Producer responsibility in a sustainable development context: ecological modernisation or industrial ecology?

The concept of producer responsibility has become a major tenet of EU waste management policy. It forms part of an effort to set a regulatory context for firms supportive of sustainable development. Two contrasting notions of the theory and implementation of sustainable development are ecological modernisation and industrial ecology. Ecological modernisation emphasises economic development and technological advances, within a suitable policy framework. Industrial ecology, by contrast, emphasises inter-firm cooperation and voluntary compliance inspired by eco-efficiency savings. Recently, however, industrial ecologists have shown greater interest in the potential for policy implementation. With aims such as increasing recovery of value from waste, creating a demand for recycled materials, and decreasing the potential harmful effects of waste, the producer responsibility directives can be seen as attempts to implement industrial ecology principles. This paper examines interrelationships of ecological modernisation and industrial ecology to understand the potential and shortcomings of the producer responsibility regulations as a means to promote waste minimisation through eco-design.     

英国废弃物管理的战略框架—目标、措施与启示

对英国废弃物管理战略形成过程的系统分析表明，充分的公众参与、一体化的链式管理体系以及市场激励手段的运用是英国废弃物管理战略的显著特点；同时英国废弃物管理的实践经验，如政府对废弃物管理的职能公共化、废弃物产生者的责任主体化以及废弃物收集处置服务市场化等，对我国废弃物管理具有重要的启示和借鉴。     

The fate of waste in Hawaii: Technology assessment and solid waste planning in Hawaii, 1968–78

In this article I consider the initial period of solid waste management planning in the US state of Hawaii. The State encountered a number of economic and ecological controversies during its solid waste management planning, a process that was prompted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Some issues, like project financing, were common across the US, while others, such as the potential of waste materials to reduce reliance on imported food and materials, were more unique to Hawaii. The controversies from this initial planning period were never quite fully resolved; as they lingered, they were interpreted differently across the Islands. Based on a close reading of government, advocacy group, waste industry and news media documents, I examine the controversies over solid waste management of the time and consider how the ‘dual nature’ of waste in Hawaii—simultaneously an ecological threat and (potential) economic input—shaped the adoption of solid waste management systems there. This article adds to an expanding literature examining infrastructure in environmental and technology histories.     

The solid waste dilemma

In 1976, the U.S. Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to further address the problem of increasing industrial and municipal waste. The main objectives of RCRA were to responsibly manage hazardous and solid waste and to procure materials made from recovered wastes. To fulfill these objectives, four main programs of waste management were developed. These programs were defined under Subtitle C, the Hazardous Waste Program; Subtitle D, the Solid Waste Program; Subtitle I, the Underground Storage Tank Program; and Subtitle J, the Medical Waste Program. Subtitle D illustrates the solid waste dilemma occurring in the United States. Under this program, states are encouraged to develop and implement their own waste management plans. These plans include the promotion of recycling solid wastes and the closing and upgrading of all environmentally unsound dumps.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.     

中国城市生活垃圾处理能力的时空格局及影响因素

基于2003—2017年中国30个省份的数据,探究城市生活垃圾处理能力的时空格局,并构建动态面板数据模型实证检验中国城市生活垃圾处理能力的影响因素。研究结果表明,考察期内城市生活垃圾处理能力存在空间发展不平衡问题;进一步利用Dagum基尼系数测算城市生活垃圾处理能力的空间差距并将其进行分解,其中,东部地区的地区内差距最大,地区间差距则以东部地区和西部地区之间最大,而超变密度则是空间差距的主要来源;此外,通过回归模型发现人均GDP、专利授权数、城镇化水平以及无害化处理厂数目的提升将促进城市生活垃圾处理能力的提高。     

Aerobic landfill test cells and their implications for sustainable waste disposal

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills world-wide are experiencing the consequences of conventional landfilling techniques, whereby anaerobic conditions are created within the landfill waste. Under anaerobic conditions, slow stabilization of the waste mass occurs, producing methane, (an explosive, 'greenhouse' gas) and toxic leachate over long periods of time. As a potential solution, it was demonstrated that the aerobic degradation of MSW within a landfill can significantly increase the rate of waste decomposition and settlement, decrease the production of methane gas, reduce the level of toxic organics in the leachate and decrease quantities of landfill leachate that need treatment. This paper summarizes the successful results of two separate aerobic landfill projects located in Georgia (USA) and discusses the potential economic and environmental impacts to world-wide solid waste management.     

