水体中NH3-N对建鲤非特异性免疫功能的影响

用 0 .1、0 .5、1.0、2 .0和 5.0 mg/ L NH3- N分别刺激建鲤 10 d和 2 0 d后 ,测定了建鲤非特异性免疫指标 ,估测不同浓度的 NH3- N对建鲤非特异性免疫指标的影响。 0 .1、0 .5mg/ L的 NH3- N对建鲤NBT阳性细胞、溶菌酶活性无影响 ,1.0 mg/ L的 NH3- N可使 NBT阳性细胞数和溶菌酶活性降低 ,而2 .0和 5.0 mg/ L则使 NBT阳性细胞数和溶菌酶活性显著下降 ( P<0 .0 5)。这些结果表明水体中 0 .1、0 .5mg/ L的 NH3- N对建鲤非特异性免疫功能无影响 ,1.0 mg/ L的 NH3- N略有影响 ,而 2 .0和 5.0mg/ L的 NH3- N则明显降低了建鲤的非特异性免疫功能     

一种同时测定不同酸碱度土壤阳离子交换量的方法研究

文章通过EDTA-乙酸铵交换法测量土壤阳离子交换量,利用浸提剂为0.005 mol/LEDTA与1 mol/L乙酸铵的混合液,对pH值为7.0和8.5的样品进行处理,再利用凯氏定氮仪同时对pH值在4.0～8.5之间的土壤进行测定,测定结果符合标准规范的要求.该方法适合广西土壤大批量的样品分析.     

水产饲料中三聚氰胺检测方法的优化

通过对高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定水产饲料中三聚氰胺含量的方法进行优化,得到最佳色谱条件和前处理方法,建立了水产饲料中三聚氰胺的检测方法。结果表明:以体积比8∶92的乙腈、庚烷磺酸钠离子对试剂为流动相,柱温40℃,流速1.2 mL/min,以波长236 nm检测;以提取液为18 mL50%(φ)乙腈水+1 mL乙酸锌+1 mL1mol/L盐酸,淋洗液3 mL水和3 mL甲醇,洗脱体积6 mL作样品前处理。三聚氰胺加标回收率为85%～100%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%,线性范围为0.2 mg/L～5.0mg/L,相关系数0.999 8,方法检出限为0.2 mg/kg。     

CO2协同低温有水对卵形鲳鲹麻醉保活效果的影响

【目的】探究二氧化碳CO₂麻醉协同低温对卵形鲳鲹有水保活的影响,延长卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)的保活时间。【方法】研究保活过程中CO₂质量浓度、麻醉时间、麻醉温度和鱼质量水比对卵形鲳鲹有水保活时长的影响;在最佳麻醉保活条件下,测定其血清生化指标、肌肉及肝脏氧化应激指标及代谢指标。【结果】卵形鲳鲹在16℃、100 mg/L CO₂水溶液中麻醉3 min其麻醉效果最佳。在15℃低温下进行有水保活,鱼水质量比为2∶1,存活时间最长,为(359±2)min,此条件下复苏率达100%。经过CO₂麻醉协同低温有水保活后的卵形鲳鲹血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性显著升高(P<0.05)、尿素氮(BUN)和甘油三酯(TG)含量上升,血糖含量下降。肌肉中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性显著上升(P<0.05),乳酸(LD)和糖原含量上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量下降;肝脏中的LDH活性显著上升(P<0.05)、CAT活性和LD的含量上升,MDA和糖原的含量下降。【结论】CO₂协同低温有水对卵形鲳鲹有较好的麻醉效果,有助于保活运输。在保活过程中卵形鲳鲹通过提升能量代谢水平和抗氧化能力应答环境应激,在一定程度上影响卵形鲳鲹保活过程的存活时间。     

