Titles Of Theses

This essay questions the effectiveness of nuclear winter modeling as a means of impacting nuclear policy and changing public attitudes about nuclear issues. In nuclear winter modeling, humanistic concern over the possibility of global environmental destruction is cloaked in the ostensibly neutral language of science. Nuclear winter modeling attempts to apply rational argument to an issue that is rooted instead in human affect and morality. The implications of this misappropriation are discussed in terms of the dehumanizing nature of the images conjured up by nuclear winter, its attention to the effects of nuclear weapons rather than deeper structural problems, and its political ambiguity as a function of unresolvable uncertainty in model results.     

世界核电工业发展及地理格局综合解析

核电工业的发展和布局,与国际气候变化谈判、地缘政治和国家安全、以及国家竞争优势等密切相关,对全球核电工业空间格局演变及国家核电产业竞争力的研究具有重要的理论与实践意义.基于世界34个核电国家和198座核电厂数据,本文首先梳理了世界核电工业的发展阶段和空间布局;进一步运用综合评价指标体系、弦图、网络拓扑关系图,从产业链和...     

Unsiting Nuclear Power Plants: Decommissioning Risks and Their Land Use Context*

Nuclear power plant siting provided the first significant public opportunity to examine nuclear safety and to affect nuclear policy. These discussions were prompted and fueled by perceptions of nuclear risk. Now, as we begin the process of nuclear decommissioning, we are finding that power plant removal—unsiting–is also likely to attract public interest. This paper presents a preliminary survey of how we are likely to react to this emerging theme, applying these findings within a land use context to see if it is likely to produce issues salient to the public. In so doing it also examines how these issues could affect decommissioning timing and type. It suggests that the most likely prospect is that power plants will remain on the landscape long after they are closed.     

世界核电工业发展与地理格局的初探

核电工业自本世纪50年代以来发展迅速,其发电量不断上升,且有与火电、水电并行发展的趋势。本文在论述世界核电工业发展的基本情况后,以核电大国法国为典型代表,分析了核电工业的地位和地域分布特点,初浅地总结了核电工业的地理空间格局。     

世界核电发展趋势与我国核电建设

阐述了世界核电发展的阶段及趋势 ,针对我国核电发展现状指出 ,应抓住世界 ,特别是亚洲地区新一轮核电发展高潮的有利时机 ,全国统筹 ,突出重点 ,加速核电建设。并就发展资金、核电建设国产化及堆型的选择等问题提出了基本对策。     

近50年西藏冷暖冬的气候变化特征

依据中国国家标准《暖冬等级》,参照单站、区域暖冬等级标准,确定了单站和区域冷冬等级。在此基础上,分析了1961-2010 年西藏18 个站冷、暖冬事件的气候变化特征。结果表明:近50 年西藏各地冬季平均气温呈明显的升高趋势,升幅为0.29~1.04 oC/10a,以班戈最大;尤其是近20 年升温更强烈,达0.73~2.36 oC/10a。西藏区域暖冬指数表现为显著的上升趋势,线性趋势为16.0%/10a,明显高于东北、华北、西北等区域。各站暖冬频率为32%~52%,强暖冬事件频率为6%~26%;区域暖冬共出现了21 次(年),其中强暖冬事件10 次(年),主要出现在21 世纪初;2006年和2009 年是50 年中范围最广、强度最大的暖冬。各站冷冬频率为18%~40%,强冷冬事件频率为2%~20%;区域冷冬站数约以每10 年12%的速率减少。区域冷冬共发生了16 次(年),以20 世纪60 年代居多,其中区域强冷冬事件出现了8 次(年),1962 年是近50 年中范围最广、强度最大的冷冬,1968 年和1983 年次之。     

NUCLEAR POWER IMPACTS: A CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE SCHEMA

Impacts of nuclear power plants are generally considered on a local scale only. A schema that considers local and interstate convergence and divergence is found useful in identifying the widespread nature of the impacts, especially those associated with a local decision to build a nuclear facility. Of the four possible subdivisions within this schema, three apply to the Palo Verde power plant near Phoenix, AZ.     

