Deposition and diagenesis of carbonate conglomerates in the Kremenara anticline, Albania: a paragenetic time marker in the Albanian foreland fold-and-thrust belt

This paper addresses the diagenesis of carbonate conglomerates in that it assesses the potential of conglomerates in refining the paragenetic history in complex structural areas, such as the Albanian foreland fold‐and‐thrust belt. Of major interest are stylolites (burial and tectonic) which are restricted to conglomerate fragments or which crosscut the conglomerate matrix. Based on the inferred age of stylolite development in relation to burial, uplift and tectonic history, and the Lower to Middle Miocene age of the conglomerates, the succession of diagenetic events was subdivided into several stages. The Poçem polymict transgressive carbonate conglomerate (Kremenara anticline, central Albania) was deposited in a shallow marine environment. These conglomerates are covered by intertidal rhodolithic packstones–grainstones. The stable‐isotope signature of these packstones–grainstones (δ¹⁸O_V‐PDB = −1·0 to +0·7‰; δ¹³C = +1·0 to +1·4‰) plots is within the range of marine Early and Middle Miocene values. Shortly after deposition of the conglomerates, micritization, geopetal infill and acicular calcite cementation took place. A first calcite vein generation is interpreted as having formed from a Messinian brine during shallow burial. Burial stylolites developed during further burial in the Pliocene. These stylolites serve as an important diagenetic time marker. The post‐burial stylolite meteoric calcite vein cement probably precipitated during the following telogenetic stage. Karstification and calcite concretion precipitiation pre‐date overturning of the western limb of the anticline. Reopening of subvertical fractures and tectonic stylolites in the western limb of the Kremenara anticline, followed by oil migration, represents one of the latest diagenetic events. These fractures and stylolites provide major pathways for hydrocarbon production.     

塔中45井油气藏成藏期的厘定

在塔中45井的萤石中发现两期烃包裹体:第Ⅰ期烃包裹体为产于萤石中的发黄色弱荧光的原生液相烃包裹体,沿萤石生长纹分布,与萤石同生;第Ⅱ期烃包裹体为产于萤石中的发蓝白色强荧光的次生气液相烃包裹体,分布在萤石的愈合缝中,晚于萤石形成.烃包裹体组分分析和赋存矿物测年结果表明,第Ⅰ期油来源于中上奥陶统,是一期成熟油的充注;第Ⅱ期油应形成于喜马拉雅期,主要来源于高成熟的寒武系烃源岩,是由寒武系原油裂解后再一次大规模轻质油侵入而形成的,第Ⅱ期是奥陶系萤石层段的油气藏主要成藏期     

Sedimentary stylolite networks and connectivity in limestone: Large-scale field observations and implications for structure evolution

Stylolites are rough surfaces, formed by localized rock dissolution, and prevalent in carbonates and other sedimentary rocks. Their impact on porosity and permeability, and capacity to accommodate compactive strain, are well documented. This paper presents a meso-scale field study on sedimentary stylolites in carbonates, characterizing large-scale distributions of stylolites, including measurements conducted on longer than kilometer-long stylolites. Our field study suggests that on large scales connections between stylolites become important. Since connectivity, and also lack of connectivity, are expected to play a significant role in strain accommodation and hydraulic rock properties, we suggest that large-scale analysis may require a new characterization scheme for “stylolite populations”, based on their connectivity. We therefore divide sedimentary stylolite populations into three end-member types, which are correlated with the three possibilities for percolation of such systems: isolated stylolites (with zero percolation/connectivity), long-parallel stylolites (with 2-dimensional percolation/connectivity), and interconnected stylolite networks (with 3-dimensional percolation/connectivity). New statistical parameters and measures are devised and used to quantitatively characterize the different population types. Schematic mechanistic models are then offered to explain the evolution of the three end-member connectivity-classes. In addition we discuss the effect on fluid flow of the different population types.     

