低高度角大气静力学延迟修正的改进

进行低高度角观测是GPS(Global Positioning System)气象学的发展趋势,其中发展高精度的低高度角的大气静力学延迟修正是主要的关键技术.比较了3种计算无线电波从空间到地面接收机的大气静力学延迟修正方法:(1)在大气球对称假设下用探空气球资料路径积分得到大气静力学延迟;(2)在大气球对称假设下用NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析资料得到大气静力学延迟;(3)用Niell的大气静力学映射函数得到大气静力学延迟.与2001年中国地区89个探空气球站资料计算得到的大气静力学映射函数比较结果显示:NCEP再分析资料路径积分的方法在低高度角(5°以下)的精度好于Niell映射函数模型约5倍.     

Atmospheric Refraction and Path Bending Delay

Owing to the effect of refraction on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the terrestrial atmosphere, the direction of propagation is changed. The path of propagation path becomes a curve with an increased path-length so increasing the propagation time. A simplified spherically symmetric atmospheric model is adopted to calculate the delay caused by the path bending, for different zenith distances.     

On Astronomical Atmospheric Refraction

Through a comparison between the series expression and mapping function expression of the astronomical refraction, we believe that, as far as a specific atmospheric refraction model is concerned, the computational accuracy is not lower in the former than in the latter, and that the convergence is poorer in the theoretically derived series expression, because of the different approximations made. From an analysis of the method of generating function of the atmospheric refraction mapping function it is considered that this kind of method can not embody the characteristics of geophysics and atmospheric physics. It is pointed out from the comparison that the atmospheric refraction model which is constructed by adopting the specific atmospheric distribution of a certain place does not apply to all other places and cannot be used to evaluate the other atmospheric refraction models. For improving the correction accuracy the key lies in the adoption of an effective method by which the instantaneous refraction values at different positions are directly determined to construct a local, position-dependent model of atmospheric refraction observation.     

利用奇异谱分析提高极移中长期预报精度

由于空间大地观测数据传输耗时及处理过程复杂, 导致极移测量值的获取存在时延, 无法满足对高精度的极移预报值有重大需求的应用领域. 针对极移复杂的时变特性, 提出一种基于奇异谱分析(singular spectrum analysis, SSA)的预报方法. 首先用SSA分离提取极移时序中的高频组分与低频组分; 其次建立最小二乘(least square, LS)外推与自回归(AutoreGressive, AR)模型对极移高频和低频组分进行组合预报. 结果表明, SSA方法能够准确地分离和提取极移低频和高频组分, 对低频和高频组分组合预报可以显著改善极移的中长期(30--365d)预报精度, 与国际地球自转和参考系服务局(International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, IERS)提供的A公报中的极移预报值相比, SSA方法对极移PMX分量(本初子午线方向)和PMY分量(西90$^\circ$子午线方向)的中长期预报精度改进最高分别可达45.97%和62.44%. 研究结果验证了SSA方法对极移中长期预报改进的有效性.     

区域GPS网实测电离层变化和卫星硬件延迟的可靠性研究

根据高精度卫星导航定位的实际需要,介绍了利用中国GPS区域网双频相位平滑伪距实测数据,准实时监测区域网电离层电子总含量(TEC)变化和GPS卫星硬件延迟(DCB)的方法和结果.着重研究了区域网独立测定DCB的可靠性,利用中国境内的GPS站点分别构造了3个大小不同的区域网,通过实测DCB和垂直电子总含量(VTEC)与CO...     

大气折射与路径弯曲延迟

电磁波信号在地球大气中的传播受到折射的影响,传播的方向发生了改变,传播的路径变为曲线,长度大于直线距离,相应的传播时间也被延长了,采用一个简化的球对称大气模型计算了光线在不同天顶距下由于路径弯曲而引起的延迟改正.     

Day time observations of precursors at low latitude

Whistler precursors observed during day time at low latitude ground station Gulmarg (Geomag. Lat. 24 10 N) and their morphological features are reported. Transverse resonance interaction between whistler mode wave and counter streaming energetic electrons as the probable generation mechanism has been worked out. Minimum anisotropy required for wave amplification, parallel energy of resonating electrons and wave growth rate relevant to generation mechanism is studied.     

Propagational features of higher harmonic tweeks at low latitudes

Higher harmonic tweeks observed for the first time at the low latitude station Varanasi (geomag. lat. 14 55 N) are reported. The analysis of data shows that higher harmonic tweeks are usually not associated with whistlers and occur when the ionization in the lower ionosphere would not increases with height. The Earth-ionosphere waveguide dispersion features play an important role in the propagation of broad band lightning generated signals and their occasional observation as higher harmonic tweeks. It is shown that the conductivity of ground and sea mixed path, forming the lower surface of the waveguide, provide an estimate of the travelled distances of higher harmonic tweeks in the waveguide. The attenuation factors are computed which shows that as the harmonic number increases their probability of observation decreases. The attenuation increases as the frequencies approach the cut-off frequencies and also as the layer height falls. The tweek activity is found to increase during periods of magnetic disturbances.     

