Chromite crystallization in a multicellular magma flow: Evidence from a chromitite dike in the Oman ophiolite

The investigated chromitite dike is located at the top of an upwelling mantle structure of the Oman ophiolite (Maqsad diapir), in undeformed dunites displaying evidence for magma impregnation and circulation, just below the paleo-ridge axis. The chromitite dike is undeformed, its shape is that of an upward widening tube. It exhibits an internal layering which is roughly perpendicular to the cavity axis and comprises a vertical succession of four main layers showing a graded-bedding. Chromitite magmatic structures are beautifully preserved and result from a progressive crystallization from small euhedral crystals to wide octahedron-shaped nodules; dissolution textures provide evidence for late magmatic desequilibrium; sedimentation structures include flattening of the largest nodules. The silicate matrix comprises poikilitic forsterite and a locally abundant association of primary pargasite and plagioclase and alteration minerals (vesuvianite-chlorite-dolomite); pargasite inclusions are very abundant in the chromite. Chromite composition changes from one layer to the other and from core to rim in the chromite nodules (chromium decreases and titanium increases); Ti contents are generally high (0.4 to 0.8 wt.% TiO₂) with respect to podiform chromites. Platinum-group elements are not abundant but they show a strong fractionation at the scale of the orebody and of the main graded-bedded layers (Pd/Ir ratio varies from 0.5 to 11.5). REE patterns of chromitite parallel to those of gabbros and furthermore display a sea water related hydrothermal alteration (Ce negative anomaly).

The chromitite dike of Maqsad provides evidence for the crystallization of chromitite bodies in subvertical magma conduits below oceanic ridges; it corroborates the model of Cassard et al. (1981) and Lago et al. (1982) concerning the formation of chromitite pods in ophiolites which were later deformed and transposed into the horizontal plane due to the plastic flow prevailing away from the paleo-axial zone. Layering and chromite compositional variations are ascribed to a multicellular convective system segregating various stocks of chromite particles either in the upwelling flow of fresh magma or in the convective cells of fractionated residual magma in the confined part of the cavity. The estimated life-time for the magma influx is very short (<2 months). The parent-magma was probably of MORB-type and already fractionated (Ti-rich and PGE-poor), which is consistent with the strong evidence of magma-peridotite interactions in the core of the Maqsad diapir. Hydrous fluids were present during chromite crystallization (pargasite inclusions) suggesting that fluid-rich melts occur in the upper mantle.     

西藏铬铁矿基本特征及其成因模式探讨

西藏铬铁矿分布于两个基性超基性岩带上,受板块结合带控制。赋存铬铁矿的岩体无根、与围岩呈断层接触、是板块构造侵位的残体。铬铁矿及赋矿岩石在上地幔形成。成岩成矿机制为地幔岩的局熔改造作用,故属地幔成因。     

Structural features of ophiolitic chromitites in the Zambales Range,Luzon, Philippines

The chromitite-bearing peridotites of the Zambales mafic-ultramafic complex form the lowermost level of the Zambales ophiolite, which exposes a complete ophiolitic sequence. The chromitites occur close to the peridotite/gabbro transition zone.The chromite orebodies are structurally classified into three major types: (1) concordant tabular deposits, (2) strings of pods and (3) pocketlike deposits.Concordant tabular deposits show a gradational transition from chromitite to host rock (modal grading) and are characterized by the parallelism of ore and host-rock structures. Primary magmatic features like inch-scale layering, size grading, glomeroporphyric chromite aggregates, skeletal chromite growth and adcumulus growth (cumulus textures) are common.The concordant chromite bodies are often tectonically disrupted and boudined forming strings of pods or fault-controlled pocketlike deposits. With increasing tectonization chromite shows pull-apart textures and lineations (plastic deformation), shearing, prismatic jointing, brecciation and mylonitization (brittle deformation). Recrystallization of cataclastic chromite occurs on a microscopic scale.Plastic deformation is caused by mantle flow and/or the volume increase of the peridotites during serpentinization. The influence of mantle flow is indicated by the orientation of the pod strings and lineations in chromitite perpendicular to the ridge axis. Brittle deformation of chromite (cataclasis) and disruption by faults is related to the emplacement of the ophiolite.     