氨氮胁迫对马氏珠母贝免疫活性的影响

在实验室条件下探讨氨氮胁迫对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)血细胞密度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响。结果表明:1)不同浓度氨氮(1.25~40 mg/L)胁迫3 d后,马氏珠母贝血细胞密度随氨氮浓度的增加呈下降趋势,当氨氮浓度超过5 mg/L时血细胞密度较对照组明显下降,差异极显著(P<0.01);2)血清SOD活性随实验氨氮浓度(1.25~40 mg/L)的增加而明显下降,在较低氨氮浓度(1.25~5 mg/L)时,SOD活性高于对照组,氨氮浓度超过10 mg/L时,SOD活性低于对照组,各实验组SOD活性与对照组均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);3)当氨氮浓度为1.25~20 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清CAT活性随氨氮浓度的增加而升高,除氨氮1.25 mg/L组外,其余各实验组血清CAT活性较对照组极显著升高(P<0.01),当氨氮浓度为30~40 mg/L时,血清CAT活性呈急剧下降趋势,且低于对照组(P<0.01);4)马氏珠母贝血清LSZ活性随实验氨氮浓度的增加而降低,当氨氮浓度为10 mg/L以下时,血清LSZ活性高于对照组,当氨氮浓度为20 mg/L以上时,血清LSZ活性较对照组极显著降低(P<0.01);5)氨氮浓度为1.25~10 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清ACP活性随氨氮浓度的增加而升高,且高于对照组(P<0.01),当氨氮浓度超高20 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清ACP活性随氨氮浓度的增加急剧降低,且低于对照组(P<0.01)。     

罗勒精油对运前暂养珍珠龙胆石斑鱼应激缓解作用

【目的】探究罗勒精油对运前暂养胁迫下珍珠龙胆石斑鱼（Epinephelus fuscoguttatusi♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂）氧化应激水平的影响,以期为石斑鱼保活运输应激缓解技术开发提供依据。【方法】分析罗勒精油的暂养浓度与暂养时间对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼无水保活的存活时间及存活率的影响,以及不同暂养时间下石斑鱼血清生化指标与氧化应激相关指标的变化。【结果】10 mg/L罗勒精油暂养处理,能显著延长珍珠龙胆石斑鱼无水保活时间（P <0.05）,延长5.7 h,保活时间为（19.7±0.5）h;暂养24 h处理组的石斑鱼无水保活15 h时存活率仍能保持100%。与空白对照组相比,10 mg/L罗勒精油暂养处理组石斑鱼血清中皮质醇质量浓度、尿素氮浓度以及乳酸脱氢酶酶活力显著降低（P <0.05）,谷草转氨酶酶活力上升速率减缓,石斑鱼肝脏与脑部中丙二醛含量显著降低（P <0.05）,热休克蛋白70的释放显著增加（P <0.05）,随着暂养时间的延长,脑部还原性谷胱甘肽含量与肝脏过氧化氢酶活力的上升趋势减缓,暂养过程血清中葡萄糖消耗速率减缓,肝脏...     

间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐对泥鳅的麻醉效果

根据泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)对20~140 mg/L麻醉剂间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐(MS-222)在最终麻醉状态和复苏过程中的行为特征,分别把麻醉程度和复苏过程分为6和4个时期,研究140~340 mg/L的麻醉剂MS-222在12℃和22℃条件下对泥鳅的麻醉效果,比较180 mg/L的MS-222对不同规格(5.1、11.6、28.1 g)泥鳅的麻醉效果差异。结果表明:当MS-222溶液浓度为80 mg/L时,泥鳅达到麻醉3期,可以作为泥鳅长途运输的参考剂量;泥鳅呼吸频率受麻醉程度的影响,在麻醉3期之前无显著变化,但是4期之后出现显著下降(P0.05);在MS-222质量浓度为140~340 mg/L时,水温12℃条件下的鱼体至麻醉4期的时间(下称入麻时间)小于22℃,水温12℃条件下麻醉6期的鱼体至复苏2期的时间(下称复苏时间)亦小于22℃;在水温12℃和22℃时,MS-222对泥鳅有效麻醉的质量浓度分别为180 mg/L和220 mg/L;体质量小的泥鳅入麻时间短,复苏时间长(P0.05)。MS-222对泥鳅有较好的麻醉效果,在麻醉操作时,需综合考虑水温、个体规格等因素,使用合理的麻醉浓度。     

土壤有效硫批量检测方法改进

土壤有效硫检测的常规方法是利用硫酸钡比浊法,鉴于规范推荐的测试步骤在批量土壤样品测试时效率较低,因此对常规方法进行了改进。加入2.0g氯化钡晶粒改为加入浓度为200g/L氯化钡溶液10mL;加稳固剂阿拉伯胶水溶液4mL改为加入浓度为6%甘油-乙醇(1+2)溶液5mL。通过对比实验,改进后检测方法比常规方法操作简便快捷,省时、省力、数据准确可靠,标准曲线线性相关系数达到0.9982。对土壤有效态成分分析标准物质土样GBW07459(ASA-8)、GBW07460(ASA-9) GBW07461(ASA-10)进行多次平行测试,测试结果全部在标准值范围内,且平行相对相差≤10%,证明改进后的检测方法可用于土壤有效硫的检测。     

