污水土地处理技术与污水资源化

土地处理作为一种生态处理技术以其设备简单、投资少、操作管理方便、能耗低 ,以及净化效果良好而具有广阔的发展前景。文中系统总结了污水土地处理系统国内外研究现状 ,结合当前中国城市供、排水以及用水的特点 ,提出了在城市水循环中应用土地处理技术 ,实现污水资源化的三个方向 :城镇居民区生活污水资源化、城市污水土地处理资源化、微污染原水给水预处理。其中 ,城镇居民区生活污水资源化所采用的砂滤系统及湿地系统 ,存在的主要问题是水力负荷低、处理能力低。如何解决这一问题是一个具有实用意义的研究方向。城市污水集中土地处理所采用的技术目前已经比较成熟 ,存在的问题是占地面积太大。因此必须根据各地区的实际情况 ,因地制宜地选用。应用土地处理技术进行微污染给水预处理是一个新的研究方向 ,它为解决生物预处理技术所不能解决的Ames试验阳性提供了可能 ,同时也不失为一种廉价有效的方法。     

人工快渗系统处理洗浴污水的试验研究

用人工快渗系统模拟地下环境，进行了5个月处理洗浴污水的室内试验研究，重点探讨了渗滤介质、滤层厚度、布水方式及进水浓度对系统去污效果的影响，为人工快渗系统处理洗浴污水的工艺设计提供了依据。     

污水粉煤灰-土地处理及地下水环境影响研究

工业污水排放不仅污染水环境,而且加剧了水资源的紧缺.利用热电厂粉煤灰在储灰场与污水混合、吸附、絮凝、生化降解以及土层截污降解综合处理污水,为探索以废治废和土地处理污水找到了一种可行的方法,同时,分析了下渗水对地下水的影响程度、范围及防治解决措施.     

污水灌溉土壤及地下水三氮的变化动态分析

取徐州奎河的生活污水进行饱和灌溉实验,由埋设在田间的一对蒸渗仪(地下水位保持在1m)观测,结果表明:污水中含量高达5035mg/L的氨氮进入土壤后,大部分被土壤胶体所吸附,迁移能力差,一般不会直接污染地下水。但污水在下渗时,能淋溶土壤中积存的NO₂-和NO₃-离子,使它们在地下水中的含量迅速增加。污灌以后,随土壤含水量、氧化还原电位和Ph值的变化,氨化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用依次成为氮素转化的主要机制。污灌10d之内,由于淋溶和硝化作用产生的NO₂-、NO₃-会造成浅层地下水的严重污染。     

矿区生活污水深度处理后作电厂用水工艺性实验研究

根据生活污水深度处理工艺,对高锰酸钾的厨量和活性炭的种类和投加量进行了实验研究,结果表明高锰酸钾和粉末椰壳活性炭的最佳投加量分别为0．5mg/L和15mg／L。工艺运行后出水水质符合电厂用水要求。     

斜发沸石矿物材料处理生活污水实验研究

研究选用的斜发沸石矿物材料属单斜面晶系,颜色为白色、淡黄色,硬度为4左右,介电常数为7.0～7.5,比重为2.16.扫描电镜图表明,该斜发沸石呈宽板条状,细板条状、不规则粒状等,粒径在0.02～0.05mm,长宽比为4∶1.化学成分分析表明,w(SiO2)为69.12％,w(Al2O3)为11.27％,w(CaO)为7...     

人工快速渗滤系统处理农村生活污水实验研究

文章研究了不同渗滤介质组成的人工土柱对生活污水的处理能力,结果表明河砂＋斜发沸石＋方解石滤料对COD、NH3-N都有较高去除率,水力负荷也较高。将该组合用于农村生活污水处理工程,出水水质可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级A标准。     

复合硅藻土絮凝剂的制备与处理污水试验研究

本文介绍了复合硅藻土絮凝剂(FGX)的制备工艺及产品性能,研究了pH值、温度、絮凝剂用量、陈放时间、絮凝剂配比变化等因素对处理污水效果的影响,确定了较佳的工艺参数。用于长春第一汽车制造厂污水、长春净月造纸厂污水处理试验,取得了满意结果。     

污水浸泡对水泥土强度和电阻率特性影响的试验研究

为了揭示污水对水泥土的影响规律,并尝试采用电阻率法作为描述强度和污染特征的手段,把粉质黏土和两种水泥（普通硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥）制作的水泥土试块分别浸泡在3种液体（自来水、生活污水、造纸厂污水）中模拟环境侵蚀。首先对比分析了污水对土体液塑限的影响,其次研究了龄期、水泥类型、污水类型等对水泥土抗压强度和电阻率的影响,考察了电阻率和抗压强度的关系。结果表明：污染后土样的液限、塑限均增大,塑性指数减小;水泥土抗压强度和电阻率均随龄期增加而增长;污水均降低了水泥土的抗压强度和电阻率,但是矿渣硅酸盐水泥土的抗压强度和电阻率均高于普通硅酸盐水泥土,说明在污水环境中,矿渣水泥对水泥土有一定的抗劣化能力;在不同的龄期、水泥类型、污水类型下,水泥土电阻率均与抗压强度呈现出一致的变化规律,二者线性相关。     

