The role of intrusions in the formation of Irish-type mineralisation

The Stonepark Prospect is located in County Limerick, south-central Ireland. Multiple zones of Zn–Pb mineralisation have been identified at Stonepark and these are approximately 5 km west of the Pallas Green Prospect. At Stonepark, the sulphide bodies are hosted within the Waulsortian Limestone and closely resemble other Irish-type deposits. The mineralisation is composed of pyrite-marcasite, sphalerite and galena with gangue Fe-dolomite and calcite cements. A key difference at Stonepark is the presence of Chadian-aged volcanic rocks (Knockroe Volcanics) that intrude into and overlie the Waulsortian Limestone. Subsequent hydrothermal brecciation of the Waulsortian Limestone and Knockroe intrusions resulted in the formation of tabular polymict breccia bodies containing mixed carbonate and clasts of intrusive rocks. These have then been overprinted by massive sulphide mineralisation. Further syn-mineralisation brecciation has overprinted the earlier breccias. Drilling has demonstrated a spatial relationship between the volume of intrusive rocks (dykes and polymict breccias) and Zn–Pb mineralisation. This association suggests that the intrusive rocks provided a mechanism for the introduction of the mineralising fluids into the breccia bodies. This is significant as to date no large controlling fault has been identified, as is seen at other Irish-type deposits. Further work is required to understand the alteration process of the intrusive rocks and how this may relate to the mineralising process.     

Evidence for the silicate source of relict soils on the Edwards Plateau, central Texas

Relict soils provide insights into Quaternary soil formation and erosion on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas and into soil-forming processes in karst terranes. Late Quaternary climate-driven soil erosion produced a mosaic of thick and thin soils on the Edwards Plateau landscape. Thick soils on uplands of the Edwards Plateau are interpreted to be relicts of a formerly more extensive soil cover that was eroded during the late Pleistocene to middle Holocene. The relict, thick soils are silicate-rich and most commonly overlie the relatively silicate-poor Cretaceous Edwards Limestone, which supports the idea that the thick soils did not form from weathering of the underlying limestone. Other potential sources of silicates for the relict soils include dust, alluvial sediments, and the Del Rio Clay, a stratigraphically higher but locally eroded clay-rich unit. Here we investigate the geographic distribution, texture, clay-sized mineralogy, rare earth element geochemistry, and neodymium isotope composition of the relict soils. We have found that the relict, thick soils are deeply weathered soils that occur dominantly over the Edwards Limestone and have a high clay content and a neodymium isotope composition that is similar to that of the Del Rio Clay. Thus, we propose that in situ weathering of the Del Rio Clay, along with partial weathering of the upper portion of the underlying Edwards Limestone produced thick chert- and clay-rich soils over resistant limestone. In areas like the Edwards Plateau, where pure limestones are interbedded with clay-rich strata, the overlying clay-rich strata must be considered as a possible silicate source to soils on pure limestone bedrock.     

表层岩溶系统水化学成因及植被恢复条件下变化趋势——以广西马山弄拉兰电堂泉为例

常见的碳酸盐岩主要有灰岩和白云岩, 两者的岩溶作用机理不同, 因而常形成不同的地貌格局。在我国西南地区, 若在小范围内有灰岩和白云岩出露时, 往往在山体陡峭的部位出露质纯层厚的灰岩, 而山间平原多出露白云岩。这种地层组合结构致使表层岩溶带的发育具有独特的双重岩性结构。基于兰电堂表层岩溶系统的研究, 发现绝大部分水样的水化学类型均为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型, 其主要阳离子Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺质量浓度的季节动态变化趋势不明显, 但对短期降水稀释效应及森林植被CO₂效应的响应则非常迅速。将降水量小且比较均匀的8、9、10及12月水样的ρ(Ca²⁺)和ρ(Mg²⁺)关系曲线定义为"同比例溶解线", 并用其判别不同降水条件下泉水化学成分差异的成因。另外, 为了研究次生森林生态功能逐步恢复条件下岩溶作用强度的变化趋势, 对近10年来弄拉表层岩溶泉水化学组分进行分析对比, 发现岩溶水化学中主要阴、阳离子浓度均有增加趋势, 也进一步佐证了森林植被的岩溶效应。     

