Stream analysis of small drainage basins in an ancient landform,Korean Peninsula

Much of the topography of Korea is ancient, but many Quaternary fault outcrops and marine terraces have been observed in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Sufficient evidence of a Quaternary fault is lacking in the geological features of the commercially developed Jukbyun and Uljin areas. Knickpoints that develop on streams can be formed by tectonic activity such as faulting and folding, or can result simply from the differential erosion rates of bedrock. In this study, we investigated the relationship between stream steepness and faults in the Jukbyun area. Stream profile analyses of the Bugu and Namdae basins were performed using a digital elevation model to estimate Quaternary tectonic movements. Stream parameters obtained from analysis of the longitudinal stream profiles of the Bugu and Namdae drainage basins in the northeastern part of the Korean Peninsula indicated neotectonic movement. Thirty of the thirty-nine knickpoints that developed in the downstream areas of the fluvial channels corresponded to fault zones. It is thought that fault activity results in knickpoints in river systems. The normalized relative slope (K_sn) value (54.9) of the BS1 stream in the Bugu drainage basin was higher than that (28.8–36.3) of the other streams in both basins, despite a similar lithology to NS1 and NS2. Therefore, we concluded that stream steepness might be a result of tectonic forcing rather than a product of rock strength in the study area and that stream parameters could provide indirect evidence of Quaternary tectonics in ancient landforms.     

Late Cenozoic transtensional fault belt discovered on the boundary of the Awati Sag in the northwestern Tarim Basin

Late Cenozoic transtensional fault belt was discovered on Shajingzi fault belt, NW boundary of the Awati Sag in the northwestern Tarim Basin. And numerous Quaternary normal faults were discovered on Aqia and Tumuxiuke fault belts, SW boundary of Awati. This discovery reveals Quaternary normal fault activity in the Tarim Basin for the first time. It is also a new discovery in the southern flank of Tianshan Mountains. Shajingzi transtensional fault belt is made up of numerous, small normal faults. Horizontally, the normal faults are arranged in right-step, en echelon patterns along the preexisting Shajingzi basement fault, forming a sinistral transtensional normal fault belt. In profile, they cut through the Paleozoic to the mid-Quaternary and combine to form negative flower structures. The Late Cenozoic normal faults on the SW boundary of Awati Sag were distributed mainly in the uplift side of the preexisting Aqia and Tumuxiuke basement-involved faults, and combined to form small horst and graben structures in profile. Based on the intensive seismic interpretation, careful fault mapping, and growth index analysis, we conclude that the normal fault activity of Shajingzi transtensional fault belt began from Late Pliocene and ceased in Late Pleistocene (mid-Quaternary). And the normal faulting on the SW boundary of Awati Sag began from the very beginning of Quaternary and ceased in Pleistocene. The normal faulting on Awati’s SW boundary began a little later than those on the NW boundary. The origin of Shajingzi transtensional normal fault belt was due to the left-lateral strike-slip occurred in the southern flank of Tianshan, and then, due to the eastward escape of the Awati block, a tensional stress developed the normal faults on its SW boundary.     

构造活动地区工程构造稳定性研究

拟建的新疆喀拉喀什河乌鲁瓦提水电站位于现代地壳运动十分活跃的区域。野外证据显示出，坝区的Ｆ＿（１２）断层新活动延续到晚更新世，电站附近的石门北断层在第四纪有活动。对采自坝区及附近几条断层的断层物质样品进行了变形显微构造、石英颗粒表面形貌和微结构类型、ＴＬ年龄的分析测定，结果表明，Ｆ＿（１２）最新活动的上限时间不晚于３万年，Ｆ＿（３０）和石门断层的活动持续到晚更新世，石门北断层最新的活动的上限时间约２万年。根据区域断裂的分布和应力场的情况，进行了构造模拟实验，预测出工程区在区域应力场的继续作用下，应力集中在远离坝址的部位，坝址附近不会出现新的应力集中点。总体看，所选坝址是地壳活动区中相对较稳定的地段。     