NUCLEAR POWER IMPACTS: A CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE SCHEMA

Impacts of nuclear power plants are generally considered on a local scale only. A schema that considers local and interstate convergence and divergence is found useful in identifying the widespread nature of the impacts, especially those associated with a local decision to build a nuclear facility. Of the four possible subdivisions within this schema, three apply to the Palo Verde power plant near Phoenix, AZ.     

LANDSCAPE PERMANENCE AND NUCLEAR WARNINGS

ABSTRACT. From the perspective of a human lifetime, the hazards of some nuclear wastes are permanent, so the warnings we place at contaminated nuclear sites must be permanent too. I address questions of how best to provide one hundred centuries of public warning at the first facility for permanent disposal, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico. Scenarios of intrusion developed to guide the design of warning markers predicted that most of the changes in the area will be social and cultural. Because blatant and permanent markers will increase, not reduce, the probability of inadvertent intrusion, the most appropriate warning is a “landscape of illusion.” Such a landscape needs not permanent surface markers but underground warning devices beneath a soft surface marker. No warning can guarantee deterrence for 10,000 years, however.     

西南地区冬季气候异常的时空变化特征及其影响因子

利用1961-2010 年的多种观测资料,对西南地区冬季气候异常的时空演变特征及其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：西南地区冬季气温变化主要存在全区一致和东、西部反位相两种模态,这两种模态均存在显著的年代际变化。全区温度的一致变化与东亚冬季风的异常有关,东、西反位相的变化与西太平洋副热带高压和冷空气的异常活动有关。冬季降水异常主要表现为全区一致的变化特征。北半球环状模(NAM,AO) 和ENSO对西南地区气温没有显著的影响。当NAM偏强(弱) 时,西南地区降水偏多(少)。El Niño 年,西南地区降水一致偏多;La Niña 年,西南地区中部降水偏多,东、西部降水偏少。2010 年冬季西南地区的干旱更有可能是由NAM异常引起的,而不是El Niño。     

Definition and characteristics of the south edge of the subtropical winter monsoon in East Asian

Based on observational daily data of 730 meteorological stations in China, the south edge of the subtropical winter monsoon is defined according to relevant criterion and its variation characteristics are analyzed. Results show that this south edge has obvious inter-annual variation characteristics and shows a northward moving tendency as a whole, but since the 21st century it has moved southwards and date of the south edge entering winter becomes earlier. Wind fields of the anomalously northward south edge of the subtropical winter monsoon in East Asia has an obvious southerly wind component which prevents cold air from moving southward. The index of this south edge and winter temperature has a positive correlation. Climate warming might be the main reason for the northward movement of the south edge of the subtropical winter monsoon.     

基于路网形态的上海住宿业空间布局特征

采用中心性模型、空间自相关理论、核密度法等,从城市路网形态角度分析上海市住宿业的空间格局特征及其与路网结构的空间响应关系。结果发现,上海市住宿业分布具有空间集聚性、类型分异性和距离衰减性,集聚核心与路网节点密度核心一致,主要围绕中心城区形成一级集聚核,星级酒店集聚分布在中心城区,经济型酒店和旅馆在一级集聚核外形成多个散状集聚核心,旅馆集聚依附性较为明显,民宿集聚度最高。不同类型的住宿设施分布存在较显著的空间相关性,对路网依赖性具有多元性,受路网影响的程度不同,道路连接值较高的区域交通可达性较好,住宿设施密度也相应较高。经济型酒店受到城市路网相对可达性和直线型交通效率的依赖最大,旅馆和民宿对于路网节点间通达性的依赖相对较大。住宿业发展要在产品偏好设计的前提下兼顾城市路网结构和消费需求进行合理选址,以实现综合效益最大化。     