饲料中添加L-肉碱对牙鲆幼鱼生长、生化组成及血液指标的影响

研究0、300、600、900、1 200、1 500 mg/kg 6个L-肉碱添加水平对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼生长、生化组成和血液指标的影响。结果表明:添加量为1 200 mg/kg的处理组牙鲆幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著提高,饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05);随着饲料中L-肉碱含量的增加,肝指数呈现下降趋势,且在添加量为900~1 500 mg/kg时,各组较对照组差异显著(P<0.05);饲料中添加L-肉碱显著降低各实验组脏体比(P<0.05),而对各处理组间存活率和肥满度均无影响(P<0.05);肌肉和肝脏中的脂肪含量与L-肉碱添加量呈负相关,当添加量为1 200~1 500 mg/kg时,较对照组差异显著(P<0.05);肌肉中的蛋白含量与L-肉碱添加量呈正相关,但各组差异不显著(P<0.05);饲料中添加L-肉碱降低血清中的谷草转氨酶、胆固醇、甘油三酯和尿素氮含量,且添加量1 200 mg/kg组各指标含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);各处理组的血糖含量较对照组均有所增加,其中1 200 mg/kg组血糖含量较对照组提高41.6%(P<0.05);血清中总蛋白和低密度脂蛋白均随着L-肉碱添加量的增加而呈下降趋势,高密度脂蛋白却得以提升,但差异均不显著(P<0.05)。分析认为,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加L-肉碱可促进牙鲆幼鱼生长,且降脂效果显著。建议L-肉碱最适添加量为1 200 mg/kg。     

线纹海马乙醇提取物对脂多糖诱导BV2小胶质细胞炎症反应的作用

【目的】研究线纹海马乙醇提取物对脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导BV2小胶质细胞神经炎症和氧化反应的抑制作用。【方法】利用LPS诱导BV2小胶质细胞建立炎症反应模型,根据对BV2细胞不同的处理方法将其分为对照组、模型组、线纹海马乙醇提取物组(0.1～1 000 ng/mL)和模型组+线纹海马乙醇提取物组(1ng/m L)。用CCK8法检测BV2细胞存活率,显微镜下观察细胞形态的变化,Greiss法测定细胞释放的一氧化NO含量,ELISA法检测BV2细胞上清液中促炎症因子如白细胞介素(interleukin,IL-1β)、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子(tumornecrosisfactor,TNF-α)的表达量。【结果】与对照组相比,线纹海马乙醇提取物对BV2细胞的增殖无显著影响,而LPS刺激显著促进BV2细胞的增殖,细胞呈典型的阿米巴状,同时大量释放氧自由基NO和促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α。线纹海马乙醇提取物显著抑制LPS诱导的BV2细胞增殖,改善LPS诱导的细胞阿米巴状形态,并抑制LPS激活BV2细胞释放的促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和氧自由基NO(P 0.05)。【结论】线纹海马乙醇提取物可明显抑制LPS诱导的BV2细胞的增殖、细胞形态的改变及其所产生的炎症因子和氧自由基的增加。     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE FEEDING CAPACITY OF SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP

Study of the feeding capacity of silver carp and bighead carp by means of experimental ecologyshowed that the filtering frequency of silver carp was slightly greater than that of bighead carp,but thatthe latter's suction volume was much greater than the former's so the filtering rate(filtering frequency mul-tiplied by the suction volume)of silver carp was smaller than that of bighead carp.The filtering efficien-cy of silver carp for phytoplankton was greater than that of bighead carp for them.The removal ratesof silver carp for phytoplankton were greater than those of bighead carp,but for zooplankton the formerwere smaller than the latter.For food particles about 70 μm both removal rates were almost equal.The feeding habits of the two species in natural waters is also discussed in the paper.     