缝合线研究的新进展——以湖北大冶铁山地区为例

为深入研究碳酸盐岩中的压溶作用,加深对压溶作用的认识和理解,以常见的缝合线构造为例,结合前人的研究成果和现代科技手段对湖北大冶铁山地区的缝合线构造进行了全面深入的研究,得到以下研究成果:丰富了缝合线类型;结合计算机技术获得了缝合线的三维形态;总结了缝合线形成中的一些主控因素;论述缝合线在应力分析、应变测量等传统领域及在能源资源等新领域的应用;对缝合线研究中存在的问题及分歧进行了评述并指出今后几年的研究重点。认为缝合线构造其实是一种不规则的压溶曲面;缝合线的形成是各种主控因素相互间复杂作用的结果;有关各主控因素的作用地位和特点方面的研究结果又可以为缝合线构造的实际应用提供理论依据。     

鲁西古生代碳酸盐岩中的垂直缝合线及其在华北板块构造演化中的意义

笔者在山东省淄博市博山区中奥陶统马家沟群白云岩和上石炭统本溪组石灰岩中识别出垂直缝合线。垂直缝合线都借助于平面X剪节理发育,缝合面上的“牙齿”与缝合面本身多呈斜交状态,其延伸方向代表着变形期最大主压应力轴（σ1）方向。根据垂直缝合面“牙齿”的突出方向判别：以山东博山地区为代表的华北东部地区在古生代中期和末期先后两次受到NNE—SSW方向的水平挤压作用。其中第一次挤压事件与遍布华北东部的中奥陶统—上石炭统（C2—O2）平行不整合抬升相关,而第二次则与华北东部古生代末期的褶皱隆起相联系。本文的研究为垂直缝合线在盆地构造演化研究中的应用提供了良好的研究实例。     

Introducing dolomite seams: hybrid compaction–solution bands in dolomitic limestones

Bedding‐parallel dolomite seams occur in a clay‐poor carbonate succession of the Apennines. The seams are composed of a high concentration of dolomite crystals compared to the hosting dolomitic limestone. SEM images document microcracking, and in many cases even crushing and fragmentation, of dolomite crystals and accumulation of non‐carbonate insoluble material both along micro‐stylolites within the seams and around dolomite crystals of the seams. We interpret the seams as hybrid structures between pressure‐solution seams and compaction bands, which formed during burial. The euhedral dolomite crystals scattered in the micritic matrix represent the insoluble residue produced by the progressive dissolution of calcite. As calcite dissolution proceeds, the concentration of dolomite crystals increases, eventually resulting in a dolomite seam in which locally a dolomite crystal‐supported texture is attained. At this stage, the dolomite crystals within the seam start to collide, crush and fragment, so that the dolomite seam behaves like a compaction band.     

藏北羌塘盆地羌资5井二叠系碳酸盐岩储层特征及影响因素

羌资5井位于藏北羌塘盆地,该井钻遇二叠系龙格组及展金组。储层主要是龙格组及展金组中的碳酸盐岩,其主要岩性是微晶灰岩、粒屑灰岩、生物屑灰岩、角砾灰岩以及粉/细晶白云岩。储集空间主要为孔隙,另发育裂缝。孔隙可分为粒间孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、晶间孔及晶间溶孔、沿缝合线发育的溶孔;裂缝可分为构造缝、压溶缝和溶蚀缝。物性数据显示,孔隙度变化范围在0.3%~2.3%,平均值为1.31%;渗透率变化范围在(0.0034~0.0062)×10-3μm2,平均值为0.0044×10-3μm2,储层评价为差。影响碳酸盐岩储集物性的因素主要是成岩作用和构造作用。有利成岩作用主要是压溶作用、溶蚀作用、白云石化作用;不利的影响因素是压实作用、胶结作用、重结晶作用、硅化作用等。     

华北秦皇岛地区柳江盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩多期白云化作用

华北秦皇岛地区的中奥陶统马家沟组以广泛发育海相白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩和白云岩为特征。在石门寨奥陶系亮甲山剖面,马家沟组自下而上识别出四类碳酸盐岩:含白云石泥晶灰岩（类型I）、细-粉晶白云岩（类型II）、“麦粒状”细-粉晶白云岩（类型III）和钙质泥晶白云岩（类型IV）。类型I主要由泥晶方解石构成,含三叶虫和介形类生物碎片,少量自形的粉晶白云石呈“漂浮状”分布于压溶缝合线内,基质中少见。岩相学和地球化学特征表明此类白云石形成于埋藏成岩期压溶作用之后,压溶缝为云化流体提供通道,压溶缝内泥质组分的成岩转化可能为白云化作用提供了部分镁离子来源;类型II白云岩主要由自形、半自形不等粒粉晶-细晶白云石构成,白云石普遍具有“雾心亮边”,在背散射和阴极发光照片中白云石可见清晰的多圈亮、暗相间环带。环带和带间主量元素的差异表明白云石经历了埋藏成岩期多期成岩流体的改造;类型III白云岩中白云石呈单向延伸的“米粒”或“麦粒”状,粉晶为主,晶体长轴方向具有垂直结晶轴c的特点,白云石具富铁、贫锰、锶的特点,长、短对角线上钙、镁离子的微小差异以及阴极发光特征表明此类白云石也经历了埋藏成岩期的改造,成岩流体使白云石发生微溶作用可能是导致白云石晶体单向延伸且光学性质固定取向的主要原因;类型IV为钙质泥晶球粒白云岩,含石膏假晶,白云石多为微晶和微亮晶,球粒也多由微晶白云石构成,溶孔发育,但全被亮晶贫铁方解石充填,此类岩石的白云化作用发生得很早,可能形成于潮上带澙湖或潮坪环境。综上所述,研究区马家沟组碳酸盐岩具有经历了不同类型及多期白云化作用的特点。自剖面底部向顶部,白云石的有序度由0.8降至0.47,而去云化作用则呈现逐渐增强的趋势。     

碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用——以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为例

多旋回叠合盆地断层具有异常复杂的构造变形与成岩演变,跨学科结合的构造成岩作用研究为断层破碎带演变机制与流体-岩石作用分析提供了新思路。结合塔中Ⅰ号断裂带构造解析和地化资料分析,探讨古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用的特殊性。结果表明,塔中Ⅰ号断裂带上奥陶统台缘带碳酸盐岩断层破碎带发育多类、多期构造成岩作用,明显不同于围岩。断层破碎带宽度高达2~4km,裂缝类型多样、纵横向变化大、开启程度较高。沿断裂带压实作用较弱且有差异,发现有碳酸盐岩压实变形带发育,并有后期裂缝与溶蚀作用形成的局部高渗透带。断层破碎带观测到多期压溶低角度缝合线与高角度构造缝合线,部分具有渗透性。多达4~5期不同类型胶结作用沿裂缝带发育,大气淡水胶结较多,胶结程度相对较弱。准同生期大气淡水溶蚀与局部风化壳岩溶主要沿断层破碎带发育,而且埋藏溶蚀作用较强,发育大型缝洞体与溶蚀孔洞。构造成岩作用揭示塔中Ⅰ号断裂带东段上奥陶统碳酸盐岩断层破碎带经历断裂萌芽期-形成期-定型期-复活扩张期-局部开启期等5期演变,不同演化期构造成岩作用有明显差异。构造成岩作用的多期差异活动是造成古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带复杂性的重要因素。     

塔河地区鹰山组灰岩白云石化成因及其对储层的影响

白云石化是碳酸盐典型的成岩作用类型之一,中-下奥陶统鹰山组浅海碳酸盐岩是塔河地区重要的含油气储层,普遍发育多种类型的白云石化作用。本文针对塔河地区鹰山组灰岩中沿缝合线分布这一特定类型的白云石化进行了研究。岩石学基础上的阴极发光分析、⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr比值以及δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O 的研究表明,这种类型的白云石化发育于相对还原的浅埋藏成岩环境,孔隙中的残留海水是主要的白云石化流体来源,碳酸盐矿物(主要是高镁方解石)稳定化过程中释放的Mg²⁺ 可能是白云石化主要的物质来源,而埋藏过程中逐渐升高的温度一定程度上也促进了白云石化的发生。成岩流体及Mg²⁺ 有限的供给量限制了白云石化作用的整体规模。显微结构与岩石物性分析表明,该类白云石化对储层物性参数的绝对贡献相对有限,但可能成为小规模油气运移以及深部热流体活动的潜在通道。     

Facies controlled diagenetic evolution of the Delhi Group Sandstones,Bayana Basin,Rajasthan

The Bayana Basin forms the eastern most limit of north Delhi fold belt covering parts of northeastern Rajasthan. The deposition of sediments took place during middle Proterozoic in fluvial and shallow marine environments. The rocks are mainly clastics and include conglomerate, sandstone and shale. During mechanical compaction rearrangement of grains took place and point and long contacts were formed. The sandstones are cemented by iron oxide, silica, carbonate and barite. The porosity has developed due to dissolution of iron, carbonate cement and feldspar grains. Dissolution of quartz along grain boundaries and silica rich compaction pore water seems to be the main source of silica. These observations suggest progressive compaction which initiated at the sediment water interface and continued till deep burial diagenesis in a rapidly subsiding basin.     