福建省暖冬气候特征分析

利用福建省65个气象观测站1971—2013年冬季(上年12月至当年2月)气温资料,分析全省冬季气温变化特点,并依据中国国家标准《暖冬等级》,分析全省暖冬事件变化特征。结果表明:福建省冬季气温呈显著上升趋势,其中2月气温和最低气温的升高对冬季变暖贡献较大;福建省内陆暖冬频率多于沿海;中南部沿海单站暖冬指数上升幅度较大,表明该地区暖冬事件上升趋势更明显;近43年来福建省共出现暖冬15次(年),主要发生在21世纪,其中发生在1999年的暖冬范围最广,强度最大;通过对比,国家《暖冬等级》标准能更合理地对暖冬事件进行时空上的划分。     

北太平洋风暴轴的异常活动与辽宁省冬季最低气温的联系

利用1975-2015年辽宁省52站逐日最低气温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过合成分析、相关分析等统计方法,对辽宁省冬季最低气温及北太平洋风暴轴的时空演变特征进行研究,初步探讨了北太平洋风暴轴的异常活动与辽宁省冬季最低气温的可能联系。结果表明,辽宁省冬季最低气温突变年为1986年,20世纪80年代中期以后气温表现出偏暖特征。北太平洋风暴轴与辽宁省冬季最低气温间存在同步一致地变化特征,风暴轴活动强年,辽宁省受西南气流控制,阿留申低压、西伯利亚高压强度减弱,同时东亚大槽减弱北退,东亚西风急流偏北,东亚冬季风系统活动减弱,不利于冷空气向南侵袭,辽宁省冬季最低气温偏高,反之在风暴轴活动弱年,辽宁省冬季最低气温偏低。与北太平洋风暴轴相关联的中高纬度大气环流异常变化是风暴轴强度与辽宁省冬季最低气温关系产生变化的主要原因。     

Variability and spatial modeling of fine-scale precipitation data for the Sonoran Desert of south-west Arizona

We present a unique new set of high spatial resolution precipitation data from a storage gauge network, for the sparsely observed northern Sonoran desert in south-west Arizona. We examine the nature and causes of the highly complex seasonal and spatial variability in the data, using fine-scale maps developed via spatial modeling and interpolation. These high-resolution maps had explained variances approaching 1·00, and precipitation errors of about 1% in winter and about 10% in summer. Seasonal precipitation ranges from near zero to almost 15 in across the area, and shows high interannual variability. Localized convectional processes lead to summer anomalies that are more spatially complex than in winter when broad-scale synoptic and frontal processes cause precipitation. In general, summer and winter precipitation variability are tied to meridional-zonal shifts and east–west movement of the respective anticyclone or trough pattern over the region. Statistical links between major weather stations in the region and precipitation across the area are spatially inconsistent, especially in the west.     

浙江省特色小镇的空间结构特征及影响因素研究

选取浙江省189个特色小镇为研究样本,运用最邻近点指数、地理集中指数、地理联系率、核密度指数等方法研究特色小镇的分布规律及影响因素。结果表明：① 浙江省特色小镇类型丰富,可以划分为信息经济、环保、健康、旅游、时尚、金融、高端装备制造以及历史经典8个类型;② 浙江省特色小镇整体空间分布趋于集聚,空间结构属于凝聚型;③ 八大类型中信息经济和金融类特色小镇集聚程度高,高端设备制造和旅游类特色小镇数量多、布局分散;④ 经济基础、人口密度、产业集群创新和城镇化水平是影响特色小镇分布的主要因素。     

珠峰农牧社区山地景观下的雪豹栖息地利用特征（英文）

雪豹(Panthera uncia)是青藏高原南缘喜马拉雅山地的顶级捕食者,其中段的珠峰国家级自然保护区是雪豹的重要栖息地之一。随着保护区内外几十年来快速的经济发展和人口增长,雪豹面临许多人为干扰和栖息环境改变所带来的压力。为了更好地了解该区域雪豹的栖息地利用情况,以及人类活动对雪豹栖息地利用的影响,我们采用景观生态学动态视角,基于多尺度和占域模型开展了本研究。首先,我们在面积 825 km²的样地系统布设 118 台红外相机开展野外调查。进而依据雪豹生态学特性和当地环境特征,选取若干自然环境与人为干扰因子,并利用各因子间的组合构建栖息地利用模型,基于红外相机数据,分别对雪豹栖息地利用进行了冬夏两个不同季节(共计 180 天)的比较研究。结果表明,冬夏两季的最佳模型分别是栖息地(HABITAT)模型和人为影响(ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE)模型(AICc_w≤2)。就模型总体表现而言,冬季优于夏季,表明夏季雪豹栖息地利用存在有未被探测到的变量的可能性;单变量模型表明雪豹在冬季倾向于利用较高崎岖度和更大尺度的栖息地(多尺度焦点...     

