Rossby波模型对西北太平洋海表面高度年际变异的可预测性研究

根据海洋Rossby波的西传特性, 使用一阶斜压Rossby波模型对北太平洋海表面高度的年际变异进行了回报和预测研究。回报结果表明, Rossby 波模型能够较好地模拟北太平洋海表面高度的年际变异。尤其是黑潮延伸区的下游, 模拟结果与卫星观测的相关系数达到0.8以上。预测结果表明, Rossby 波模型在两个纬向分布的海域有显著的预报能力, 分别位于高纬度中部和副热带环流西部。前者可提前5—6年, 后者可提前2—4年。此外, 重点开展了Rossby波模型在西北太平洋的预报能力研究。结果表明, Rossby波模型对中国的边缘海有着很好的预测能力, 包括南海北部、台湾以东和东海黑潮海域, 分别在提前32、40和52个月时能取得最佳的预测效果。     

基于卫星高度计资料提取热带印度洋Rossby波传播速度与变形半径

Rossby波是地球流体中的一种低频大尺度波动,在全球海洋动力过程的调整中发挥着关键作用。利用1993~2011年多卫星高度计融合的月均海平面高度异常数据,基于二维Radon变换方法提取了热带印度洋南北纬5°~20°区域的Rossby波纬向传播速度。结合斜压Rossby波的理论模型,利用1993~2008年多年平均的简单海洋再分析数据集的温盐资料,计算了自由线性的一阶斜压Rossby波的理论波速值。通过对比理论波速与高度计的观测波速,发现在印度洋5°~20°S间理论值与观测值比较接近,在5°~20°N间两者差别较大,其误差可能来源于两个方面:1)该区域较多陆地阻隔引起了Rossby波的绕射和反射;2)多边界激发的多个Rossby波发生相互作用。利用卫星高度计观测提取的Rossby波波速计算了热带印度洋南北纬5°~20°范围内的Rossby波的变形半径,给出了Rossby变形半径与纬度的解析表达式。该式能够很好地描述热带印度洋不同纬度的Rossby变形半径,为今后热带印度洋Rossby波速的应用提供了理论和观测依据。     

Rossby波临界周期与海面高度异常能谱临界周期在南海的空间分布特征

本文利用WOA01(the Word Ocean Atlas 2001)海水各层气候态温盐数据计算南海Rossby波临界周期,并与其在同纬度西北太平洋中的分布对比.结果显示,在南海中Rossby波临界周期随纬度增加而逐渐增加,并且由于南海的特殊地形,海盆中Rossby波临界周期呈北东-南西向分布,与其在大洋中呈纬向带状分布不同.通过分析南海各网格点上海面高度异常(SSHA,the sea surface height anomaly)的能谱,我们发现在海盆中部其临界周期与当地Rossby波临界周期基本相同,其值也随纬度增加而逐渐增加,因而从观测上验证了模式结果,即在海面风应力旋度能谱临界周期小于等于当地Rossby波临界周期的条件下,海洋响应能谱临界周期等于当地Rossby波临界周期.     

山东省周边海域波浪能资源评估

采用第三代海浪模式SWAN对2001-2010年期间山东省周边海域的波浪状况进行了数值模拟。波浪能数值模拟值与台站观测值的比对结果表明模拟值可靠、实用。分析发现山东省周边海域平均波能流密度以2 000W/m以下为主,低于中国南部海域及欧美沿岸波能流密度。选取12个典型代表点,从波能流密度大小、变化特征、稳定性等角度分析了不同代表点的波浪能情况,发现山东周边波能流密度受气候变化影响近10年来呈上升趋势。综合不同区域波浪能大小及需求情况,建议选取山东半岛东部海域、蓬莱外围岛屿近渤海中部海域和渤海中部海域作为波浪能开发利用的首选区域。其中成山头东部海域波能流密度在冬季高达5 000 W/m,在该季节大部分区域可归为一类资源丰富区。基于此,建议开发利用中小规模的波浪能供电设备或供电设施。     