Waste interfaces: biodegradable waste, municipal policy and everyday practice

Recent years have seen a rapid rise in the political saliency of the ever growing volumes of municipal waste produced in the UK. In this paper, we examine how one particular part of the municipal waste stream – biodegradable waste – has come under the policy spotlight. As targets to divert biodegradable waste from landfill under the Landfill Directive come into force, the need to focus explicitly on recovering value from biodegradable materials has risen up national and local policy agendas, not least with the introduction of the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme. Accompanying this new rationality for managing waste has been a suite of different policy interventions. In this paper we examine the impact of the changing nature of municipal waste policy and the ways in which it has sought to rework the disposal and collection of biodegradable waste. We argue that the predominantly technical framing and instrumental rationality of these interventions does not sufficiently challenge entrenched understandings regarding the boundaries between public and private responsibility for waste, and thus short-circuits their capacity to engage with everyday community/individual waste practices. In conclusion, we suggest that, in order to move waste management towards sustainability, there is a need both to engage with the institutional and infrastructural dimensions of the systems of provision within which waste management occurs, and to take seriously the everyday contexts within which making waste is practiced.     

上海城市废弃物增长的环境库兹涅茨特征研究

对上海1978～2000年人均GDP与城市废弃物增长数据的拟合计算表明,上海城区废弃物增长与人均GDP之间存在比较明显的环境库兹涅茨二次曲线特征。理论计算显示:上海城市废弃物环境库兹涅茨曲线的转折点为人均GDP约33441元,对应的城市废弃物达到相应的理论计算峰值约779万吨。上海的人均GDP在2000年已经达到34547元,相应的城市废弃物清运量为741万吨,略为低于理论拟合计算峰值;说明上海城市废弃物增长的演变在2000年前后的一段时期,总体已经处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的理论峰值转折点附近。可以认为,随着上海人均GDP的持续增长,今后一段时期内上海城市废弃物的总量增长会逐步减缓,而建立体现生产者责任的市场调控废弃物管理公共政策,将有利于加快这一趋势。     

Social,Institutional, and Psychological Factors Affecting Wildfire Incident Decision Making

Managing wildland fire incidents can be fraught with complexity and uncertainty. Myriad human factors can exert significant influence on incident decision making, and can contribute additional uncertainty regarding programmatic evaluations of wildfire management and attainment of policy goals. This article develops a framework within which human sources of uncertainty in wildfire management can be classified and managed, specifically identifying social, institutional, and psychological factors that can affect wildland fire incident decision making. These factors are reviewed in the context of wildland fire incident management and the literature regarding fire manager decision making. I then provide specific recommendations for addressing these issues, with a focus on improving incident decision processes. Extending this framework to consider a broader set of human factors and to consider how human factors affect the broader wildfire management spectrum could lead to improved fire management outcomes.     

滇池农村固体废物和化肥流失治理试验研究

怎样合理处置农村固体废物和减少农田化肥流失一直是农村面源污染控制的难题之一。该研究将农村固体废物的处理与减少化肥施用措施有机结合，利用微生物复合发酵剂和农村固体废物生产活性肥料，开展了一系列农业种植试验和数据监测，在此基础上，提出了一套实用性强、效果好的控制农业固体废物和化肥流失污染的对策措施。     

情理整合视角下旅游者环境责任行为与 意愿悖离研究——基于Logistic-ISM模型

基于对岳麓山景区447位旅游者的实地调研,运用拓展的计划行为理论并结合Logistic回归模型,分析影响两者发生悖离的因素,并进一步利用ISM解释结构模型分析各因素之间的逻辑关系.从Logistic回归结果看,旅游者的行为态度、感知行为控制等相关理性认知越好,发生悖离的可能性越低;旅游者积极环境情感和消极环境情感对悖离...     

黄山风景区旅游废弃物生态足迹历时性分析

历时性旅游废弃物演化规律及生态影响研究是制定旅游地可持续发展战略的基础性工作。以生态足迹理论为基础,利用1979—2018年相关统计资料与团队实地调研数据,对黄山风景区旅游废弃物生态足迹的长时间序列动态变化进行特征研究。结果表明（：1）黄山风景区旅游废弃物生态足迹演变具有明显的阶段性特征,共分为1979—1987年持续上升、1988—1996年小范围浮动式下降、1997—2005年剧烈振荡以及2006—2018年趋于稳定四个阶段。（2）黄山风景区旅游废弃物生态足迹的来源及构成占比随着当地垃圾处理方式及污染防治措施的变化而变化。其中,固体垃圾的足迹占比最多且达到52.18%～97.99%,并从显性与隐性两方面对当地生态环境产生影响。（3）随着黄山风景区旅游经济增长,区域资源利用效益持续升高,环境质量稳定改善,始终处于可持续发展状态。（4）黄山风景区的实践表明成熟的环境管理体制和不断改进的卫生治理措施可将旅游废弃物造成的生态影响控制在一定范围之内,从而为其他山岳型景区可持续发展提供有益参考。     