昔格达断裂晚第四纪活动特征及强震复发周期

利用冲沟、山脊等断错构造地貌的DEM影像资料和详实的野外踏勘,详细分析了昔格达断裂的晚第四纪活动特征。结果显示:断裂线两侧的河沟和山脊地貌呈"S"或反"Z"形或以多个首尾连接的"S"形雁列式斜列,断裂活动为左行左列式,断层上发育多个拉分盆地和断裂湖;该断裂最新活动时间晚于(12.83±1.09)ka,为全新世走滑活动断裂,倾滑分量不大,倾向总体西倾,且晚更新世以来的左旋走滑速率约为1.70 mm/a;依据断裂线地震遗迹及断裂活动特征,断裂强活动复发间隔大致为10~12 ka或更短。     

Active fault traces along Bhuj Fault and Katrol Hill Fault, and trenching survey at Wandhay, Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Several new active fault traces were identified along Katrol Hill Fault (KHF). A new fault (named as Bhuj Fault, BF) that extends into the Bhuj Plain was also identified. These fault traces were identified based on satellite photo interpretation and field survey. Trenches were excavated to identify the paleoseismic events, pattern of faulting and the nature of deformation. New active fault traces were recognized about 1km north of the topographic boundary between the Katrol Hill and the plain area. The fault exposure along the left bank of Khari River with 10m wide shear zone in the Mesozoic rocks and showing displacement of the overlying Quaternary deposits is indicative of continued tectonic activity along the ancient fault. The E-W trending active fault traces along the KHF in the western part changes to NE-SW or ENE-WSW near Wandhay village. Trenching survey across a low scarp near Wandhay village reveals three major fault strands F1, F2, and F3. These fault strands displaced the older terrace deposits comprising Sand, Silt and Gravel units along with overlying younger deposits from units 1 to 5 made of gravel, sand and silt. Stratigraphic relationship indicates at least three large magnitude earthquakes along KHF during Late Holocene or recent historic past.     

青藏高原东北缘固关-虢镇断裂中段第四纪以来活动特征

固关-虢镇断裂是青藏高原东北缘、鄂尔多斯地块西南缘陇县-宝鸡断裂带中的一条主要断裂,该断裂的运动特征和活动性包含了青藏高原向东北方向扩展机制的重要信息。固关-虢镇断裂中段在卫星影像和DEM图上都显示出清晰的线性影像特征,地貌上表现为清楚的地貌陡坎,陡坎高80～100 m。通过卫星影像判读、野外调查、探槽开挖和年龄测试等方法的综合研究,结果认为固关-虢镇断裂中段第四纪早期有明显活动,并以左旋走滑运动为主,左旋走滑运动利用了早白垩世形成的正断层面;晚更新世以后固关-虢镇断裂停止了活动。造成断裂运动方式和活动性转变的原因是,第四纪以来印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的远程效应到达青藏高原东北缘之后,陇县-宝鸡断裂带周围的块体因为相互作用进行调整,形成了该断裂带局部构造应力以剪应力为主所致。     

浙江杭州地区孝丰-三门湾断裂晚第四纪活动性研究

北西走向的孝丰—三门湾断裂是浙北地区一条重要的断裂。该断裂第四纪以来表现为左旋走滑,并水平断错了北东走向的萧山—球川断裂和东西走向的昌化—普陀断裂。这三条断裂交汇于杭州地区并造成了钱塘江的拐弯。在孝丰—三门湾断裂与北东走向断裂的交汇处曾有多次地震发生。通过在孝丰—三门湾断裂（杭州段）上布设的4 个探槽,发现该断裂附近存在一系列近于东西走向及北东走向的晚更新世活动断裂。这些断层活动可能是由孝丰—三门湾主干断裂的活动引起的,并调节着孝丰—三门湾主干断裂的活动,减弱断裂附近应力,降低区域地震危害性。采用了光释光（OSL）测年方法来限定断层活动时代,并采用孢粉测年对OSL 年龄进行验证。依据OSL 年龄,探槽所揭露的断层活动均发生距今1.65 万年之前,存在两次断层活动,分别发生于1.65~1.97 万年和4.2~5.12 万年。孝丰—三门湾断裂在晚更新世有所活动的认识对于杭州地区乃至整个浙北地区未来的地震危险性评价具有重要的意义。     