富铝型豆荚状铬铁矿床的成矿模式

富铝型豆荚状铬铁矿床系指产于ＰＴＧ系列蛇绿岩套地幔橄榄岩中的矿石，以富铝（Ａｌ２Ｏ３＞２０％）、低铬（Ｃｒ２Ｏ３＜４５％）为特征的铬铁矿床。该类型矿床以萨尔托海、贺根山及洪古勒楞铬铁矿床为代表。含富铝型铬铁矿床的岩体以伴有丰富的基性分凝体、含长地幔橄榄岩的出现以及矿石四周发育绿泥石薄壳而区别于含富铬型铬铁矿床的岩体。作者的研究表明富铝型铬铁矿床是原始地幔岩不同程度部分熔融再造的产物。富铬矿浆代表高度部分熔融的最终残余。富铝型铬铁矿床的成矿模式有两种：一为原始地幔岩中低度部分熔融再造的产物，以缺失高熔杂岩带为特征，属中低熔再造成矿模式，以洪古勒楞矿床为代表；另一种为原始地幔岩高度熔融再造的产物，以发育高熔杂岩带为特征，基性熔体与富铬矿浆之间曾发生了再平衡作用，属高熔再造－再平衡成矿模式，以萨尔托海及贺根山矿床为代表。     

西藏普兰县姜叶马豆荚状铬铁矿地质特征及找矿前景

姜叶马铬铁矿产于雅鲁藏布江超镁铁质岩带的西段拉昂错岩体之中,为富铬型豆荚状铬铁矿.本文主要讨论姜叶马豆荚状铬铁矿的地质特征及找矿前景.根据对拉昂错岩体岩相特征分析、姜叶马铬铁矿区已发现的豆荚状铬铁矿带和矿点的研究、以及与西藏罗布莎和东巧铬铁矿床的对比,总结了矿体分布和赋存规律,指出该地区具有形成大型豆荚状铬铁矿床的成矿地质条件,呈示出良好的找矿前景.     

Geodynamic implications of ophiolitic chromitites in the La Cabaña ultramafic bodies,Central Chile

Chromitites (>80% volume chromite) hosted in two ultramafic bodies (Lavanderos and Centinela Bajo) from the Palaeozoic metamorphic basement of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera were studied in terms of their chromite composition, platinum-group element (PGE) abundances, and Re-Os isotopic systematics. Primary chromite (Cr# = 0.64–0.66; Mg# = 48.71–51.81) is only preserved in some massive chromitites from the Centinela Bajo ultramafic body. This chemical fingerprint is similar to other high-Cr chromitites from ophiolite complexes, suggesting that they crystallized from arc-type melt similar to high-Mg island-arc tholeiites (IAT) and boninites in supra-subduction mantle. The chromitites display enrichment in IPGE (Os, Ir, Ru) over PPGE (Rh, Pt, Pd), with PGE concentrations between 180 and 347 ppb, as is typical of chromitites hosted in the mantle of supra-subduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites. Laurite (RuS₂)-erlichmanite (OsS₂) phases are the most abundant inclusions of platinum-group minerals (PGM) in chromite, indicating crystallization from S-undersaturated melts in the sub-arc mantle. The metamorphism associated with the emplacement of the ultramafic bodies in the La Cabaña has been determined to be ca. 300 Ma, based on K-Ar dating of fuchsite. Initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios for four chromitite samples, calculated for this age, range from 0.1248 to 0.1271. These isotopic compositions are well within the range of chromitites hosted in the mantle section of other Phanaerozoic ophiolites. Collectively, these mineralogical and geochemical features are interpreted in terms of chromite crystallization in dunite channels beneath a spreading centre that opened a marginal basin above a supra-subduction zone. This implies that chromitite-bearing serpentinites in the metamorphic basement of the Coastal Cordillera are of oceanic-mantle origin and not oceanic crust as previously suggested. We suggest that old subcontinental mantle underlying the hypothetical Chilenia micro-continent was unroofed and later altered during the opening of the marginal basin. This defined the compositional and structural framework in which the protoliths of the meta-igneous and meta-sedimentary rocks of the Eastern and Western Series of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera basement were formed.     

