双雨带过程中的回流暖区暴雨个例对比研究

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1 °×1 °FNL资料、自动站降水资料,对华南两次双雨带过程中的回流暖区暴雨个例进行了对比分析,结果表明:(1)与暖湿的南到西南气流相比,变性高压脊后部回流的东到东南气流具有一定干冷属性,边界层两支不同性质的气流汇合形成辐合渐近线和边界层锋区。回流暖区暴雨实际是先有回流、预先在东侧形成浅薄的冷池,后有高空槽加深东移、带来边界层西南风,与东南风辐合,形成低层辐合抬升条件,西南风暖平流使边界层锋区加强并缓慢东移,产生的暴雨。回流和高空槽均起到关键的作用;(2)回流暖区暴雨区域在边界层内具有弱对流性不稳定或湿中性层结、而在中低层具有明显对流性不稳定,其发生发展机制有别于锋前暖区暴雨和典型锋面暴雨;(3)边界层较大水平螺旋度与回流暖区暴雨有良好对应关系,对回流暖区暴雨预报有指示意义,是回流暖区暴雨区别于锋面暴雨的重要动力学特征;(4)回流暖区的水汽输送主要集中在850 hPa以下,以925 hPa最显著,北侧锋区的水汽输送主要集中在850~700 hPa;南北两支雨带低层的水汽输送通道可能存在部分重合,当南侧暖区雨带的对流发展起来后,部分水汽可能被南侧辐合系统截留,从而影响北侧的水汽输送强度。这可能是导致北雨带降雨强度不如南雨带的一个原因。      

怀化一次非典型性地面暖倒槽锋生型暴雨预报失误分析

利用常规探测资料、地面加密自动气象站和NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料对2018年5月25-27日怀化一次地面暖倒槽锋生型暴雨过程及其预报进行分析.结果表明:此过程分为两个阶段,暖区暴雨阶段,怀化上空700 hPa及以下层次为一致的偏南急流,地面暖倒槽发展,在地面辐合线附近和低层急流出口处的风速辐合区,强降雨发生...     

一次区域性大暴雨过程的成因分析

利用常规天气图、区域自动气象站、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达等资料对2009年8月17—18日发生在泰安境内的区域性大暴雨过程进行了综合分析。分析发现：大暴雨发生在副热带高压南退过程中西北边缘的5880gpm线附近;700．hPa和850hPa“人字形”切变线造成的水汽辐合是强降水形成的关键;通过分析θse与K指数,发现此次区域性大暴雨发生在θse850〉330°K的热带海洋气团中,稳定度指标并不关键;地面倒槽长时间维持是强降水产生的条件;特殊的山地对这次强降水起到了重要作用;数值预报出现偏差导致了由于过分依赖数值预报出现暴雨漏报。     

贵州西部极端对流性暴雨预报失败案例剖析

2020年6月1—2日,贵州西部发生了1次局地性的对流性暴雨过程,预报员和各数值模式对此次过程的预报量级显著偏小,对暴雨范围的低估,造成了特大暴雨、大暴雨的漏报。该文利用常规地面、高空资料,加密自动站观测资料,多普勒天气雷达资料,卫星资料及业务中常用的数值预报产品等对此次暴雨漏报案例进行剖析,结果表明：在弱天气尺度强迫背景下,高温高湿的环境中,未能准确判断对流的触发条件,未分析出露点锋、偏西风和偏南风的辐合、冷池和地面辐合线等的存在及其对强降水的影响,加之难以在短时间内对风场的发展演变进行精细分析,导致此次暴雨过程漏报;对于发生在暖湿气团中的对流性降水的预报,需考虑高温高湿环境下露点锋、辐合区、冷池、地面辐合线的相互作用触发对流并使其组织化发展,从而导致局地性、对流性强降水的产生;基于地面加密自动站资料和雷达资料等的短时临近预报可以帮助捕捉中小尺度系统,从而提高对此类暴雨的预报准确率。     

贵州南部两次局地大暴雨过程对比分析

利用自动站观测资料、探空资料及NCEP再分析资料,对2006年6月12日夜间和2008年5月27日夜间贵州南部局地大暴雨天气过程进行对比分析。结果表明,两次过程均发生在西高东低、东北低涡稳定维持的有利环流形势下,700 hPa巴塘低涡东移是造成贵州西南部强降水的主要影响系统,巴塘低涡和低空西南急流在贵州东南部维持对贵州西南部暴雨起重要作用,同时不稳定能量在贵州南部积聚为暴雨发生提供了有利条件,但相对于后一过程,前一过程在贵州水汽辐合区更大,其大雨量级以上降水范围更广;地面中尺度辐合线生成发展是两次局地大暴雨发生发展的可能触发原因,暴雨中心位于辐合线南侧暖区中;前一过程西太平洋副热带高压较强且位置偏西(西脊点到达110°E),南支槽东移有利于引导700 hPa低涡移动,弱冷空气与暖湿空气交汇形成能量锋锋生,引起低涡强烈发展、涡旋环流增强,而后一过程副高偏弱且位置偏南、偏东,500 hPa上无高原槽影响,以及地面贵州南部为低压控制且无冷空气影响,是前一过程比后一过程降水强度更大的原因。     