岩性不均一的灰岩风化壳发育特征——贵阳花溪剖面粒度分布特征的指示

通过贵阳花溪夹泥质薄层的灰岩风化壳剖面的粒度分布特征的研究,结合矿物成分分析,揭示出岩性不均一的灰岩风化壳的发育特征: 灰岩作为剖面主体的成土母岩,风化早期,其以碳酸盐矿物的大量溶蚀及酸不溶物的残余积累为特征,同时方解石的溶解也延缓了酸不溶物的风化; 后期,随着易溶盐类消失殆尽,酸不溶物作为风化主体,开始了类似其它岩类的风化过程。而灰岩中的泥质薄层夹层,作为风化壳的次要组分,在灰岩风化过程中,由于存在巨大的体积缩小变化,泥质薄层被错断并被灰岩的风化产物所包裹,延缓了其风化发育进程。于是,各端元组分由于所处的微环境的差异,受风化溶液的影响程度不同,按照各自的风化方向和演化方式进行。随着风化程度不断增强,泥质薄片的包裹体分解,端元组分逐渐混合、趋同,风化壳趋于均质化,以统一的风化成土作用向表生稳定的矿物转变。      

Paving the way for conservation?

Limestone pavement is a unique part of Britain's physical landscape. Along with other forms of naturally weathered rock, it is under threat from exploitation for the horticultural market. Valued for its delicate and sculptured form, limestone pavement has been frequently used as decorative stone in rockeries and other landscaped ground. If this unique landscape is to be protected, its exploitation must stop. Yet it must be remembered that the use of rock in gardens and landscaped ground has an important role in raising the public profile of geology within urban areas. We have a simple message: the use of limestone pavement is wrong and must stop, but the use of other forms of stone in urban gardens is beneficial for the Earth sciences.     

重庆北碚和平水库剖面下侏罗统大安寨段湖相碳酸盐岩岩石类型及沉积环境

四川盆地下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段一直是四川盆地致密油勘探的重要层位之一。针对该层位的研究已逾半个世纪,但岩石类型分类粗略、沉积环境及储集岩类型认识不清等问题是导致该层段致密油勘探未获重大突破的重要原因。鉴于此,笔者等开展了对四川盆地东部重庆北碚和平水库剖面下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段湖相碳酸盐岩岩石类型及沉积环境的研究。研究发现,该剖面大安寨段为湖相碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩的混合沉积,由5大类岩石组成,可细分为14种岩石类型。碳酸盐岩厚度占剖面总厚度的60％以上,以泥晶灰岩为主,介壳灰岩和介屑灰岩次之;在纵向上形成了4个较为典型的向上变浅沉积序列。根据各岩石类型宏观、微观沉积特征及岩石纵向组合形式,进一步分析了各岩石类型的沉积环境,结果表明,北碚地区下侏罗统大安寨段沉积时期为滨、浅湖环境,以低能碳酸盐沉积为主;高能与较低能环境成因的介壳滩并非碳酸盐沉积的主体。湖泊进入碳酸盐沉积阶段和钙质骨壳生物的大量繁育是大安寨期湖相碳酸盐岩形成的主要原因。结晶介屑灰岩和泥晶白云岩可能是川东地区致密油的储集岩类,在今后的勘探中,应提高对滨浅湖环境、易受大气淡水改造的岩石类型的重视程度。     

扬子地区二叠系油气地质条件综合研究

扬子地区横跨中国南方的中部及西部。在二叠纪,由于早期的广泛海侵及后期的多次构造活动,形成了海相、陆相交互发育的一套地层系列。其中烃源岩以栖霞组和孤峰组的暗色石灰岩以及泥岩、泥页岩为主,有机碳含量较高,热演化程度较低。油气储集岩主要包括碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩两类。沉积盖层以上覆的石膏岩及二叠系的石灰岩、泥质石灰岩、泥页岩、硅岩为主。扬子地区的桃源、通山、九江至南京、句容、南通的长江沿线地区为最有利的油气勘探区,万县、泸州、上思、个旧及西昌西方的九龙等地区为油气勘探的较有利地区。     