Data-Driven Predictive Modeling of Mineral Prospectivity Using Random Forests: A Case Study in Catanduanes Island (Philippines)

The Random Forests (RF) algorithm is a machine learning method that has recently been demonstrated as a viable technique for data-driven predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity, and thus, it is instructive to further examine its usefulness in this particular field. A case study was carried out using data from Catanduanes Island (Philippines) to investigate further (a) if RF modeling can be used for data-driven modeling of mineral prospectivity in areas with few (i.e., <20) mineral occurrences and (b) if RF modeling can handle predictor variables with missing values. We found that RF modeling outperforms evidential belief (EB) modeling of prospectivity for hydrothermal Au–Cu deposits in Catanduanes Island, where 17 hydrothermal Au–Cu prospects are known to exist. Moreover, just like EB modeling, RF modeling allows analysis of the spatial relationships between known prospects and individual layers of predictor data. Furthermore, RF modeling can handle missing values in predictor data through an RF-based imputation technique whereas in EB modeling, missing values are simply represented by maximum uncertainty. Therefore, the RF algorithm is a potentially useful method for data-driven predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity in regions with few (i.e., <20) occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought. However, further testing of the method in other regions with few mineral occurrences is warranted to fully determine its usefulness in data-driven predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity.     

A GIS-based modeling of snow accumulation and melt processes in the Votkinsk reservoir basin

Coupled hydrological and atmospheric modeling is an efficient method for snowmelt runoff forecast in large basins. We use short-range precipitation forecasts of mesoscale atmospheric Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model combining them with ground-based and satellite observations for modeling snow accumulation and snowmelt processes in the Votkinsk reservoir basin (184,319 km²). The method is tested during three winter seasons (2012–2015). The MODIS-based vegetation map and leaf area index data are used to calculate the snowmelt intensity and snow evaporation in the studied basin. The GIS-based snow accumulation and snowmelt modeling provides a reliable and highly detailed spatial distribution for snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow-covered areas (SCA). The modelling results are validated by comparing actual and estimated SWE and SCA data. The actual SCA results are derived from MODIS satellite data. The algorithm for assessing the SCA by MODIS data (ATBD-MOD 10) has been adapted to a forest zone. In general, the proposed method provides satisfactory results for maximum SWE calculations. The calculation accuracy is slightly degraded during snowmelt periods. The SCA data is simulated with a higher reliability than the SWE data. The differences between the simulated and actual SWE may be explained by the overestimation of the WRF-simulated total precipitation and the unrepresentativeness of the SWE measurements (snow survey).     

1967—2017年甘肃省小麦需水量和缺水量时空特征

基于甘肃省28个气象站点1967—2017年的逐日气象数据,采用Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数计算了小麦的需水量,结合美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的方法计算了有效降水量,进一步得出小麦缺水量,并分析了小麦需水量与缺水量的变化趋势和空间分布特征,探讨了小麦需水量影响因子重要程度。结果表明:1967—2017年甘肃省春、冬小麦全生育期的年平均需水量分别为517.03 mm和436.70 mm,年平均缺水量分别为468.24 mm和301.54 mm;在时间上,51 a来春小麦种植区内的需水量与缺水量整体上无明显的趋势变化,而冬小麦种植区内的需水量与缺水量整体上呈明显上升趋势;在空间上,春小麦种植区内需水量和缺水量大致由西北向东南递减,冬小麦种植区内的需水量和缺水量大致由西向东递减。甘肃省小麦生育期内日照时数和日平均气温是影响小麦需水量的主要因素。