污水环境对水泥土渗透性能影响的试验研究

现多数水泥土防渗工程都间接或直接的与地下腐蚀性介质环境接触,会导致水泥土防渗性能的降低甚至失效。因此,通过室内模拟试验,设计了不同的水泥掺入比,进行了在污水和清水环境下水泥土的渗透性能试验,研究了在不同龄期下水泥土的渗透系数变化规律,并同时分析了渗透后水泥土中离子浓度的变化规律。试验结果表明,在清水环境下,随着龄期的增长,水泥土的渗透系数逐步减小,60 d后随着龄期的增加,水泥土渗透系数减小的程度越来越缓慢;在污水养护条件下,龄期在60 d之前,水泥土渗透系数逐步减小,龄期在60 d之后,由于水泥土被侵蚀,致使水泥土随着龄期的增加,水泥土的渗透系数逐步增大;无论是清水还是污水环境,随着水泥掺量的增大,其渗透系数均逐步降低;在污水环境中,随着龄期的增加,其水泥土中的Ca2+,Mg2+,Cl?, 浓度均逐步增大,而清水环境中Mg2+,Cl?, 浓度均逐步减小。其研究成果可为水泥土防渗工程的抗渗性和耐久性设计和应用提供技术参数,具有重要的工程意义。     

Heavy metal retention by soil mineral phases during a potential soil contamination by sewage sludge

The immobilization conditions of heavy metals （Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb） potentially released from sewage sludge to soils were examined. Competitive adsorption experiments, sequential extraction and analytical electron microscopic studies were performed on soils with different compositional characteristics to gain information about the interaction and association of metals with soil minerals. The results showed that Cu and Pb can be characterized by a preferred adsorption in contrast to Zn and Ni independent of initial metal concentrations, ratios, and soil composition. Precipitation is the dominating retardation process in the sample containing carbonates, but it is also characteristic of metals with inhibited adsorption in samples free of carbonate. Both Cu and Pb show high affinity towards organic matter. Differences in metal affinities towards different clay minerals show the immobilization of Cu rather by specific adsorption and that of Pb rather by ion exchange. According to the sequential extraction studies the role of ion exchange is the most important process for the retardation of Zn, and in the sample containing montmorillonite. The specific adsorption is significant mostly for Cu and Pb, and primarily in samples rich in organic matter and containing vermiculite. The co-precipitation of metals with Fe-Mn oxides is significant primarily for Cu, but in some cases Pb and Zn can be also found in this fraction. In general, the strength of immobilization for the studied metals is as follows： Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Ni. Significantly higher metal adsorption was found by the phases in the sample containing carbonates, as well as in samples characterized by the close association of clay minerals and iron oxides. Smectite and vermiculite are the most important adsorbents in soils for all of the metals. Additionally, iron-oxides immboilize significant amounts of Cu and Zn, too.     

巫山加筋土的三轴试验研究

用常规三轴仪,研究了巫山县集仙中路1号加筋土挡墙加筋填土在不固结、不排水条件下的变形破坏机理和抗剪强度性质。试验结果表明,该加筋填土的抗剪强度性质虽较不加筋土有一定提高,但由于筋带表面网格细微,与土体之间的咬合摩擦力较弱,易在筋带与土体之间产生人为的滑动面,从而造成加筋土抵抗小,变形的能力减低;同时试验还表明,加筋层数和围压也是决定加筋土性质的重要因素。     

Characteristics of heavy metal accumulation on fly ash- and sewage sludge-amended calcific soil

Land disposal of fly ash(FA)and sewage sludge(SS)is a major problem due largely to their potentially harmful constituents.In this paper,a potting experiment was performed to evaluate the effects on the plant growth and to discuss in particular the potential hazard to soils and plants according to the characteristics of heavy metal accumulation and migration when FA and SS are used as the amendments of calcific soil in a limestone mining area. The results showed that the application of FA-SS mixture is capable of accelerating the growth of plants and improving the biomass production at either 1:1 or 1:2 FA-SS mixture:soil(w/w).The highest yields were obtained at 1:1(w/w)mixing ratio.When compared with the Element Background Values of Soils in China,the analysis on heavy metals indicated that the contents of Pb,Cr,Hg,Cd,As,Ni,Cu and Zn in the amended soils came up to the second-class environmental quality standards,only Hg and Cd showed significant accumulation.At the same time, though the metal concentrations in roots were higher than those for the control,the concentrations except Cu,Zn in shoots were lower.And all the heavy metal contents in the plants were substantially lower than the toxicity limits. The results indicated that the combined use of FA and SS at a rational rate of application should pose no danger to both soil and food chain based on the characteristics of the FS and SS,heavy metals and calcific soil.     