Re-evaluation of the Cablac Limestone at its type area,East Timor: Revision of the Miocene stratigraphy of Timor

The Cablac Limestone, widely recorded in Timor, has its type area on Cablac Mountain where it was regarded as a Lower Miocene shallow-marine carbonate-platform succession. The Bahaman-like facies placed in the Cablac Limestone are now known to belong to the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic rather than the Lower Miocene. On the northern slopes of Cablac Mountain, a crush breccia, formerly regarded as the basal conglomerate of the formation, is now considered to have developed along a high-angle fault separating Banda Terrane units of Asian affinity from an overthrust limestone stack containing units belonging to the Gondwana and Australian-Margin Megasequences. The Cablac breccia includes rock fragments that were probably derived locally from these tectonostratigraphic units after terrane emplacement and overthrusting. Clasts include peloid and oolitic limestones of the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic derived from the Gondwana Megasequence, deep-water carbonate pelagites of the Cretaceous and Paleogene derived from the Australian-Margin Megasequence, Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene (Te Letter Stage) shallow-water limestone derived from the Banda Terrane, and a younger Neogene calcarenite containing clasts of mixed tectonostratigraphic affinity. There is no evidence for significant sedimentary or tectonic transport of clasts that form the breccia. The clast types and the present understanding of the geological history of Timor suggest that the crush breccia formed late in the Plio-Pleistocene uplift history of Timor. It is not the basal conglomerate of the Cablac Limestone. However, the clasts of an Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene limestone found in the breccia suggest that a shallow-marine limestone unit of this age either outcrops in the region and has not been detected in the field, or has been eroded completely during late Neogene uplift. The clasts are similar in age and lithology to an Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene formation that unconformably overlies a metamorphic complex in the Booi region of West Timor, similar to the Lolotoi Metamorphic Complex (Banda Terrane) that is juxtaposed against the crush breccia of Cablac Mountain. The Cablac Limestone at its type area includes a mixed assemblage of carbonate rock units ranging in age from Triassic to Plio-Pleistocene and representing diverse facies. As a formation, the name “Cablac Limestone” should be discarded for a Cenozoic unit. The Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene shallow-water limestone unit that is typified by outcrops in the Booi region of West Timor, and that has contributed to clasts in the Cablac breccia, is informally named the Booi limestone. It is considered part of the allochthonous Banda Terrane of Asian affinity and represents the only shallow-marine Lower Miocene unit known from Timor. The only other Miocene sedimentary unit known from Timor includes carbonate pelagites – designated the Kolbano beds – probably deposited on an Australian continental terrace at water depths between 1000 and 3000 m. On the northeastern edge of Cablac Mountain, oolitic limestone and associated units of the Gondwana Megasequence, the Kolbano beds of the Australian-Margin Megasequence, and the Booi limestone and associated metasediments of the Banda Terrane were juxtaposed by a Plio-Pleistocene high-angle fault along which the Cablac crush breccia formed.     

岩溶生态系统中的土壤

在偏碱富钙的岩溶生态系统中,其土壤具以下特征：①形成速率十分缓慢,形成1 m厚的土层需要250～7 880 ka,因而对岩溶区土壤侵蚀的评价应有新的认识;②高含量的钙离子使土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸的含量比例较高,且稳定性好,不易分解的腐殖质使石灰土供应营养元素具缓效性;③微量营养元素含量及有效态具有不平衡性,且随钙镁含量的降低,其有效率显著提高;④粘粒含量高,当有机质含量高时,具有良好的团粒结构,有较好的供水、供肥能力,反之其团粒结构就失去稳定性,使土壤有效水含量、抵御水土流失的能力降低;⑤岩溶地貌制约石灰土的类型及分布,并延缓其向地带性土壤演化。因此石灰土资源的有效利用应从岩溶学、土壤学与植物学相互协调的角度进行生态经济规划。     

