地应力越高,开挖荷载瞬态卸荷作用对围岩的损伤效应越显著     

深部煤层卸压爆破防治冲击地压效果的数值模拟研究

卸压爆破技术可降低煤岩体中应力集中程度,有效避免冲击地压灾害的发生。以跃进煤矿23 130工作面卸压爆破工程为例,运用FLAC3D软件进行数值模拟,分析了不同条件下卸压爆破前后围岩应力分布和转移规律,并结合电磁辐射监测技术,对采掘现场卸压效果进行了检验。结果表明,装药量越大,应力峰值降低和转移越明显;煤层厚度越大,应力峰值降低越明显,但推移距离基本不变;采深越大,应力峰值降低越大,但峰值区推移距离减小;爆破区域的电磁辐射检测值降低明显,表明卸压爆破效果理想。综合利用数值模拟方法和电磁辐射监测技术,可为采掘区域合理确定爆破参数和有效降低冲击地压危险提供依据。     

爆夯动力固结法加固软基试验研究

爆夯动力固结法是一种爆炸作用和上覆荷载相结合的新型地基处理方法。其作用原理是利用条形炸药在设置有排水通道的软土地基中爆炸产生高能量瞬变荷载使土体结构发生变化,软土中超静孔隙水压力急剧上升、消散,并在上覆荷载的作用下使土体快速排水固结。在广东佛山合顺－北滘公路干线拟建路段进行的现场试验和室内试验均表明了其加固软土地基的有效性,并结合沉降数据推算了爆夯设计参数,确定本次试验爆夯效果相当于3.2 m高的堆载。     

含软弱夹层顺倾边坡爆破层裂效应的数值模拟与试验研究

进行含软弱夹层顺倾边坡单孔爆破数值模拟,分析爆破过程中上覆岩体受到的应力作用、爆破层裂效应及其对边坡稳定性的影响。模拟结果表明,爆破层裂作用具有分区特性,爆轰气体对夹层的冲刷、推移作用形成夹层爆腔区,爆腔区外围是压密区,其次是离析区,离析区以外的夹层未受爆破层裂作用的影响;上覆岩体在空腔区受到爆轰气体膨胀压力作用,临近夹层壁面的峰值压力达0.75 GPa,压密区受到夹层挤压衍生的向上压力作用,压力峰值达0.21 GPa,且压力衰减较慢;空腔区的上覆岩体与夹层脱离,压密区和离析区改变了夹层与上覆岩体的接触状态,使模型的稳定性降低。剪切试验验证了数值模拟关于爆破层裂效应降低模型稳定性的结论。     

Rockfalls: analysis of the block fragmentation through field experiments

Landslides - Fragmentation is a common feature of rockfall that exerts a strong control on the trajectories of the generated blocks, the impact energies, and the runout. In this paper, we present a...     

Pile response subjected to rock blasting induced ground vibration near soil-rock interface

Blasting has been widely used in mining and construction industries for rock breaking. Ground vibration induced by blasting is an inevitable side effect that may cause damage to nearby structures, if not properly controlled. In this study, response and possible damage of rock-socketed pile near soil-rock interface subjected to ground shock excitations are investigated and quantified with coupled SPH-FEM method. Results indicate that the base of the pile is relatively vulnerable and that the soil properties significantly influence on response of pile subjected to a specific blast load. Furthermore, based on the numerical results, ground vibration attenuation equation is proposed.     

爆破影响下岩质高边坡浅表层块体稳定性研究

摘要:岩质高边坡整体稳定性主要受软弱结构面及其组合控制,在组合有利的情况下,边坡主要发生浅表层块体失稳,开挖时的爆破振动作用是影响浅表层块体稳定的重要因素。本文以大渡河中游某岩质块状结构高边坡为例研究浅表层块体的稳定性,在总结浅表层块体失稳特征的基础上,实测爆破振动曲线,进行块体稳定性评价。研究结果表明,开挖后已失稳浅表层块体大多小于10m3,80%受软弱结构面控制,70%集中在马道下缘;实测的浅表层块体爆破振动加速度曲线显示,与邻近围岩相比,浅表层块体振动持续时间长,频率低,峰值小;等效静力法评价结果较爆破参数推算法更适用于临界失稳浅表层块体的稳定性评价。     