青藏铁路风火山段晚第四纪断裂活动分析

地表地质调查发现,第四纪期间在风火山逆冲-褶皱构造带以发生近东西向的伸展变形为特征。在该构造带中形成切割早期近东西向挤压变形构造带、指示近东西向伸展变形、整体沿北60°东向展布的二道沟断陷盆地。断裂活动的地质、地貌证据表明,控制该盆地晚第四纪断陷的主边界断裂位于其北缘,是一条断续延伸达24 km左右、可能兼具左旋走滑性质的正断层。根据该区晚第四纪沉积物的分布和时代,并对断裂所错动的晚第四纪地质-地貌体进行初步的年代学分析,可以初步断定该断裂的晚第四纪垂直活动速率应该介于0.2~0.4 mm/a之间。     

Quaternary neotectonics of the Somogy Hills, Hungary (part I): Evidence from field observations

Quaternary and directly underlying Late Miocene (Pannonian) outcrops were analysed by structural, tectono-morphologic and sedimentologic methods to describe the main fault directions, to separate mass movements from faulting and folding and to separate earthquake-induced sediment deformations from other (e.g. periglacial) effects in the Somogy Hills. This is a gentle hilly area elevated at 200–300 m above sea level, located immediately south of Lake Balaton, Hungary.

Quaternary outcrops showed several consistent directions of faulting, and co-depositional seismic activity. Three different Mohr-sets of faults/joints could be differentiated in Quaternary sediments. The three sets are considered Late Quaternary since all cut young loess sections and have morphological expressions.

On the basis of the microtectonic measurements and morphotectonic investigations, the following sequence of Quaternary events can be proposed:

1. A (W)NW–(E)SE compression and perpendicular extension would create E–W to WNW–ESE oriented right lateral, NNW–SSE to N–S oriented left lateral shear zones, and NW–SE striking normal faults. Some of these can be evidenced in morphology and among the individual fault measurements. Some reactivated faults might suggest that this field is a relatively older one, but fresh topographic elements suggest that this stress field might be operational sub-recently.

2. A second stress field with NNW–SSE extensional and ENE–WSW oriented compressional directions could be separated. This stress field could create NNE–SSW and NW–SE oriented shear fractures and ENE–WSW oriented conjugate normal faults. Flat thrusts giving ENE directed shear may also be active under this field.

3. A third stress field might be proposed with N–S compression and perpendicular extension directions. This would create NE–SW and NW–SE oriented shear fractures, which are observed in the measured fault data. It is remarkable that the NE–SW faults are all steep, subvertical, and give a very well defined fault set. Based on the fresh topographic expression, this stress field is also sub-recent.

The different sub-recent stress fields and related fault patterns might succeed each other or might alternate through time. The first and third deformations have fresh topographic expressions and cannot play synchronously. The observed features suggest a compressionally active neotectonics of the study area.     

塔里木盆地阿瓦提凹陷周缘的晚新生代张扭性断层带

塔里木盆地西北部的阿瓦提凹陷周缘发育晚新生代正断层,其中第四纪的正断层活动是塔里木盆地构造地质研究的新发现。这些正断层受先存基底断裂控制,平面上沿沙井子断裂带、阿恰断裂带和吐木休克断裂带右阶式雁列状分布,构成右阶左旋张扭性正断层带。剖面上,向下断达下古生界后不清楚,向上断至第四系上部,构成阶梯状或小型地堑(或负花状构造)构造。生长系数计算结果表明,正断层带形成于新近纪末,第四纪早-中期持续活动,到第四纪晚期停止活动。这些张扭性正断层带的成因是阿瓦提地块相对于周边地质体的顺时针旋转而致,其动力学来源于印度板块与欧亚板块陆-陆碰撞,在晚喜马拉雅山期依然持续作用而导致的远程效应。     