The chromite deposits of the Troodos complex,cyprus — Evidence for the role of a fluid phase accompanying chromite formation

The Troodos ophiolite of Cyprus hosts chromite deposits both as podiform bodies within the basal harzburgite and as lesser layers and schlieren within the overlying dunites and clinopyroxene dunites of the metacumulate sequence. All chromitite types have been studied from both field and mineralogical aspects, with particular emphasis on the chemistry of the ubiquitous silicate inclusions within chromite grains. Two distinct inclusion assemblages have been documented. Chromites from podiform bodies contain abundant hornblende, serpentine, ortho- and clinopyroxene and lesser olivine, while those from the metacumulates host pargasite, albite, serpentine and rare pyroxenes. This implies that no single silicate inclusion assemblage in chromite can be considered typically ophiolitic. The presence of an alkalirich fluid phase during chromite crystallization as evidenced by the unusual mineralogy of these inclusions has already been widely discussed in the literature. However, the marked stratigraphic control of inclusion types in chromite as reported here enables more complete modelling of the evolution of this phase to be made.     

藏南罗布莎铬铁矿床铬尖晶石矿物学与矿床成因研究

西藏罗布莎铬铁矿床是我国目前研究程度最高、规模最大、地幔橄榄岩相对新鲜的豆荚状铬铁矿床,主要工业矿体产于蛇绿岩壳-幔边界(即岩石莫霍面)以下方辉橄榄岩相带一定层位中,主要有块状、浸染状和豆状等矿石类型。罗布莎铬尖晶石成分变化范围大,依据铬尖晶石的化学成分与矿物学研究至少可识别出3个期次铬尖晶石:(1)成矿前期铬尖晶石,主要以熔蚀残斑晶、出溶晶及少量自形晶形式产于方辉橄榄岩中,以富Al₂O₃为特征,Cr^#值变化范围大(17.19~66.30),且大部分小于60,并与Mg^#值呈负相关关系,由出溶晶,残斑晶到自形晶铬尖晶石,总体表现向富Cr、Fe的方向演变;(2)成矿主期铬尖晶石,可分为早、晚2个阶段。早阶段铬尖晶石主要以它形晶产于不同类型铬铁矿石中,部分呈自形-半自形晶产于铬铁矿体的纯橄岩外壳中,主要以富铬为特征,矿石中Cr^#值变化范围小(70.08~87.03),均大于60,其中块状铬铁矿具有最高的Cr^#和Mg^#,由纯橄岩外壳中副矿物铬尖晶石向豆状、浸染状矿石以及块状矿石演变过程中,铬尖晶石化学成分总体向更富Cr、富Mg方向演变;晚阶段铬尖晶石:主要以自形-半自形晶产于具堆晶结构的纯橄岩相带中,成份上以更加富而贫Al₂O₃,且具有最低Mg^#(18.79~44.77)值为特征;(3)成矿晚期铬尖晶石,主要以网状集合体产于豆状-网脉状(眼眉状)矿石中,以更贫Al、富Fe为特征,具有最高的Cr^#值和低的Mg^#值。综合研究表明,罗布莎铬铁矿中的铬主要来自原始地幔岩本身,且主要来自于地幔橄榄岩中2种辉石的不一致熔融和对副矿物铬尖晶石的改造,原始富铬矿物可能来自地幔深部的八面体硅酸盐矿物。罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿作用具有多期次、多成因、多种构造背景下成矿特征,成矿作用过程经历了由大洋中脊(MOR)扩张环境向岛弧体系俯冲环境的转变过程,洋内俯冲带之上(SSZ)的弧间盆地环境是形成冶金级豆荚状铬铁矿的最为有利构造环境。研究提出了罗布莎铬铁矿的"三阶段"成矿模式,即,经历了大洋中脊预富集阶段,俯冲带之上主成矿阶段及之后的构造抬升改造阶段。纯橄岩与方辉橄榄岩接触带之下的方辉橄榄岩相带是寻找较大规模铬铁矿床的有利地带。     

Highly refractory Archaean peridotite cumulates:Petrology and geochemistry of the Seqi Ultramafic Complex,SW Greenland