2022年6月12—13日江西中南部暴雨成因与预报误差分析

利用常规探空和地面观测站资料、ERA5 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料和ECMWF预报资料,对2022年6月12—13日江西中南部的暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：1） 此次暴雨过程是在副热带高压和南亚高压稳定少动、西风槽携带冷空气南下的环流背景下,500 hPa高空槽、低层切变线、低空西南急流和地面静止锋共同作用造成的。2） 低层辐合、高层辐散产生深厚的垂直上升运动,为强降水的持续提供动力条件,低空暖湿西南急流输送的充足水汽,有利于江西中南部不稳定能量的积累。3） EC暴雨落区预报偏北的主要原因是天气系统位置较实况偏北,700 hPa垂直速度大值区偏北、对流性降水预报偏弱和地形影响也是暴雨漏报的重要因素。4） 584 dagpm特征线的位置变化对此次暴雨落区向南订正有较好的指示意义。在暴雨预报中,不仅要考虑锋面大尺度降水,还要考虑暖区对流性降水,关注低层强动力辐合区域,结合中尺度数值模式产品,可以有效对主雨带位置和强度进行订正。     

用关键区和指标站作新会区前汛期暴雨预报

分析新会区1998-2003年20场前汛期暴雨,归纳出前汛期暴雨的天气系统以500 hPa西风槽及南支槽的配置、850 hPa切变线及西南风急流的存在和地面锋前暖区系统为主要特征,划定了24h暴雨预报的“关键区:”500 hPa中20-35°N、102-118°E的槽线;850 hPa中22-30°N、104-116°E的切变线、低压系统及西南风急流轴;20-33°N、110-125°E的地面锋线。选定指标站桂林、广州、梧州、海口、南宁的变高、水汽、和不稳定能量作单站24 h暴雨预报的指标。利用VB编程制作的预报系统操作简单。对2004和2005年的试报准确率均可达现行预报平分标准。     

北方一次暖区大暴雨降水预报失败案例剖析

目前全球模式对暖区暴雨的捕捉能力有限,北方地区的暖区暴雨预报更是业务预报中的一个难点。2013年7月1—2日河北、天津等地出现了一次区域性大暴雨过程,降水由锋前暖区降水和锋面降水组成,特别是冀中的特大暴雨[409mm·(24h)~(-1)]暖区降水占60%以上。预报员对此次过程的预报量级显著偏小,特大暴雨、暴雨均出现漏报。各家数值模式预报均不能给预报员提供足够的有用信息,给预报带来很多困难,导致预报的失败。本文利用业务预报中常用的数值预报产品、加密自动站观测资料、常规地面、高空观测资料、新一代天气雷达资料等对此次北方暖区暴雨预报失败案例进行剖析,结果显示:高温高湿的环境中,未能捕捉到可触发对流的次天气及以下尺度的小扰动,如地面辐合线、阵风锋、冷池及中尺度涡旋等及其对强降水的影响,加之对中尺度对流系统的环境场条件,如低空急流、急流核的发展演变等的精细分析不足是导致强降水预报量级偏弱的重要因素;对于发生在深厚暖湿气团中的暖区降水的预报,需考虑高温高湿环境下地面辐合线、冷池及中尺度涡旋的相互作用对对流的触发及组织化发展导致的局地性、对流性强降水的产生;基于地面自动站资料和雷达资料等的短时临近预报可以弥补全球数值预报对中小尺度系统的捕捉能力的不足,提高暖区暴雨的预报准确率。     

浙江西部梅汛期两次相似落区暴雨过程对比分析

利用浙江省常规气象观测资料、ERA5逐小时再分析资料、FY-4A卫星黑体亮度温度(TBB)资料,对2020年6月3日、6月30日两次暴雨过程进行对比分析。结果表明：(1)6月3日暴雨过程(简称“6·03”过程)发生在季风槽背景下,浙江省500 hPa处于槽前西南气流中,850 hPa为暖切变;而6月30日过程(简称“6.30”过程)发生在东北冷涡背景下,浙江省500 hPa处于冷暖气流交汇中,850 hPa为冷切变。两次过程降水落区相似,均集中在浙西地区,呈东西向带状分布,但“6·30”过程暴雨区范围更广,暴雨中心雨量和过程雨量更大,小时雨强更强,强降水持续时间更长。(2)两次过程均为对流不稳定性降水,但强降水落区发生在急流的不同位置。“6·03”过程为暖切变型暖区暴雨,对流云团“列车效应”显著,降水落区位于急流前方水汽通量强辐合区内,而“6·30”过程梅雨锋为西风辐合型锋生,对流云团为后向传播路径,降水落区位于急流轴附近的水汽通量强辐合区内。700 hPa水汽通量辐合大值区及强度与未来6 h强降水落区、强度相对应,这在梅汛期暴雨预报中有一定参考性。(3)降水类型不同,对应锋生作用不同...     

SWCWARMS及ECMWF模式对四川盆地暖区型和斜压锋生型暴雨预报检验分析

利用2014～2016年5～10月四川盆地所有观测站资料及SWCWARMS模式、ECMWF模式同时段20时起报的24h累积降水资料,基于邻域法FSS、ETS评分指数检验了两模式对于高能暖区型暴雨及斜压锋生型暴雨预报的预报性能。主要结论为:(1)两种类型暴雨过程平均误差均是SWCWARMS模式较ECMWF模式大,且误差值为正,表明模式以湿偏差为主;(2)高能暖区型暴雨FSS评分各降水量级各空间尺度均是SWCWARMS模式高于ECMWF模式;斜压锋生型暴雨50mm以下量级降水在36km以下空间尺度ECMWF模式FSS评分高于SWCWARMS模式,54km以上空间尺度SWCWARMS模式评分较高,大暴雨量级降水各尺度下均是SWCWARMS模式评分较高;(3)高能暖区型暴雨ETS评分暴雨、大暴雨量级SWCWARMS模式评分较高,中雨、大雨ECMWF模式预报更优;斜压锋生型暴雨ETS评分,中雨、大雨及暴雨量级降水预报ECMWF优于SWCWARMS,大暴雨量级SWCWARMS模式预报更优。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.