吕宋海峡附近海域海表面高度季节内变化

利用1993~2017年海表面高度异常数据集,分析研究了西北太平洋季节内变化(20~120d)的整体分布特征,结果表明空间上季节内信号在20°N附近海域(16°~24°N)最强,时间上在6~8月达到一年中的最大值。在吕宋海峡东侧(123.875°E,20.125°N)季节内信号周期(70d)和传播速度(10.7~12.7cm/s)均大于吕宋海峡西侧(119.625°E, 20.125°N)(60 d, 6.5~7.8cm/s)。在大洋内部(123°~140°E, 18°~24°N)存在准90d的周期信号,传播速度约10.3cm/s。传播路径受黑潮的影响发生改变,由沿纬度西传转向向西北方向传播。第一斜压Rossby波理论对海表面高度季节内变化的周期和传播速度具有很好的解释性。     

基于Radon 变换获取东沙群岛附近 三个内孤立波的传播速度

由于大振幅非线性内波对东沙群岛附近的海上石油平台具有很大的破坏性,已有多名学者对该海域的非线性内波的 传播波速进行了研究。主要根据2009 年6 月24 日15 时40 分至25 日16 时40 分“科学一号”考察船在东沙岛东北部陆架 上K106 站进行的长达25 h的X波段雷达、温度链、ADCP 同步观测数据,在该海域利用Radon 变换技术获取了本次观测到 的内孤立波的传播速度。利用孤立波到达前30 min的ADCP流速值,计算得到内波传播方向上的背景流大小为0.04 m/s。最终 得出6月24 日22时30 分时的内孤立波传播速度为3.04 m/s,传播方向约为297毅;6 月25 日8 时30 分的内孤立波传播速度 为2.73 m/s,传播方向约为289毅;6 月25 日12 时内孤立波的传播速度为2.59 m/s,传播方向约为283毅。第一个孤立波与后 两个孤立波,在振幅和速度大小上存在明显不同,其生成机制也可能不同。     

北太平洋风场变化对东亚陆架海SST的影响

太平洋内部的气候变化与东亚陆架海海洋环境变化密切相关.本文利用OAflux资料、NCEP再分析资料,分析北太平洋内部风场的时空变化特征,将其距平场序列与东亚陆架海SSTA序列进行相关性分析,找出对东亚陆架海SST影响显著的风场关键区.结果表明:东亚陆架海SST距平序列与PDO指数同期相关系数接近于0,说明北太平洋内部异常信号只能通过斜压Rossby波调整影响东亚陆架海SST,不存在正压调整过程;北太平洋风场“关键区A、B”对东亚陆架海SST的变化影响最显著,且1958-2010年,2个风场“关键区”风速异常增强,分别被风应力旋度偶极子、异常负风应力旋度场控制,异常信号从中东太平洋传递到东亚陆架海,导致该海区SST明显升高,尤其是黑潮海域;“关键区A、B”风场异常信号分别超前东亚陆架海SST变化4a (7a)、4a时呈显著正相关,该时间基本与斜压Rossby波从大洋中东部传递到西部或副热带环流对风场变化通过斜压Rossby波进行调整所需的时间一致.     

南海东北部C型内孤立波的观测与分析

基于布放在南海东北部陆坡海域的5套潜标观测到的内孤立波波列数据和孤立波扰动KdV(PKdV)理论,研究内孤立波在趋浅陆架上的传播特征。得出如下结果:1)观测到的内孤立波属于C型内孤立波,即平均重现周期为(23.41±0.31)h。2)内孤立波在西传爬坡过程中,其振幅表现为先增大后减小再增大,与该海域温跃层深度的变化趋势一致;由观测数据和理论计算得到的孤立波振幅增长率(SAGR)数值接近,表明该海域的内孤立波的振幅变化可以采用由孤立波PKdV方程导出的趋浅温跃层理论来描述。3)随着水深变浅,内孤立波传播方向向北偏移,传播速度减小,即在A,B和D站位,传播方向分别为279°,296°和301°,偏转角度达22°;传播速度分别为2.36,2.23和1.47 m/s,减小38%。     

埕岛油田海域波—底相互作用

基于1976，1993年埕岛油田海域测深资料，应用HISWA浅水海浪数值计算模式，研究风暴浪入侵该海域导致的波-底相互作用后果。数值计算结果表明，海区固定点海底冲刷导致波场强化；波参数增量与冲刷深度有关；海底水质点轨道流速峰值，底摩擦耗散峰值及临界波高值相对水深分布均表明，该海域深水区海底冲刷将减弱，浅水区海底冲刷将加强。     