Geotechnical properties of the Great Limestone in northern England

This paper is concerned with the mechanical properties of the Great Limestone in northern England. After first outlining the geological structure of the limestone at East Layton in north Yorkshire, the problem of the basal dolomitization of the limestone is introduced and the geochemistry of the rock profile evaluated. It is shown that chemical alteration due to dolomitization is accompanied by a mechanical weakening of the rock and a reduction in the quality of the bond between a tar or bitumen coating medium and the surface of the stone. The two types of rock are compared via specific gravity, moisture absorption, unconfined compressive strength, aggregate impact and aggregate crushing tests. The results from a detailed series of shear box tests taken through from peak to residual shear strength are interpreted through the fundamental strength properties of calcite and dolomite to show that whereas in the size range 200B.S. sieve, dolomite is a little weaker than limestone due to internal weakness associated with volume change; the situation is reversed as the particles decrease in size to form an aggregate of single dolomite crystals which are inherently more resistant to shear.     

Determination of arsenic concentration and distribution in the Floridan Aquifer System

Here we report on the different sampling strategies for almost seven years of sampling rocks/sediments for the determination of As within the Intermediate Aquifer System (IAS) and upper Floridan Aquifer System (FAS), a very large and productive limestone aquifer spanning from Georgia into Florida. In the FAS, As contamination has become a recurring problem during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR), particularly in central and south Florida.To investigate these phenomena, samples from solid drill cores and rock cuttings were collected from the Hawthorn Group, Suwannee Limestone, Ocala Limestone and Avon Park Formation. Samples were taken along drill cores and rock cuttings (referred to as ‘interval’ samples) or from particular drill core sections and rock cuttings (referred to as ‘targeted’ samples) likely to contain elevated concentrations of As as indicated by the presence of pyrite, hydrous ferric oxide, organic matter, clay minerals, fracture surfaces, and high permeable (moldic) zones.Arsenic was present in all of the stratigraphic units at low concentrations, close to the global average for As in limestone of 2.6 mg/kg. The highest As concentration was 69 mg/kg. In all units, however, the average bulk As concentration in the targeted samples was substantially higher than that in the interval samples. Based on direct spot measurements by electron microprobe and indirect calculations, pyrite was identified as the main source of As in the FAS. Concentrations in pyrite ranged from less than 100 mg/kg to more than 11,000 mg/kg. Because pyrite is heterogeneously distributed, both vertically and horizontally in the sampled stratigraphic units, the same was observed for the distribution of As. However, As concentrations generally decreased with depth, i.e., highest As values in the Hawthorn Group and lowest As values in the Ocala Limestone and Avon Park Formation. Compared to pyrite, other trace minerals contained much less As.The average As concentrations of the two types of sample media (solid cores and rock cuttings) were quite similar. These results indicate that if simply the average bulk rock As concentration of a geologic unit is the desired outcome of an investigation, either interval or targeted sampling of rock cuttings, seems to be sufficient. This is particularly important when time and money are a factor. This approach could work equally well for any other trace element. Structural sedimentary information, such as fractures, etc., is likely lost, however, when sampling rock cuttings. Thus, if this information is required, solid core samples need to be collected by hollow core diamond drilling.     

Correlation of Mississippian (Upper Viséan) foraminiferan,conodont, miospore and ammonoid zonal schemes,and correlation with the Asbian–Brigantian boundary in northwest Ireland