爆破震动对某边坡稳定性影响的数值模拟

爆破震动是影响边坡稳定性的一个重要因素之一。结合实际工程文章利用了拉格朗日有限差分法FLAC程序对爆破震动作用下某边坡进行了数值模拟。讨论了利用FLAC进行边坡动力分析时设置边界条件设置、动力时程的合成、输入以及转化,阻尼的合理选取。从位移场和速度场进行了详细的动力分析。获得该边坡爆破震动特征及位移场、振动速度场的变化规律。研究成果对保证边坡安全具有较好的指导作用。     

厚层淤泥中的爆炸定向滑移法原理及工程实例

介绍了一种能应用于深厚层淤泥软基的挤淤法--爆炸定向滑移法 (Bosm)。该法是通过在抛石堤头前方淤泥中一定位置处埋置群药包,利用爆炸产生的强冲击波和震动扰动淤泥并降低淤泥强度,使抛石堤下方及周围淤泥的结构破坏,瞬间丧失强度,短期内难以恢复,形成定向滑移条件,抛石堤下沉实现泥石置换。同时,结合深港西部通道海堤挤淤工程,详细介绍了爆炸定向滑移法的施工参数和工序流程,提出了施工质量控制和检测措施。通过钻孔、物探及沉降观测等技术手段对竣工后大堤进行的检查表明, 大堤是稳定的,采用爆炸定向滑移法修筑海堤是成功的。值得在深厚层淤泥的海堤挤淤工程中推广。     

爆破振动对砂浆锚杆的影响研究

爆破振动对锚杆有不利影响,运用应力波理论,并利用波函数展开法,研究了爆炸应力波与锚杆的相互作用过程,给出了爆破振动作用下砂浆锚杆周围砂浆体中的动应力和峰值振速分布情况,比较了不同频率应力波对锚杆的影响,导出了不同频率应力波作用下砂浆锚杆的安全质点振速范围。研究结果表明：入射波频率越高,砂浆锚杆所允许的安全质点峰值振速越大。     

野山河码头隧道爆破设计

分析野三河码头隧道爆破施工要求,通过相应的经验公式计算,确定野山河码头隧道的爆破参数,以保证隧道爆破施工过程中所引起的振动速度不大于邻近建筑物的安全允许振速,并保证开挖过程中的效率。     

中深孔控制爆破与巷道支护技术的应用研究

炮掘爆破对围岩破坏严重，对巷道支护效果及安全造成很大的影响，在不改变支护方式前提下，最大限度地减小松动圈厚度，实现巷道支护效果质的提升。控制爆破适合在软岩巷道，尤其是在煤巷、半煤巷掘进中应用，可以使劳动组织不断优化。     

A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the january 26th, 2001<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> 7.6 Bhuj,India earthquake

We compiled available news and internet accounts of damage and other effects from the 26th January, 2001, Bhuj earthquake, and interpreted them to obtain modified Mercalli intensities at over 200 locations throughout the Indian subcontinent. These values are used to map the intensity distribution using a simple mathematical interpolation method. The maps reveal several interesting features. Within the Kachchh region, the most heavily damaged villages are concentrated towards the western edge of the inferred fault, consistent with western directivity. Significant sedimentinduced amplification is also suggested at a number of locations around the Gulf of Kachchh to the south of the epicenter. Away from the Kachchh region intensities were clearly amplified significantly in areas that are along rivers, within deltas, or on coastal alluvium such as mud flats and salt pans. In addition we use fault rupture parameters inferred from teleseismic data to predict shaking intensity at distances of 0–1000 km. We then convert the predicted hard rock ground motion parameters to MMI using a relationship (derived from internet-based intensity surveys) that assigns MMI based on the average effects in a region. The predicted MMIs are typically lower by 1–2 units than those estimated from news accounts. This discrepancy is generally consistent with the expected effect of sediment response, but it could also reflect other factors such as a tendency for media accounts to focus on the most dramatic damage, rather than the average effects. Our modeling results also suggest, however, that the Bhuj earthquake generated more high-frequency shaking than is expected for earthquakes of similar magnitude in California, and may therefore have been especially damaging.