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Development of intermediate foodstuff derived from freshwater fish in China

According to the three-dimensional contour maps showing the gel-forming properties of surimi derived from freshwater fish, 8 species of surimi were classified into two types. The-valley type surimi （silver carp, big-head carp, Chinese snake head and blunt snout bream） shows easy setting, low resistance to gel collapse, high enhancement ability with two-step heating, and narrow optimum heating temperature and time area, which are of the same characteristics as the walleye pollack surimi. In contrast, the Plateau type surimi （tilapia, grass carp, mud carp and common carp） exhibits difficult setting, high resistance to gel collapse, no enhancement ability with two-step heating, and wide optimum heating temperature and time area. There are seasonal changes of gelling properties of silver carp surimi, and the setting ability of surimi gel is higher in winter and lower in summer. The marine fish meat gels and the freshwater fish meat gels have the same acceptability for inland Chinese according to the sensory evaluation results. A slight increase in sensory scorings of kamaboko gels occurred when the extract from walleye pollack muscle was added, especially in the odor scoring of silver carp kamaboko gels.     

制备条件对聚乙烯醇-壳聚糖凝胶性能的影响

以戊二醛为交联剂,由聚乙烯醇(PVA)和壳聚糖(CTS)混合交联得到一种水凝胶,考察了聚乙烯醇和壳聚糖的配比、交联剂用量和反应时间对聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖凝胶吸水率的影响。通过单因素实验,得出了聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖凝胶具有最佳溶胀性能时的条件:聚乙烯醇与壳聚糖的摩尔比为6∶1,交联剂戊二醛的体积分数为0.05%,反应时间9h。测定了该凝胶在不同pH值下的吸水率和吸附铜离子的性能,得出聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖凝胶在酸性介质的吸水率远远大于碱性介质,对铜离子(Cu2+)的吸附量比壳聚糖凝胶提高了33.7%,因此该凝胶吸附剂在工业废水处理重金属离子方面具有一定的优越性。     

Preliminarily study on the maximum handling size,prey size and species selectivity of growth hormone transgenic and non-transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio when foraging on gastropods

The present study preliminarily examined the differences in maximum handling size, prey size and species selectivity of growth hormone transgenic and non-transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio when foraging on four gastropods species( Bellamya aeruginosa, Radix auricularia, Parafossarulus sinensis and Alocinma longicornis) under laboratory conditions. In the maximum handling size trial, five fish from each age group(1-year-old and 2-year-old) and each genotype(transgenic and non-transgenic) of common carp were individually allowed to feed on B. aeruginosa with wide shell height range. The results showed that maximum handling size increased linearly with fish length, and there was no significant difference in maximum handling size between the two genotypes. In the size selection trial, three pairs of 2-year-old transgenic and non-transgenic carp were individually allowed to feed on three size groups of B. aeruginosa. The results show that the two genotypes of C. carpio favored the small-sized group over the large-sized group. In the species selection trial, three pairs of 2-year-old transgenic and non-transgenic carp were individually allowed to feed on thin-shelled B. aeruginosa and thick-shelled R. auricularia, and five pairs of 2-year-old transgenic and non-transgenic carp were individually allowed to feed on two gastropods species( P. sinensis and A. longicornis) with similar size and shell strength. The results showed that both genotypes preferred thin-shelled Radix auricularia rather than thick-shelled B. aeruginosa, but there were no significant difference in selectivity between the two genotypes when fed on P. sinensis and A. longicornis. The present study indicates that transgenic and non-transgenic C. carpio show similar selectivity of predation on the size-and species-limited gastropods. While this information may be useful for assessing the environmental risk of transgenic carp, it does not necessarily demonstrate that transgenic common carp might have lesser environmental impacts than non-transgenic carp.     