朝鲜半岛古生代中期-中生代早期构造格局

古生代中期─中生代早期朝鲜半岛发生了两次主要构造事件, 即古生代中期朝鲜半岛中部临津江构造带的活动和古生代晚期-中生代早期朝鲜半岛北部豆满江造山带(咸北地块) 的碰撞拼接事件。临津江带的地层、化石和构造等特征研究表明临津江带形成于志留纪末-泥盆纪初, 结束于中生代三叠纪松林期; 根据咸北地块沉积地层的岩浆岩岩石学、年代学资料, 认为豆满江造山带的碰撞拼接时期可能是二叠纪-三叠纪。黄海地球物理、地震研究, 朝鲜半岛大地构造和沉积盖层研究结果表明苏2鲁高压变质带没有延伸到临津江带, 而是被近南北向纵贯朝鲜西海的断裂右行错移到了济洲岛以南; 咸北地块和输城川断裂带的地质特征研究表明, 咸北地块可能与佳木斯地块相连接, 输城川断裂带可能与牡丹江断裂带相连接。     

The role of thrust ramp reactivation in pull-apart mechanism of the Erzincan basin,North Anatolian Fault Zone,Turkey

The new field data obtained from the southwestern margin of the Erzincan pull-apart basin located on the eastern segment of North Anatolian Fault Zone indicate that the opening of the basin is not only controlled by pull-apart mechanism but also by a lateral ramp structure associated with SSE-NNW Late Miocene thrusting along the Sivas Basin. The fault bordering the southwestern margin of the basin is the lateral part of the Karada thrust that is the roof thrust of the Sivas fold-thrust system, rather than a segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The Erzincan basin was nucleated as a lateral ramp basin during the Pliocene on the lateral ramp-related folds and expanded by the pull-apart opening mechanism between two segments of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The WSW-ENE pull-apart opening of the basin was recorded by the Pliocene lacustrine-fluvial sediments and Quaternary volcanics as listric normal faulting.     

Structural geology of the Upper Cretaceous Chalk Central Mass, Isle of Wight, U.K.

Remapping the Chalk of the Central Chalk Mass of the Isle of Wight between Carisbrooke (Newport), Calbourne and Shalcombe, including the Bowcombe Valley, has identified a complex series of tectonic ‘rolls’ and ‘flats’ in a region that has been interpreted to be a relay ramp between the Needles and the Sandown faults. A major new WNW trending fault at Cheverton throws the Chalk down by >50 m to the SW in a 80-100 m wide zone of faulting within which some chalk blocks have near vertical dips. The fault location and trend closely follows the edge of the Cranbourne-Fordingbridge High and could also reflect, for the first time, the surface expression of part of the Needles Fault, a major inversion reverse fault. Located along this fault zone deep Quaternary weathering of the Chalk and Quaternary gravel deposits are present. The trend of the Cheverton Fault brings it towards Gotten Leaze where a groundwater pumping station is located and groundwater springs regularly cause flooding on the Brighstone-Calbourne Road. Analyses of the jointing in the Chalk show that stratabound fracture patterns typical of the Chalk formations elsewhere in Southern England are present in the Central Mass. In addition, there are numerous small faults along which valleys have formed. Tectonic structure and lithology have had a profound influence on the geomorphology and groundwater flow in the Chalk in the Central Mass.     

The Langeland Fault System unravelled: Quaternary fault reactivation along an elevated basement block between the North German and Norwegian–Danish basins