旅游废弃物的环境库兹涅茨效应分析——以黄山风景区为例

旅游废弃物的资源消耗性与环境吸纳性, 是其产生环境与生态影响的根本原因。文章以黄山风景区为例, 利用1979-2010 年的固态、液态、气态3 类6 种旅游废弃物的排放量指标的时间序列数据, 进行旅游废弃物的环境库兹涅茨曲线拟合检验及其效应分析。结果表明:(1) 固态与液态旅游废弃物的排放量与旅游发展之间具有环境库兹涅茨倒U型曲线关系, 而气态废弃物则不具有。(2) 固体废弃物排放量的倒U型曲线的转折点为4596.01 t, 液态的污水与粪便的转折点分别为731491.46 t, 15866.43 t, 转折点时间在2015 年。(3) 科技应用对改善景区空气质量的作用较大, 万元旅游收入的能耗每下降1%, SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀ 值分别下降3.38%、4.25%、0.78%;环保规制对景区水体的质量控制作用明显, 污水达标排放率每提高1%, 地表水的COD值下降3.41%。(4) 旅游废弃物的排放不一定必然造成风景区环境质量的下降, 调整产业结构、加大科技应用与强化环保规制, 是控制旅游废弃物环境污染与生态影响的关键手段。     

Environmental Performance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Companies in the Pearl River Delta Region (PRDR): a case study of Dongguan City

The environmental performance of foreign direct investment (FDI) companies in the Pearl River Delta Region (PRDR) is examined through a case study of Dongguan City. The influence of host governments, regional/international organisations and export markets is highlighted in the analysis of environmental management systems of the FDI companies. The majority of FDI companies in the region lack effective systems and measures for environmental management. The environmental governance of the host country, the environment-related legislation and policies of the main export markets, and the social responsibility of the company owners are major factors that influence the environmental performance of the FDI companies. A combination of the quality of host government decision making in relation to sustainable development and the high degree of social responsibility and environmental awareness of individual FDI companies is crucial not only to achieving better overall environmental performance but also to achieving better environmental quality in the PRDR.     

Mapping illegal domestic waste disposal potential to support waste management efforts in Queensland,Australia

Illegal disposal of waste is a significant management issue for contemporary governments because of the hazards posed to both human and ecosystem health. Understanding the complex distribution pattern of illegal waste and the range of economic, environmental and social factors influencing this distribution is valuable for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of waste management efforts. This article examines the applicability of mapping illegal waste disposal in the Sunshine Coast (Queensland, Australia) through the identification and integration of predictive spatial data in a geographic information system. A statistical model of illegal waste disposal was developed using a binary logistic regression analysis to identify explanatory variables suitable for predicting the distribution of illegal waste. Five statistically significant explanatory variables were identified through this analysis: population density, primary land use, distance to the nearest road, waste facility and roadside amenity. The generated statistical model had a predictive success of 86.1% with all indicators suggesting good model fit (χ² = 474.3, P = 0 with df = 22) across the study area. Standardised spatial data on each explanatory variable were combined using a weighted linear combination analysis and the results were classified into five categories from very low to very high illegal waste disposal potentials using the equal interval method. The resultant mapping identified 6.9% of the study area as having very high illegal waste disposal potential, and subsequent validation indicated that 32.9% of known illegal waste disposal sites were located within these areas.     

经济增长与环境污染的库兹涅茨曲线分析与预测——以宁夏为例

根据环境库兹涅茨曲线假说,选取1991—2007年宁夏经济与环境数据,建立经济发展与工业"三废"排放量以及生活污水排放量的计量模型,分析它们的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征及其成因。研究发现,宁夏工业废水排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈"U"形曲线,工业废气和固体废弃物排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线均呈倒"N"形曲线,第一次下降的拐点分别出现在2015年和2007年,生活污水排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈正"N"型。结果表明,宁夏工业废水、废气以及生活污水排放量随着经济的发展仍处于上升期,环境污染物排放量EKC的转折点尚未达到。参照发达国家经验,同时结合宁夏"十二五"规划,预计到2020年宁夏人均GDP达到10 000美元时,工业废气和固体废弃物将出现EKC的拐点,工业废水排放量和生活废水排放量不能出现拐点。同时,根据污染物和经济发展的分析结果,提出了不同污染物的防治措施及建议。     