A comparative study of waste landfill disposal in different countries

This study draws attention to the fact that natural processes can mobilize thallium （Tl）, a highly toxic metal, which may enter the food chain with severe health impacts on the local human population. A rural area having independent Tl mineralization in southwestern Guizhou, China, was chosen for a pilot study. Tl contents of soils extracted by HNO3 in the study area range from 35-165 mg/kg in soils from the mining area, 14-78 mg/kg in alluvial deposits downstream, and 〈0.2-0.5 mg/kg in soils from the background area. Tl contents in ammonium acetate EDTA-extracted fraction are 0.013-1.3 mg/kg, less than 1% of concentration in HNO3-extracted fraction. The amounts of Tl in NH4Ac-extracted fraction were thought to be more exchangeable and bioavailable, i.e., immediately available to plants and/or available to plant roots over a period of years. Tl concentration in crops exhibits species-dependent preferences. The enrichment of Tl in edible crop species decreases in the following order： green cabbage〉chili〉Chinese cabbage〉rice〉com. The highest level of Tl in green cabbage is up to 500 mg/kg （DW）, surpassing the values of Tl in the soils （13-59 mg/kg）. The enrichment factor for TI in green cabbage is up to 1-10 when considering the HNO3-extracted Tl, but the factor highly rises to 30-1300 while considering the NH4Ac-extracted Tl. The average daily uptake of Tl by the local villagers through consumption of locally planted crops was estimated at about 1.9 mg per person, which is 50 times the daily ingestion from the Tl-free background area.     

Fate of individual sewage disposal system wastewater within regolith in mountainous terrain

In order to improve understanding of the fate of septic tank or individual sewage disposal system (ISDS) effluent in regolith overlying fractured-rock aquifers, effluent from an ISDS in such a setting was tracked via geophysical, hydrological, and geochemical methods. Under typical precipitation conditions, the effluent entered the fractured bedrock within 5 m of the boundary of the constructed infiltration area. During a period of unusually high spring recharge, the plume migrated between 50 and 100 m within the regolith before infiltrating the fractured bedrock. The chemical signature of the effluent is similar to that required to account for the decline in water quality, suggesting a causative relationship (as estimated from mass-balance models of the surface-water chemistry near the mouth of the basin). The elevated salt content of the effluent during periods of high natural recharge to the infiltration area correlates with elevated salt concentrations in surface and groundwater at the basin scale, suggesting that some of the effluent salt load may be stored in the unsaturated zone during dry periods and flushed during periods of elevated natural recharge.     

处置库污泥工程特性测试研究

对某填埋场污泥库中取样的污泥进行了岩土工程特性测试,包括有机质含量、含水率、界限含水率、颗粒级配、渗透系数、压缩固结特性及抗剪强度等。试验结果表明,与常规淤泥相比,污泥库中经一段时间降解后污泥有机质含量及含水率较高,平均值分别为45%和520%;污泥在历时2 a的生物降解作用下,污泥含水率、有机质含量沿深度呈较为明显的减少趋势;污泥具有极高的压缩性,压缩系数a100-200高达7 MPa-1;污泥的固结表现为非线性大变形特性,其固结系数在10-5～10-6 cm2/s,比淤泥低1～2个数量级,固结系数随压力的增加而显著减少;污泥的抗剪强度参数较小,其黏聚力为0,内摩擦角为14.7°。有机质含量高是污泥高含水率、高液塑性指数、高压缩性,低渗透性、低固结系数及低抗剪强度的本质原因。以上成果可为污泥库的固化处置、稳定分析等提供必要的参数。     

膨胀土路堤处治效果原位试验研究

介绍了对弱膨胀土路堤采用“膨胀土+石灰土+土工网”分层交错填筑的综合处治方法。通过现场试验测定了不同分层组合填筑结构型式土基的承载力和回弹模量,并分析了二者存在差异的原因。结果表明,采用弱膨胀土-石灰土这种结构作为膨胀土路堤的治理方案和采用弱膨胀土-石灰土-土工这种复合结构型式作膨胀土路堤的包边处理是科学合理的。只要各结构层施工质量能够满足设计要求,采取这种结构形式,一方面可以充分利用沿线的弱膨胀土材料,另一方面又可以充分利用弱膨胀土自身的强度优势,保证路堤的稳定。