自适应光学技术应用于激光测月中大气波前倾斜量的探测与计算

针对云南天文台1.2米望远镜在激光测月中回波光子数太少的问题，将大气湍流效应考虑到激光测月中，研究了互相关和绝对差分两种跟踪算法的原理，并编写了算法程序，利用太阳数据验证了程序的正确性,给出了根据所采集的月面感兴趣区域的图像数据，用不同方法在不同条件下处理所得的大气波前整体倾斜信号，比较了算法的优劣。     

海潮对天顶延迟测定的影响

GPS气象学是GPS应用的一个新领域,天顶延迟的精确测定是其中的一个关键.由于GPS测站的垂直位移与天顶延迟存在很强的相关性,所以海潮对精密测定天顶延迟的影响不可忽略.本文对中国地壳运动观测网络2001年第010天到040天的GPS数据进行了处理分析,结果显示这种影响大约在几毫米.以位于近海的上海测站和位于内陆的武汉测站为例,最大影响可达±7 mm和±1 mm.     

提高中性大气折射延迟改正精度的可能途径

针对空间大地测量技术对中性大气折射延迟改正精度的要求,阐述了折射延迟改正值应随测站和随方位而异的必要性．指出,在尚不能直接测定天文大气折射值的情况下,现有的各种改正模型对大气分布模型的依赖性,不能达到预期的精度和降低观测的截止角．根据云南天文台低纬子午环的特殊结构,和测定大气折射的实践,提出了提高折射延迟改正精度的新方法,即：利用各观测站不同方位从天顶附近直到低地平高度角的天文大气折射实测数据,求解得到折射率差和映射函数的参数,从而建立随测站和随方位而异的大气折射延迟改正模型．这一新方法的实施,将能在不需采用大气分布模型的情况下,把天顶延迟的改正精度提高到1 mm以内,低地平高度角的折射延迟改正精度提高到厘米级,并且把截止高度角压缩到5°以内．     

CHAMP观测资料的振幅反演初步结果

在几何光学和薄相位屏的假设下，给出GPS／LEO无线电掩星反演地球大气技术中振幅反演的计算方法．从产生接收信号振幅变化的机制出发，提出产生信号振幅变化的几何衰减和物理衰减两个不同的源．利用CHAMP卫星观测资料的个例，用观测信噪比序列进行了大气弯曲角、大气折射率、压力、温度剖面的反演；并与相位反演结果进行比较和讨论．     

Solar diameter measurements at São Paulo Observatory

In this work we describe solar radius measurements made from 1972 with the São Paulo astrolabe. We find values of  959.52 ± 0.03 arcsec  for the visual data and  959.61 ± 0.05 arcsec  for the CCD data using a modified data acquisition system. We compare our results with other astrolabe measurements and with SOHO –MDI. Observations of the solar radius show contradictory results when we try to correlate changes in the diameter with the solar cycle. Our series is not correlated with the solar cycle but it shows a period of  13.4 ± 2.2 yr  . We have also compared our time series with other long-term measurements of solar radius along solar cycle 21 and analysed our measurements as a function of heliographic latitude. We do not find a significant solar oblateness.     

LAMOST望远镜的大气色散校正

大气折射与大气色散会影响大视场多目标光纤光谱观测的质量和效率.一个焦距为20m,焦比为F5、位于北纬40.4°的LAMOST望远镜在中天和中天前后0.75小时产生的色散值,用模拟计算得到结果,并用数值计算得到验证.对校正色散可能用的几种色散棱镜进行了计算分析比较,确定了色散棱镜的型式,并分析了色散棱镜的二级光谱以及色散棱镜在望远镜跟踪过程中的残留色散,及色散棱镜的安装误差.     

基于混沌时间序列的Volterra自适应滤波极移预报方法

针对极移复杂的时变特性, 根据混沌相空间坐标延迟重构理论, 提出一种基于Volterra自适应滤波的极移预报方法. 首先, 利用最小二乘拟合算法分离极移序列中的线性趋势项、钱德勒项和周年项, 获得线性极移、钱德勒极移和周年极移的外推值; 其次, 通过C-C关联积分法对最小二乘拟合残差序列进行相空间重构, 并利用小数据量法计算残差序列的最大Lyapunov指数验证其混沌特性, 在此基础上, 构建Volterra自适应滤波器对残差序列进行预测; 最后, 将线性极移、钱德勒极移和周年极移的外推值以及最小二乘拟合残差的预测值相加获得极移最终预报值. 利用国际地球自转服务局(International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, IERS)提供的极移数据进行1--60d跨度预报, 并将预报结果分别与国际地球定向参数预报比较竞赛(Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign, EOP PCC)结果和IERS A公报发布的极移预报产品进行对比, 结果表明: 对于1--30d的短期预报, 该方法的预报精度与EOP PCC最优预报方法相当, 当预报跨度超过30d时, 该方法的预报精度低于EOP PCC最优预报方法, 优于参与EOP PCC的其他方法; 与IERS A公报相比, 该方法的短期预报效果较好, 当预报跨度增加时预报精度低于IERS A公报. 预报结果表明该方法更适合于极移短期预报.     