利用旋转平台模拟Rossby波现象的实验研究

采用旋转浅水系统对地形Rossby波进行实验室模拟,Rossby波实验的目的是模拟地球上中纬度大气、海洋中产生Rossby波的机理。由于地球流体实验的特殊性,它与普通流体力学实验不同,必须要具备模拟地球自转形成的科氏效应的实验设备,同时,还必须采用特殊的测量手段和实验方法。地球上Rossby波的存在,是因为行星效应或β效应为其提供了回复力,由于地形效应与β效应在动力学上具有等价性,所以能够在实验室中通过斜坡地形的应用来模拟真实地球的β效应,进而对Rossby波的现象进行模拟。实验模拟出了地形激发Rossby波的基本现象,并在此基础上对已有的相关理论进行验证,并且给出了β值与Rossby波的关系。     

Annual Variability of Sea Surface Height and Upper Layer Thickness in the Pacific Ocean

The annual variabilities of the sea surface height in the Pacific Ocean were investigated by analyzing the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite data and by solving a reduced gravity model. We discuss how adequately the simple model can capture the variabilities of the sea surface height, and what the cause of the variabilities is. Three large amplitude peaks in the satellite data are found along the 12°N longitude line. Two elongated zones with a large amplitude are also found: one extends east-west along 6°N and the other extends northwestward from South America around 25°S. These features are adequately reproduced in the numerical simulation of the reduced gravity model. The propagation of the Rossby wave is analyzed by the use of the extended Eliassen-Palm flux to investigate the mechanism of these annual variabilities. The two east peaks around 12°N can be explained in terms of the interference between the local Ekman pumping and the free wave emitted near the western coast of North America, and the most western peak is affected by the Rossby wave formed by the local wind stress. The elongated zonal area around 6°N is mainly due to the local Ekman pumping. Another area around 25°S results from the convergence of the free Rossby wave emitted from the eastern boundary and the area with the strong wind stress curl off South America. A discrepancy between the satellite data and the model results suggests that the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is relatively calm in the model but not in the satellite data. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大西洋波高熵的分布变化规律研究

使用1992年10月-1998年12月连续75个月、230个重复周期的Topex／Poseidon卫星高度计有效波高资料，对南北大西洋波高熵的空间分布特征和时间变化规律进行了研究，统计分析了大西洋波高熵的多年的空间分布特征和多年各月的时间变化规律。结果表明，大西洋波高熵呈现出中间低、南北高的马鞍形空间分布特征和明显季节变化的规律，与大西洋的平均有效波高、气候的地理分布以及大气活动分布特征和变化规律相一致。     

Height variability from the MIROC – IPCC model for the 20th century compared to that of the TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter

Planetary waves are key to large-scale dynamical adjustment in the global ocean as they transfer energy from the east to the west side of oceanic basins; they connect the forcing in the ocean interior with the variability at its boundaries; and they change the local heat content, thus coupling oceanic, atmospheric, and biological processes. Planetary waves, mostly of the first baroclinic mode, are observed as distinctive patterns in global time series of sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and heat storage. The goal of this study is to compare and validate large-scale SSHA signals from coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) with TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter observations. The last decade of the models’ time series is selected for comparison with the altimeter data. The wave patterns are separated from the meso- and large-scale SSHA signals by digital filters calibrated to select the same spectral bands in both model and altimeter data. The band-wise comparison allows for an assessment of the model skill to simulate the dynamical components of the observed wave field. Comparisons regarding both the seasonal cycle and the Rossby wave field differ significantly among basins. When carried within the same basin, differences can occur between equal latitudes in opposite hemispheres. Furthermore, at some latitudes the MIROC reproduces biannual, annual and semiannual planetary waves with phase speeds and average amplitudes similar to those observed by the altimeter, but with significant differences in phase.     

2013年赤道波动调制下的东印度洋春季Wyrtki急流季节内变化研究

A strong spring Wyrtki jet(WJ) presents in May 2013 in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. The entire buildup and retreat processes of the spring WJ were well captured by two adjacent Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers mounted on the mooring systems. The observed zonal jet behaved as one intraseasonal event with the significant features of abrupt emergence as well as slow disappearance. Further research illustrate that the pronounced surface westerly wind burst during late-April to mid-May, associated with the active phase of a robust eastwardpropagating Madden–Julian oscillation in the tropical Indian Ocean, was the dominant reason for the rapid acceleration of surface WJ. In contrasting, the governing mechanism for the jet termination was equatorial wave dynamics rather than wind forcing. The decomposition analysis of equatorial waves and the corresponding changes in the ocean thermocline demonstrated that strong WJ was produced rapidly by the wind-generated oceanic downwelling equatorial Kelvin wave and was terminated subsequently by the westward-propagating equatorial Rossby wave reflecting from eastern boundaries of the Indian Ocean.     