The microbiota of the upper Viséan (Asbian–Brigantian) rocks in the Lough Allen Basin in northwest Ireland is analysed. The Middle Mississippian sequence studied extends from the upper part of the Dartry Limestone/Bricklieve Limestone formations of the Tyrone Group to the Carraun Shale Formation of the Leitrim Group. The rocks have been traditionally dated by ammonoid faunas representing the B_2a to P_2c subzones. The Meenymore Formation (base of the Leitrim Group) also contains conodont faunas of the informal partial‐range Mestognathus bipluti zone. The upper Brigantian Lochriea nodosa Conodont Zone was recognized by previous authors in the middle of the Carraun Shale Formation (Ardvarney Limestone Member), where it coincides with upper Brigantian ammonoids of the Lusitanoceras granosus Subzone (P_2a). Foraminifera and algae in the top of the Dartry Limestone Formation are assigned to the upper Cf6γ Foraminifera Subzone (highest Asbian), whereas those in the Meenymore Formation belong to the lower Cf6δ Foraminifera Subzone (lower Brigantian). The Dartry Limestone Formation–Meenymore Formation boundary is thus correlated with the Asbian–Brigantian boundary in northwest Ireland. For the first time, based on new data, a correlation between the ammonoid, miospore, foraminiferan and conodont zonal schemes is demonstrated. The foraminiferans and algae, conodonts and ammonoids are compared with those from other basins in Ireland, northern England, and the German Rhenish Massif. Historically, the Asbian–Brigantian boundary has been correlated with several levels within the P_1a Ammonoid Subzone. However, the new integrated biostratigraphical data indicate that the Asbian–Brigantian boundary in northwest Ireland is probably located within the B_2a Ammonoid Subzone and the NM Miospore Zone, but the scarcity of ammonoids in the Tyrone Group precludes an accurate placement of that boundary within this subzone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔中北斜坡鹰山组碳酸盐岩溶蚀的模拟实验研究

为了研究碳酸盐岩的微观溶蚀机理,本文采用溶蚀实验和镜像观察的方法,研究了塔中北斜坡鹰山组3种类型碳酸盐岩的溶蚀过程及微观溶蚀特征。结果表明:在相同实验条件下,亮晶生屑灰岩、云质灰岩和泥晶颗粒灰岩的溶蚀量基本一致。由于对物质成分和岩石微结构的选择性溶蚀,它们的微观溶蚀特征存在明显差异。亮晶生屑灰岩和泥晶颗粒灰岩样表面整体被溶蚀降低。云质灰岩样表面方解石部分整体被溶蚀降低,形成铸模孔,白云石溶蚀成蜂窝状溶蚀孔,并突出岩石表面,白云石晶间缝溶蚀加大且相互连通,这对油、气和地下水储渗具有重要意义。      

淄博市淄川区饮用天然矿泉水赋存条件与形成机理研究

淄博市淄川区饮用天然矿泉水按照含水层性质可划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水和岩浆岩类构造裂隙水3大类。区内29眼井泉监测点饮用天然矿泉水检测结果显示,研究区存在锶型、锂型和锶锂复合型3种类型矿泉水。从水岩作用角度分析了矿泉水中锶和锂的来源,认为研究区广泛分布寒武纪碳酸盐岩,石灰岩尤其是鲕状灰岩中丰富的锶元素,是锶矿泉水形成主要的物源条件之一;地下水沿灰岩裂隙岩溶运动为矿泉水的形成创造了重要的水动力条件;研究区腐殖质经低矿化近中性的大气降水淋滤后,形成富含腐殖酸的偏酸性溶液入渗地下,对地下岩层产生溶解、溶滤作用,随着溶解过程的进行,岩石中的锶元素大量进入地下水中。     

Re-evaluation of the Cablac Limestone at its type area, East Timor: Revision of the Miocene stratigraphy of Timor