Nature of breccia rocks at the top of a salt body in the Verkhnekamskoe salt deposit at the Ural foredeep

The formation of sulfate-carbonate-clayey breccia rocks at the top of a salt body on the flank of the Durinsk trough of the Verkhnekamskoe salt deposit is related to tectonic displacement of the suprasalt sequence along a synsedimentary dip-slip of the Durinsk fault during the Early Permian Sheshmin Stage. The presence of relict minerals suggests that the rocks were formed from the insoluble residue of both salt and suprasalt sequences. Zonations revealed in the distribution of newly formed minerals and the breccia composition variation, which is manifested as the removal of calcite sulfate and manganese carbonate, match the weathering profile composition. However, the development of a system of diagonal sliding planes and selective leaching along them indicate that supergene alterations took place during tectonic dislocations.     

Diagenesis of Cretaceous limestones in the Edwards aquifer system of south-central Texas: A scanning electron microscope study

Diagenesis in shallow cores from the Lower Cretaceous Edwards Limestone was investigated in thin sections and with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM is a particularly useful tool in the study of diagenesis in porous fine-grained carbonate rocks because of its good resolution and depth of field.The Edwards Group was deposited in shallow-marine environments and underwent normal early diagenesis. Dolomite and evaporite minerals such as gypsum formed penecontemporaneously in some tidal-flat sediments. Slightly later, when the carbonate sediments were flushed by fresh water, carbonate mud recrystallized to micrite and aragonite allochems altered to calcite or were leached. Some cementation by calcite occurred in a fresh-water phreatic environment.The Edwards Limestone was divided into two zones by Miocene faulting along the Balcones Fault Zone. On the upthrown side of the fault a circulating fresh-water aquifer developed, whereas relatively stagnant brackish water remained present on the down-thrown side. Differences in the chemistry of the interstitial fluids in these zones resulted in different types of diagenesis. The presence of fresh water caused extensive oxidation, solution along fractures, recrystallization of micrite to coarse microspar and pseudospar, precipitation of equant sparry-calcite crystals in a variety of shapes and sizes, and extensive dedolomitization. The dedolomitization is thought to have been caused by the high Ca/Mg ratio of the circulating fresh water in a shallow subsurface environment.In the brackish-water zone, textures and fabrics related to deposition or early diagenesis, such as primary porosity, unoxidized organic material, framboidal pyrite, and evaporite minerals have been preserved. Some precipitation of authigenic dolomite, celestite, and kaolinite occurred in the brackish-water zone. In contrast to the fresh-water zone, precipitation of coarse calcite spar, dedolomitization, and recrystallization of micrite to microspar occurred only rarely in the brackish-water zone.     

新疆拜城波孜果尔东矿区侵入岩矿物学特征

新疆拜城县波孜果尔东矿区侵入岩为富含铌、钽、铀、钍、稀土、锆、铷、铯、锂等有用元素的含矿岩体.通过偏光显微镜、电子探针(EPMA)分析, 对拜城波孜果尔东矿区侵入岩的矿物学特征进行了详细的研究, 并对岩浆形成的构造背景进行了初步探讨, 这对成岩、成矿作用研究有一定参考意义.研究结果表明, 波孜果尔东矿区侵入岩为黑云母碱性花岗岩, 主要造岩矿物包括石英、钠长石、钾长石、钠铁闪石、锂云母和黑云母等.其中, 黑云母为锂铁叶云母, 以富Si富Fe、低Al贫Mg为特征; 锂云母以富Si、高Li低Al为特征, 它们为黑云母-锂铁云母系列的不同成员, 均属三八面体型.钠铁闪石以富含Fe2+为特征.副矿物包括烧绿石、星叶石、氟铈矿、独居石、钍石、萤石、锆石、铌铁矿等.岩石形成于非造山的板内构造环境, 且具高温、无水、低氧逸度的成岩特点.      

四川盆地东北部地区长兴组碳酸盐岩成岩作用及储层孔隙演化

以四川盆地东北部长兴组碳酸盐岩为研究对象,应用薄片、铸体、阴极发光和X射线衍射等室内分析技术,对其成岩作用、成岩演化序列、储层孔隙演化及其特征进行了详细研究。研究区常见的成岩作用有：压实压溶作用、胶结作用、充填作用、交代作用、白云化作用、重结晶作用、溶蚀作用、破裂作用等成岩作用。其中对储层孔隙发育影响较大的主要是胶结作...     