中、低纬太平洋ARGO测站Rossby内波垂直模态的数值计算

针对中、低纬太平洋ARGO测站的4个实际层结个例,计算了无背景流下准地转海洋Rossby内波的垂直模态。结果表明,海水层结垂直方向的不均匀和跃层的存在,使该垂直模态的波型发生了歪曲变形,致使其偏离了余弦波：跃层越强,这种变形也越大：层结最强的层次对应着最大的波动振幅,多极值的层结对应着多个极大振幅：该内波垂直结构函数的零点随模态序数依次递增,且其零点在海水层结较强的层次要比较弱的层次密集。     

First and second baroclinic mode responses of the tropical Indian Ocean to interannual equatorial wind anomalies

The combined and individual responses of the first and second baroclinic mode dynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean to the well-known Indian Ocean Dipole mode (IOD) wind anomalies are investigated. The IOD forced first baroclinic Rossby waves arrive at the western boundary in three months, while the reflected component from the eastern boundary with opposite phase arrives in five to six months, both carry input energy to the west. The inclusion of the second baroclinic mode slows down the wave propagation by mode coupling and stretches the energy spectrum to a relatively longer time scale. The total energy exists in the equatorial wave guide for at least five months from the forcing, as much as 10% of that of the atmospheric input, which mainly dissipates at the western boundary. The individual responses of the ocean to IOD interannual wind anomaly show that the significant modes of oceanic anomalies are confined to a wave guide of 10° on either side of the equator.     

海浪微波散射理论模式

在假设海面白帽为球形气泡层的基础上,利用白帽海面的矢量辐射传输方程各随机粗糙面散射模型建立了海面的微波散射模型。辐射传输方程利用迭代法求解,随机粗糙面散射模型采用双尺度散射模型,利用白帽覆盖率的经验公式计算海面的微波散射特性。数值计算结果表明,随着气泡厚度的增加球形气泡散射系数越来越接近球形粒子散射系数;白帽对散射同的贡献随风速增大而增大;侧风情况比逆风和顺风情况影响均大;水平极化比垂直极化影响大     

Comparison of airsea fluxes of CO2 in the Southern Ocean and the western Arctic Ocean

The data were collected during Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Expeditions in the western Arctic Ocean and the marginal sea ice zone (MSIZ) of the Southern Ocean, respectively in the boreal summer from July to September of 1999 and in the austral summer from December of 1999 to January of 2000. The concentrations of CO2 in surface water of the survey regions would mostly present lower than those in the atmosphere. A significant biological driving force could also been observed in summer waters in both of the above oceans. Air to sea CO2 fluxes were also calculated to compare oceanic uptake capacity of CO2 in both oceans with the world oceans using Liss, Wanninkhof, and Jacobs‘s methods. The averaged CO2 fluxes of air to sea in the western Arctic Ocean or in the MSIZ of the Southern Ocean doubled that in the world oceans.     

西太平洋暖池形成与维持的动力学机制

建立了一个简单海气耦合模式,其中大气垂直分为两层,为-β平面近似线性模式。在非绝热加热项中包含了对流凝结潜热与大尺度流场之间相互作用的CISK机制以及蒸发、感热与扰动风场之间的反馈机制,并考虑了平均东风区和西风区的不同。由于只研究大气的平均纬向运动,故模式大气中仅含有Kelvin波。海洋模式为一约化重力模式,在一定条件下采用准地转近似,模式海洋中仅保留了Rossby波。对这一海气耦合模式进行特征波动分析,发现海气耦合并不显著改变大气波动的性质。在中东太平洋的平均东风区,大气的Kelvin波仍然增幅和东传。在平均西风区,大气Kelvin波振幅衰减。但耦合作用却使海洋Rossby波的性质发生变化,且波长超过某一临界波长Le的Rossby波的振幅增长。在平均东风区,结论相论。这一理论说明西太平洋暖池的形成与海洋Rossby波有关。在东太平洋,由于是平均东风区,短的Ross-by波振幅增长,不能形成水平尺度很大的“暖池”。而在平均西风的西太平洋区,有可能形成水平尺度很大的“暖池”。