Engaging Communities for Success: social impact assessment and social licence to operate at Northparkes Mines,NSW

Social issues are critical to the mining industry. This study investigates how social issues have been, and are being, assessed and managed within this industry through a case study of Northparkes Mines in central west New South Wales (NSW). The research involved 29 interviews with mining executives, environmental consultants and citizens of Parkes, plus a document analysis of four environmental impact statements prepared between 1990 and 2012. Where appropriate, findings were extrapolated to the wider mining industry. The standard for social impact assessment in NSW and emerging industry guidelines on social responsibility were analysed against internationally accepted good practice. Interviews indicated greater potential to recognise the social impacts of mining in NSW and identified good practice impact assessment as only one component of a successful community engagement strategy. Complementary strategies are essential to extend the benefits of development to local communities and for companies to establish a ‘social licence to operate’. The successful approach taken by Northparkes Mines combined good practice impact assessment with a localised workforce, an integrated management team and context-specific community engagement practices. This study highlights that local communities can be empowered through development, that benefits can extend to both the community and the business and that the ongoing management of social issues will increasingly be critical to the success of the mining industry.     

区域环境功能管控区划方法及应用

以生产、生活污染源为对象进行环境空间管控是新时期区域环境保护治理和国土精细化管治的新路径。本文在明确区域环境功能管控区划的概念、目的和原则的基础上,科学识别污染物与污染源空间,提出管控单元和分级管控区的空间结构模式,建立环境污染物的单项评价指标算法和综合集成模型,形成区域环境功能管控区划技术方法,并在浙江省嵊州市进行县级尺度的实证应用研究。研究表明,嵊州市共有垃圾填埋场、污水处理厂、高污染型工业场所、畜禽养殖场、居民居住场所等18个管控单元类型,按集成特征值高低及污染排放特征可归类至Ⅴ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅰ级和〇级管控区。Ⅴ级和Ⅳ级管控区以工矿业生产空间为主,污染排放量大,对水体、大气和土壤等影响程度高,存在危害性,是源头管控的重点。Ⅲ级管控区覆盖生活空间,污染排放中等,影响大气和水体,可控性相对较弱。Ⅱ级管控区有少量的农业固废和废水排放,存在面源污染风险。Ⅰ级和〇级管控区内部无环境污染源,强调生态保护的重要程度。其中,〇级管控区是生态保护红线范围,实施最严格的环境保护制度,要求“零排放,零污染”。区域环境功能管控区划方法具有可操作性,可为地方开展中长期环境保护与发展规划提供新的方法。     

Implementing the Landfill Directive in Greece: problems, perspectives and lessons to be learned

Due to the increasing pressure from the European Union, in the last decade the waste management landscape in Greece has been going through drastic changes, especially regarding policies and legislation. Shifts in management practices, however, have been considerably slower. A major component of this shift is the requirement by the Landfill Directive (LD) to divert increasing quantities of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfilling. Making use of the four-year extension allowed to countries heavily reliant on landfills, Greece will have to achieve the LD diversion targets in the period 2010–2020. In this paper the main aspects of the LD are outlined and critically placed in the context of the EU waste policy and the priorities of the new Waste Directive. The current state of waste management in Greece is presented with the main planning for new BMW treatment infrastructure. The complex and multifaceted barriers to successful implementation of waste policies in Greece are discussed using the case study of the LD, in an effort to draw lessons for the New Member States.     

淮河流域经济增长与生态环境质量变化的关系——来自1998-2007年安徽淮河流域的经验

基于淮河流域安徽段8个地市1998—2007年经济与环境统计数据,构建了淮河流域环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,系统分析了淮河流域经济增长与生态环境质量变迁的关系。研究结果表明,在考查期内,淮河流域人均GDP基本呈逐年递增趋势,工业废水排放量、工业废气排放量、工业固体废物产生量等环境污染指数均较高;淮河流域经济增长与生态环境之间的关系曲线基本呈现上升趋势,不完全符合典型的库兹涅茨曲线特征,伴随着经济快速增长的同时,生态环境也在不断恶化。因此,为保证淮河流域经济环境的协调发展,各级政府要不断增加环保经费投入,大力发展循环经济,注重开发洁净煤技术,充分挖掘旅游资源的潜力,大力加强环保执法力度,努力推进新型工业化道路。