柴达木西部南翼山构造地表混积岩岩石学特征及沉积环境讨论

南翼山构造地表狮子沟组发育混积岩,作为一种特殊类型的沉积岩,其研究具有一定的实际意义和科学价值。本文在野外观察和镜下鉴定的基础上,对南翼山混积岩样品进行了X衍射、主微量元素及碳氧同位素测试,分析了混积岩的岩石学特征,考虑到其成分和成因的复杂性,通过数据分析排除了多种干扰因素,最后利用有效指标综合判断了其沉积环境。结果显示：南翼山构造地表混积岩中陆源碎屑平均含量为58.7%,碳酸盐矿物含量为31.0%,属于碳酸盐质陆源碎屑岩,主要为钙质泥岩,其中碎屑矿物以细粉砂级石英为主,碳酸盐矿物主要为泥晶方解石,黏土矿物组合为伊利石和有序伊蒙混层,且三者呈均匀混合的特征。数据分析表明Ca、Na、Mn、Sr、Ba等元素主要来源于自生矿物,稀土元素及碳氧同位素组成未受成岩作用影响,可以作为判断沉积时水体盐度和氧化还原条件的指标。根据Sr/Cu比值和K2 O/Al 2O3比值,结合黏土矿物组合及伊利石结晶度和化学指数,判断地表混积岩沉积时为寒冷干旱的气候条件;Sr/Ba比值和Z值表明古水体介质为咸水环境;U/Th比值、自生U含量和Ce轻微负异常等指标综合判定其形成于弱氧化环境。以上研究表明,南翼山构造地表混积岩主要为陆源碎屑和碳酸盐矿物均匀混合的钙质泥岩,形成于寒冷干旱气候条件下的弱氧化咸水湖泊环境中。     

泥晶灰岩的成岩作用与微孔隙研究

本文用岩石学方法结合超微技术及现代测试手段研究泥晶灰碉的成岩作用微孔隙。结果表明，对泥晶灰岩微孔隙形成有得的主要成岩作用为压溶、溶解和一定程度的云化及去云化、硅和去硅化作用。这些作用可以扩大微孔主微裂隙，使之有可能具有储集性能。     

川东、鄂西地区晚二叠世长兴期海绵礁的成岩历史及其油气信息

晚二叠世长兴期,川东-鄂西碳酸盐台地是我国钙质海绵礁的主要产地。区内发育的礁体有三大类:台缘镶边骨架礁、台内线状及点状骨架礁和台内点状障积礁。礁组合经历过同生至早埋藏阶段的海水成岩作用,中埋藏阶段的与区域不整合面有关的地下混合水成岩作用和深埋藏阶段的上升热水成岩作用。成岩作用受沉积相和构造部位的联合控制,礁组合的有效储集孔隙是中、深埋藏阶段形成的次生孔隙。     

压溶碳酸盐岩地层厚度恢复初步探讨

通过碳酸盐岩压溶作用基本特征的分析,笔者提出了压溶的碳酸盐岩地层厚度恢复的原理和公式,同时还探讨了缝合线有机质丰度的校正方法与公式。实际计算结果表明了碳酸盐岩地层的压溶作用是很强的,压溶的碳酸盐岩地层厚度在相应的碳酸盐岩岩心长度中所占的百分比最低为２．１０％,最高可达５８％,主要集中于３１％以下,平均为１１．６０％。     

石臼坨凸起东段围区沙一二段古物源恢复及其对储层的控制

物源区原始剥蚀地貌的恢复以及与砂体、优质储层之间的关系是源－汇系统分析中非常重要的部分.利用钻井、三维地震以及分析化验等资料,恢复了石臼坨凸起东段围区沙一二段储层的古物源分布,并探讨了古物源对储层的影响.结果表明:（1）研究区沙一二段发育近源扇三角洲砂砾岩储层,东部古物源的母岩类型为白垩系中酸性火成岩,西部古物源的母岩类型为中生界碎屑岩夹薄层中酸性火成岩,均非现今残留的基岩分布.（2）受母岩差异的影响,东部火成岩的母岩剥蚀后更容易形成规模较大的砂砾岩体.（3）受物源区母岩和沉积区储层成岩作用差异的共同影响,东部储层中中酸性火成岩岩屑和砾石等易溶组分含量高,粒度较粗,以碳酸盐胶结为主,在成岩过程中,中酸性火成岩砾石、岩屑易遭受强烈溶蚀作用,次生孔隙发育,但受碳酸盐矿物进一步强烈的胶结,储层物性呈低孔低渗特点;西部储层中变质岩岩屑和石英等难溶组分含量高,填隙物以粘土类为主,原生孔隙发育,储层物性呈中高孔高渗的特点.