高淀粉水平下精氨酸对松浦镜鲤肠道形态与功能的影响

【目的】探讨高淀粉饲料中添加精氨酸对松浦镜鲤(CyprinuscarpioL.)肠道消化酶活性及肠道形态的影响。【方法】选用初始体质量(6.84±0.02)g的松浦镜鲤360尾,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复18尾鱼。实验饲料分为5组,分别在45%水平的高淀粉饲料中添加质量分数0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%、2.4%的精氨酸,实验周期为8周,进行肠道消化酶和形态的测定。【结果】前、中、后肠的淀粉酶活性,各组之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05);添加2.4%精氨酸组的前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P <0.05),中肠和后肠的脂肪酶活性各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);前、中、后肠蛋白酶活性随精氨酸添加量的增加而增加,添加1.8%和2.4%精氨酸组的前肠和中肠蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加2.4%精氨酸组后肠的蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。高淀粉饲料中添加Arg显著影响了肠道皱襞高度,但对肠绒毛宽度和肌层厚度没有显著影响。2.4%精氨酸组前肠皱襞高度显著高于其他各组(P <0.05),1.8%精氨酸组中肠和后肠皱襞高度显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。1.2%、1.8%和2.4%组肠体指数显著高于对照组(P <0.05),2.4%精氨酸组肠长指数显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。各组前、中、后肠肠绒毛密度没有显著差异,且排列较整齐。【结论】高淀粉饲料中添加1.8%~2.4%精氨酸可以增加松浦镜鲤肠道消化酶活性,同时改善了松浦镜鲤的肠道形态结构。     

Effects of water-current speed on hematological,biochemical and immune parameters in juvenile tinfoil barb, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barbonymus schwanenfeldii</Emphasis> (Bleeker, 1854)

This study examines the effect of water-current speed on hematological, biochemical and immune parameters in juvenile tinfoil barb (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii). Blood samples were taken on days 1, 23 and 45 from control fish and from two training groups maintained at current speeds of 0.06 bl/s (body length per second), 0.66 bl/s, and 1.92 bl/s, respectively. Significantly increased red-blood-cell counts and hematocrit were observed in the post-training groups on days 23 and 45. Significantly increased hemoglobin concentrations were also observed in the 1.92 bl/s group on days 23 and 45. In contrast, values of mean corpuscular volume were significantly lower in the 1.92 bl/s group than in the other groups on day 45. Nitroblue-tetrazolium-positive cells and lysozyme and superoxidase dismutase activities in the plasma increased significantly with increasing training intensity on days 23 and 45. Antibacterial activities were significantly increased in the trained groups compared with the control group on day 23; significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the 1.92 bl/s groups on day 45. Therefore, training intensities of 0.66 and 1.92 bl/s enhanced the blood oxygen-carrying capability and plasma immune parameters of juvenile tinfoil barbs.     

基于循环注蒸气和烟气激励的海上稠油开采技术

通过实验和油藏数值模拟,研究循环注蒸气和烟气激励的加热降黏、气体溶解降黏、气体扩大加热腔与减少热损失、蒸气与气体协同增产效应等开采机理,优化注入蒸气和烟气温度、烟气蒸气体积比、周期蒸气和气体注入量等参数,建议注入蒸气与烟气的温度高于300℃,在大气压下烟气蒸气体积比为0.4～0.6.在渤海稠油油田开展4口井循环注蒸气和烟气激励开采的现场试验.结果表明,循环注蒸气和烟气激励开采后稠油井平均日产油量达到冷采的3倍以上,最高日产油量超过100m3,周期产油量达到1.0×104 m3左右.基于循环注蒸气和烟气激励的海上开采稠油技术可以提高海上稠油开采速度和采收率,有潜力成为未来海上稠油油田的主要热采开发方式.     

Effects of water-current speed on hematological,biochemical and immune parameters in juvenile tinfoil barb,Barbonymus schwanenfeldii(Bleeker,1854)

This study examines the effect of water-current speed on hematological,biochemical and immune parameters in juvenile tinfoil barb(B arbonymus schwanenfeldii). Blood samples were taken on days 1,23 and 45 from control fish and from two training groups maintained at current speeds of 0.06 bl/s(body length per second),0.66 bl/s,and 1.92 bl/s,respectively. Significantly increased red-blood-cell counts and hematocrit were observed in the post-training groups on days 23 and 45. Significantly increased hemoglobin concentrations were also observed in the 1.92 bl/s group on days 23 and 45. In contrast,values of mean corpuscular volume were significantly lower in the 1.92 bl/s group than in the other groups on day 45. Nitroblue-tetrazolium-positive cells and lysozyme and superoxidase dismutase activities in the plasma increased significantly with increasing training intensity on days 23 and 45. Antibacterial activities were significantly increased in the trained groups compared with the control group on day 23; significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the 1.92 bl/s groups on day 45. Therefore,training intensities of 0.66 and 1.92 bl/s enhanced the blood oxygen-carrying capability and plasma immune parameters of juvenile tinfoil barbs.