Influence of Interstellar and Atmospheric Extinction on Light Curves of Eclipsing Binaries

Interstellar and atmospheric extinctions redden the observational photometric data and they should be handled rigorously. This paper simulates the effect of reddening for the modest case of two main sequence T ₁ = 6500 K and T ₂ = 5500 K components of a detached eclipsing binary system. It is shown that simply subtracting a constant from measured magnitudes (the approach often used in the field of eclipsing binaries) to account for reddening should be avoided. Simplified treatment of the reddening introduces systematics that reaches ∼0.01 mag for the simulated case, but can be as high as ∼0.2 mag for, e.g., B8 V-K4 III systems. With rigorous treatment, it is possible to uniquely determine the colour excess value E(B−V) from multi-colour photometric light curves of eclipsing binaries.     

高层大气密度的午夜极大值特征分析与建模

利用CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload)、GRACE-A (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-A)、SWARM-C (The Earth''s Magnetic Field and Environment Explorers-C)等3颗极轨卫星的资料, 研究360—480km高层大气密度在低纬度区域的午夜极大值(Midnight Density Maximum, MDM)现象. MDM一般出现在23:00- 02:00 LT (Local Time)之间,峰值位置在低纬度15°以内,谷值位置在中纬度35°-45°附近,整体略偏向南半球,振幅约为平均密度的26%.随着高度增大以及太阳辐射水平的增强,MDM振幅呈减小趋势;冬至和夏至日附近的季节效应会减弱MDM振幅,在春秋分日的振幅最大.用3个主流大气模型DTM2000 (Drag Temperature Model 2000), NRLMSISE00 (US Naval Research Laboratory, Mass Spectrom-eter and Incoherent Scatter radar)和JB2008 (Jacchia- Bowman 2008 model)对MDM进行模拟,JB2008没有刻画出MDM现象;另两个模型低估了MDM效应,在360km和480km两个高度DTM2000模型的振幅仅为观测的46%和53%, NRLMSISE00模型仅为观测的33%和26%;模型没有准确刻画出MDM与高度、辐射水平和季节的关系.联合3颗卫星的资料,研究了-种基于地理纬度的6阶勒让德多项式,同时融合地方时和高度因素的经验函数,在振幅和相位上可以较好地刻画MDM特征,相关系数达到0.923,可为大气密度模型的修正提供借鉴,服务于低轨道航天器高精度轨道预报.     

Atmospheric Excitation of Time Variable Length-of-Day on Seasonal Scales

We use the method of wavelet transform to analyze the time series of the Earth's rotation rate of the EOP(IERS)C04.The result shows that the seasonal (annual and semiannual)variation of the length-of-day(LOD)has temporal vari- ability in its period length and amplitude.During 1965.0-2001.0,the periods of the semiannual and annual components varied mainly from 175-day to 190-day and from 360-day to 370-day,respectively;while their amplitudes varied by more than 0.2 ms and 0.1 ms,respectively.Analyzing the axial component of atmospheric angular mo- mentum(AAM)during this period,we have found that time-variations of period lengths and amplitudes also exist in the seasonal oscillations of the axial AAM and are in good consistency with those of the seasonal LOD change.The time variation of the axial AAM can explain largely the change of the LOD on seasonal scales.     

The Effect of Lunisolar Precession on Pulsar Observations

In the measurements of pulsars’ periods and their rates of change there exists the effect of lunisolar precession. Via the analysis of this effect, we find that it can affect the accurate measurements of the periods of certain pulsars. An investigation of the periods of 1771 pulsars reveals that the measured periods of 81 pulsars suffer the influence of lunisolar precession in the range of the accuracy of measurements. With the improvement of the precision of measurements of pulsars’ periods and their change rates, this effect should get the corresponding corrections.     

The Accuracy of Atmospheric Models in Solar Maximum Years Checked with the Data of CHAMP Accelerometer

A method of processing the data obtained with the CHAMP satelliteborne accelerometer is introduced. Through an analysis of the data the fault in the x-axis of the instrument is verified. We examined the accuracy of the atmospheric models in solar maximum years with the accelerometer data obtained from 2001 to 2002 and the inversion of the atmospheric density from the tangential non-gravitational acceleration. Then from a statistical analysis of the errors of the models, DTM94 and MSIS90, we obtained the following quantitative conclusions. During the solar maximum years the error of DTM94 is 30% to 35%, and that of MSIS90 is smaller at 25% to 30%. The greatest difference between the two models is about 10%.