The Cablac Limestone, widely recorded in Timor, has its type area on Cablac Mountain where it was regarded as a Lower Miocene shallow-marine carbonate-platform succession. The Bahaman-like facies placed in the Cablac Limestone are now known to belong to the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic rather than the Lower Miocene. On the northern slopes of Cablac Mountain, a crush breccia, formerly regarded as the basal conglomerate of the formation, is now considered to have developed along a high-angle fault separating Banda Terrane units of Asian affinity from an overthrust limestone stack containing units belonging to the Gondwana and Australian-Margin Megasequences. The Cablac breccia includes rock fragments that were probably derived locally from these tectonostratigraphic units after terrane emplacement and overthrusting. Clasts include peloid and oolitic limestones of the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic derived from the Gondwana Megasequence, deep-water carbonate pelagites of the Cretaceous and Paleogene derived from the Australian-Margin Megasequence, Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene (Te Letter Stage) shallow-water limestone derived from the Banda Terrane, and a younger Neogene calcarenite containing clasts of mixed tectonostratigraphic affinity. There is no evidence for significant sedimentary or tectonic transport of clasts that form the breccia. The clast types and the present understanding of the geological history of Timor suggest that the crush breccia formed late in the Plio-Pleistocene uplift history of Timor. It is not the basal conglomerate of the Cablac Limestone. However, the clasts of an Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene limestone found in the breccia suggest that a shallow-marine limestone unit of this age either outcrops in the region and has not been detected in the field, or has been eroded completely during late Neogene uplift. The clasts are similar in age and lithology to an Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene formation that unconformably overlies a metamorphic complex in the Booi region of West Timor, similar to the Lolotoi Metamorphic Complex (Banda Terrane) that is juxtaposed against the crush breccia of Cablac Mountain. The Cablac Limestone at its type area includes a mixed assemblage of carbonate rock units ranging in age from Triassic to Plio-Pleistocene and representing diverse facies. As a formation, the name “Cablac Limestone” should be discarded for a Cenozoic unit. The Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene shallow-water limestone unit that is typified by outcrops in the Booi region of West Timor, and that has contributed to clasts in the Cablac breccia, is informally named the Booi limestone. It is considered part of the allochthonous Banda Terrane of Asian affinity and represents the only shallow-marine Lower Miocene unit known from Timor. The only other Miocene sedimentary unit known from Timor includes carbonate pelagites – designated the Kolbano beds – probably deposited on an Australian continental terrace at water depths between 1000 and 3000 m. On the northeastern edge of Cablac Mountain, oolitic limestone and associated units of the Gondwana Megasequence, the Kolbano beds of the Australian-Margin Megasequence, and the Booi limestone and associated metasediments of the Banda Terrane were juxtaposed by a Plio-Pleistocene high-angle fault along which the Cablac crush breccia formed.     

古鄱阳湖陆相盆地沉积与物源相关性特征的研究

本文以古鄱阳湖东北缘陆相盆地与基底母岩物质来源为例,阐述陆相盆地源区的输送和盆地沉积过程存在的紧密相关性。这种相关性最直接的特征是基底母岩区的岩性往往直接控制了盆内沉积物的类型,可以说,有什么样的母岩成份和风化剥蚀的方式,就会在盆内形成什么样类型的沉积物。母岩的风化剥蚀作用始终是盆内沉积源源不断的物质来源,因而根据盆地陆源碎屑岩来自母岩的陆源碎屑组合可以推断源区的母岩类型。研究这种风化与沉积、剥蚀与堆积的相关性特征是陆相盆地供给和充填作用的一大特色。这种相关性研究的深入,不但大大提高地层划分的精度,而且也     

华北地台早古生代竹叶状灰岩岩石特征及成因研究进展

砾屑灰岩在华北地台寒武系-奥陶系广泛发育,竹叶状灰岩只是其中一种,且所指范围界限模糊,常与其他类型的砾屑灰岩伴生在一起。古代陆表海提供了砾屑灰岩广泛发育的环境基础。潮坪和潮下开阔海是陆表海广泛发育的基本地貌单元,也是砾屑灰岩形成的重要场所。古板块运动表明,寒武纪华北地台处于低纬度地区,符合古风暴频发的要求。风暴及潮汐流是砾屑灰岩形成的主要动力。另外,成岩过程中的压实和固结脱水也是板条状砾屑的重要成因。条带状薄层灰泥石灰岩与泥岩及泥质灰岩的频繁互层是发生破碎并形成砾屑的物质基础。华北地台砾屑灰岩具有多种成因,可以按照砾屑的颜色特征、形态及磨圆程度、砾屑灰岩的支撑结构、充填物的类型等进行区分并进行成因分析。     