The reactivation of faults and possible impact on barrier integrity marks a critical aspect for investigations on subsurface usage capabilities. Glacial isostatic adjustments, originating from repeated Quaternary glaciations of northern Europe, cause tectonic stresses on pre-existing fault systems and structural elements of the North German and Norwegian–Danish basins. Notably, our current understanding of the dynamics and scales of glacially induced fault reactivation is rather limited. A high-resolution 2D seismic data set recently acquired offshore northeastern Langeland Island allows the investigation of a fault and graben system termed the Langeland Fault System. Seismo-stratigraphic interpretation of reflection seismic data in combination with diffraction imaging unravels the spatial character of the Langeland Fault System along an elevated basement block of the Ringkøbing–Fyn High. In combination with sediment echosounder data, the data set helps to visualize the continuation of deep-rooted faults up to the sea floor. Initial Mesozoic faulting occurred during the Triassic. Late Cretaceous inversion reactivated a basement fault flanking the southern border of the elevated basement block of the Ringkøbing–Fyn High while inversion is absent in the Langeland Fault System. Here, normal faulting occurred in the Maastrichtian–Danian. We show that a glacial or postglacial fault reactivation occurred within the Langeland Fault System, as evident by the propagation of the faults from the deeper subsurface up to the sea floor, dissecting glacial and postglacial successions. Our findings suggest that the Langeland Fault System was reactivated over a length scale of a minimum of 8.5 km. We discuss the causes for this Quaternary fault reactivations in the context of glacially induced faulting and the present-day stress field. The combination of imaging techniques with different penetration depths and vertical resolution used in this study is rarely realized in the hinterland. It can therefore be speculated that many more inherited, deep-rooted faults were reactivated in Pleistocene glaciated regions.     

龙门山前山断裂大地震原地重复发生的地质地貌证据

龙门山前山断裂大地震是原地重复发生的吗？针对这一问题,对前山断裂的同震地表形变带进行了追踪,并选择5.12汶川地震区九龙、白鹿以及汉旺等3个地点开展了古地震探槽研究工作。调查结果是： 前山断裂5.12地震地表形变带基本沿1 ∶200000地质图上先存基岩断裂发育,但仅限于通济－安昌以南段; 白鹿－八角一带同震地表形变带继承先存断层陡坎或断层沟谷发育; 偏离先存断裂而被一些学者视为断裂全新世活动重要证据的永安附近T1阶地上线性陡坎实为废弃河岸; 白鹿、汉旺探槽剖面揭示这两个地点5.12汶川地震之前至少有过一次古地震事件。这些研究结果表明前山断裂大地震是沿晚第四纪活动断裂原地重复发生的,此次地震是沿先存活动断裂又一次发生的大地震事件,为大地震原地复发模型提供了一个新的震例支持。在沿该断裂周边进行规划建设时应当合理避让。     

广州瘦狗岭断裂带的变形期次

根据广州瘦狗岭断裂带变形历史的野外地质证据以及40Ar／39Ar法和热释光法构造年龄数据，将其划分出晚三叠世-早侏罗世韧性拉伸剥离变形期，中侏罗世韧性挤压逆冲变形期，晚侏罗世末-早白垩世初脆性断裂、硅化作用期，晚白垩世-老第三纪同沉积正断层活动、硅化作用期，老第三纪晚期左行平移兼正断层活动期和第四纪正断层活动期。对该断裂带的变形期次与区域构造演化的联系进行了讨论。     

班公湖-怒江缝合带西界边坝-洛隆断裂全新世活动的地质地貌证据

边坝-洛隆断裂为班公湖-怒江缝合带东南段的西界断裂,正在规划建设中的川藏铁路穿经了该断裂.研究该断裂的晚第四纪活动性对认识缝合带的发展演化历史以及青藏高原东南缘现今构造变形的动力学机制具有重要意义,也直接关系到川藏铁路的规划建设和工程地震安全.边坝-洛隆断裂沿线记录有1642-1654年洛隆M≥7地震和1791-1804年边坝M 63/₄地震,然而,由于缺少明确的地质地貌证据,关于边坝-洛隆断裂是否为全新世活动断裂至今仍存在较大争议.基于遥感影像解译和野外地质地貌调查,结合14C加速质谱（AMS）测年技术,笔者在八宿县城和洛隆县城一带获得了多个断错晚更新世-全新世地层的剖面,揭示边坝-洛隆断裂为一条全新世活动断裂,活动性质以左旋走滑为主,其最新一次活动发生在（3 310±30）a BP之后,可能对应1642-1654年洛隆M≥7地震事件.调查结果也显示,边坝-洛隆断裂晚第四纪活动的地表形迹非常不连续,其几何展布与班公湖-怒江缝合带的早期边界断裂并不完全一致,似乎暗示缝合带晚第四纪以来的活动可能正在发生新的演化.      