阿姆河盆地侏罗系海相烃源岩地化特征及与中国海相烃源岩比较

阿姆河盆地上侏罗统海相烃源岩是一套公认的成熟烃源岩,其成熟度与中国古生界高-过成熟度海相烃源岩不同,通过对阿姆河右岸地区上侏罗统岩石样品的地球化学分析及与中国塔里木和华北、四川、吐哈、渤海湾等盆地类似烃源岩的比对,研究了阿姆河盆地成熟海相烃源岩地化特征,建立了有机质丰度与类型的评价标准与图版。结果表明:阿姆河盆地侏罗系存在灰岩和泥岩两类海相烃源岩,灰岩有机质丰度略高于塔里木盆地古生界和华北地台中上元古界灰岩,与四川盆地二叠系灰岩接近,泥岩有机质丰度与吐哈盆地侏罗系煤系泥岩相当,成倍好于塔里木盆地、华北地台海相泥岩;海相泥岩属于Ⅰ₂~Ⅱ型烃源岩,海相灰岩属于Ⅲ~Ⅱ型烃源岩,综合分析认为:1）阿姆河盆地上侏罗统灰岩好烃源岩有机碳含量标准为0.5%,泥岩好烃源岩有机碳含量标准为3%;2）以低等生物为主的海相碳酸盐岩或泥岩,其可溶有机质氯仿沥青“A”族组分、Pr/Ph与Ph/nC₁₈关系、甾烷ααα（C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉）-20R含量、多环芳香“三芴”系列等参数既揭示了烃源岩的生源环境,也是鉴别母质类型的良好参数。阿姆河盆地上侏罗统海相泥岩和灰岩烃源岩评价标准与图版的建立,对国外海相盆地油气资源评价具有重要意义。     

Characterization of limestone reacted with acid-mine drainage in a pulsed limestone bed treatment system at the Friendship Hill National Historical Site,Pennsylvania, USA

Armoring of limestone is a common cause of failure in limestone-based acid-mine drainage (AMD) treatment systems. Limestone is the least expensive material available for acid neutralization, but is not typically recommended for highly acidic, Fe-rich waters due to armoring with Fe(III) oxyhydroxide coatings. A new AMD treatment technology that uses CO₂ in a pulsed limestone bed reactor minimizes armor formation and enhances limestone reaction with AMD. Limestone was characterized before and after treatment with constant flow and with the new pulsed limestone bed process using AMD from an inactive coal mine in Pennsylvania (pH=2.9, Fe =150 mg/l, acidity =1000 mg/l CaCO₃). In constant flow experiments, limestone is completely armored with reddish-colored ochre within 48 h of contact in a fluidized bed reactor. Effluent pH initially increased from the inflow pH of 2.9 to over 7, but then decreased to <4 during the 48 h of contact. Limestone grains developed a rind of gypsum encapsulated by a 10- to 30-μm thick, Fe-Al hydroxysulfate coating. Armoring slowed the reaction and prevented the limestone from generating any additional alkalinity in the system. With the pulsed flow limestone bed process, armor formation is largely suppressed and most limestone grains completely dissolve resulting in an effluent pH of >6 during operation. Limestone removed from a pulsed bed pilot plant is a mixture of unarmored, rounded and etched limestone grains and partially armored limestone and refractory mineral grains (dolomite, pyrite). The ∼30% of the residual grains in the pulsed flow reactor that are armored have thicker (50- to 100-μm), more aluminous coatings and lack the gypsum rind that develops in the constant flow experiment. Aluminium-rich zones developed in the interior parts of armor rims in both the constant flow and pulsed limestone bed experiments in response to pH changes at the solid/solution interface.     

Brittleness Effect on Rock Fatigue Damage Evolution

The damage evolution mechanism of rocks is one of the most important aspects in studying of rock fatigue behavior. Fatigue damage evolution of three rock types (onyx marble, sandstone and soft limestone) with different brittleness were considered in the present study. Intensive experimental tests were conducted on the chosen rock samples and acoustic emission (AE) sensors were used in some of them to monitor the fracturing process. Experimental tests indicated that brittleness strongly influences damage evolution of rocks in the course of static and dynamic loading. AE monitoring revealed that micro-crack density induced by the applied loads during different stages of the failure processes increases as rock brittleness increases. Also, results of fatigue tests on the three rock types indicated that the rock with the most induced micro-cracks during loading cycles has the least fatigue life. Furthermore, the condition of failure surfaces of the studied rocks samples, subjected to dynamic and static loading, were evaluated and it was concluded that the roughness of failure surfaces is influenced by loading types and rock brittleness. Dynamic failure surfaces were rougher than static ones and low brittle rock demonstrate a smoother failure surface compared to high brittle rock.