第四纪断层上断裂活动的群集及迁移现象

对许多第四纪断层上形成地表破裂的巨大滑动事件及错动位移状况的具体研究表明,在不同时间段它们的数量和强度是变化的,不均匀的。这种断层活动的不均匀性主要表现在两个方面:一是滑动事件的发生往往集中于一定的地段和一定的时间段,并与相对平静的阶段相交替,即所谓断裂活动的群集性;另一方面的表现是集中发生滑动事件段落(或区域)在空间上的迁移变化。这是中国大陆内部第四纪断层活动所表现出的主要特征之一。这方面的实例可见于许多活断层上。如沿郯庐断层、鲜水河断层以及河西走廊断裂带、阿尔金断裂带等。深入研究第四纪断层活动的这一不均匀特性对正确评估活断层的活动程度和潜在地震危险性具有实际应用意义。     

西秦岭地区东昆仑-秦岭断裂系晚新生代左旋走滑历史及其向东扩展

要通过在TM遥感图像解译和野外观测的基础上,描述了东昆仑断裂带东段活动形迹的组成和活动断层地貌特征,阐述了甘南高原西秦岭地区新近纪拉分盆地的沉积-构造特征,提出了该区东昆仑-秦岭断裂系晚新生代左旋走滑伸展-走滑挤压-走滑伸展的3个阶段的构造变形模式。指出,中新世晚期至上新世早期,东昆仑-秦岭断裂系以左旋走滑伸展活动为主,伴随着西秦岭地区拉分盆地的形成和超基性火山岩群的发育。这期左旋走滑伸展活动向东扩展导致了渭河盆地新近纪引张应力方向由早期的NE-SW向转变为晚期的NW—SE向。上新世晚期以来(约3．4Ma以前),东昆仑-秦岭断裂系以左旋走滑挤压活动为主,导致早期拉分盆地的轻微褶皱变形,走滑挤压活动主要集中在东昆仑东段玛沁-玛曲主断裂带上。该期构造变动持续到早更新世,它的向东扩展产生了广泛的地壳形变效应,包括青藏东缘岷山隆起带的快速崛起、华北地区汾-渭地堑系的形成和发展以及郯庐断裂带右旋走滑活动等。中、晚更新世时期,断裂系以走滑伸展变形为主,主要集中在东昆仑断裂带东段3个分支上,地块向东挤出伴随着顺时针旋转。     

Fault location and fault activity assessment by analysis of historic level line data, oil-well data and groundwater data, Hollywood area, California

Transecting the Los Angeles metropolitan area in a general E-W direction are major north-dipping reverse faults comprising the Santa Monica—Raymond Hill fault zone, a segment of the frontal fault system separating the Transverse Ranges from the Peninsular Ranges geomorphic provinces of southern California. Pleistocene or Holocene movement is evident along some segments of these faults, but urban development precludes accurate location and assessment of Quaternary movement by conventional mapping techniques. At present no conclusive evidence of Holocene surface rupture has been found onshore west of the Raymond Hill segment of the fault zone, but the geologic conditions and urban development in the area are such that the possibility of Holocene movement cannot be excluded at this time. Groundwater barriers in Pleistocene sediments are indicative of Quaternary faulting on the Santa Monica fault segment west of the Newport—Inglewood fault zone. Most literature indicates that movement along the Beverly Hills—Hollywood segment east of the Newport—Inglewood fault zone terminated in Late Miocene or Pliocene time, and there is no general agreement on the location of faults in this segment. However, recent work by the Division of Mines and Geology, by Geotechnical Consultants, Inc., and others suggests that the Santa Monica fault transecting the Hollywood area is associated with a zone of differential subsidence that varies from 100 to 400 m wide, depending on the resolution of repeated leveling survey data and with a groundwater barrier determined from analysis of oil-well and water-well data. Additional exploration is essential to test our present geologic model and to evaluate the earthquake hazard and seismic risk of faults in the area.