This paper investigates the petrogenesis of the Seqi Ultramafic Complex, which covers a total area of approximately 0.5 km~2. The ultramafic rocks are hosted by tonalitic orthogneiss of the ca. 3000 Ma Akia terrane with crosscutting granitoid sheets providing an absolute minimum age of 2978 ± 8 Ma for the Seqi Ultramafic Complex. The Seqi rocks represent a broad range of olivine-dominated plutonic rocks with varying modal amounts of chromite, orthopyroxene and amphibole, i.e. various types of dunite(s.s.),peridotite(s.l.), as well as chromitite. The Seqi Ultramafic Complex is characterised primarily by refractory dunite, with highly forsteritic olivine with core compositions having Mg# ranging from about 91 to 93. The overall high modal contents, as well as the specific compositions, of chromite rule out that these rocks represent a fragment of Earth's mantle. The occurrence of stratiform chromitite bands in peridotite, thin chromite layers in dunite and poikilitic orthopyroxene in peridotite instead supports the interpretation that the Seqi Ultramafic Complex represents the remnant of a fragmented layered complex or a magma conduit, which was subsequently broken up and entrained during the formation of the regional continental crust.Integrating all of the characteristics of the Seqi Ultramafic Complex points to formation of these highly refractory peridotites from an extremely magnesian(Mg# ~ 80), near-anhydrous magma, as olivinedominated cumulates with high modal contents of chromite. It is noted that the Seqi cumulates were derived from a mantle source by extreme degrees of partial melting(40%). This mantle source could potentially represent the precursor for the sub-continental lithospheric mantle(SCLM) in this region,which has previously been shown to be ultra-depleted. The Seqi Ultramafic Complex, as well as similar peridotite bodies in the Fiskefjord region, may thus constitute the earliest cumulates that formed during the large-scale melting event(s), which resulted in the ultra-depleted cratonic keel under the North Atlantic Craton. Hence, a better understanding of such Archaean ultramafic complexes may provide constraints on the geodynamic setting of Earth's first continents and the corresponding SCLM.     

Thick sections of layered ultramafic cumulates in the Oman ophiolite revealed by an airborne hyperspectral survey: Petrogenesis and relationship to mantle diapirism

Using the HyMap instrument, we have acquired visible and near infrared hyperspectral data over the Maqsad area of the Oman ophiolite (~ 15 × 60 km). This survey allowed us to identify and map the distribution of clinopyroxene-rich cumulates (inter-layered clinopyroxenites and wehrlites) whose occurrence was previously undocumented in this area. The cumulates reach several hundred meters in thickness and crop out at distances exceeding 15 km on both sides of the Maqsad former spreading centre. They occur either in mantle harzburgites, as km-sized layered intrusions surrounded by fields of pegmatitic dykes consisting of orthopyroxene-rich pyroxenite and gabbronorites, or at the base of the crustal section where they are conformably overlain by cumulate gabbros. These ultramafic cumulates crystallized from silica- and Mg-rich melts derived from a refractory mantle source (e.g. high Cr#, low [Al₂O₃], low [TiO₂]). These melts are close to high-Ca boninites, although, strictly speaking, not perfect equivalents of present-day, supra-subduction zone, boninites. Chemical stratigraphy reveals cycles of replenishment, mixing and fractional crystallization from primitive (high Mg#) melts, typical of open magma chambers and migration of inter-cumulus melts. The TiO₂ content of clinopyroxene is always low (≤ 0.2 wt.%) but quite variable compared to the associated pegmatites that are all derived from a source ultra-depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE). This variability is not caused by fractional crystallization alone, and is best explained by hybridization between the ultra-depleted melts (parent melts of the pegmatites) and the less depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) parent of the dunitic–troctolitic–gabbroic cumulates making up the crustal section above the Maqsad diapir.We propose that, following a period of magma-starved spreading, the Maqsad mantle diapir, impregnated with tholeiitic melts of MORB affinity, reached shallow depths beneath the ocean ridge. This diapir induced melting of the formerly accreted and hydrothermally altered lithosphere. At this stage, these boninitic-like lithospheric melts crystallized as pegmatitic dykes. As the diapir continued to rise, the amount of MORB reaching shallow depths increased, together with the surrounding temperature, leading to the formation of magma chambers where the crystallization of layered cumulates became possible. These cumulates remained rich in pyroxene and devoid of plagioclase as long as the contribution of MORB-derived melts was moderate relative to the lithospheric-derived melts. As the contribution of MORB to the refilling of the magma chamber increased, gabbroic cumulates started to crystallize.     

Integration of ASTER and landsat TM remote sensing data for chromite prospecting and lithological mapping in Neyriz ophiolite zone,south Iran

Chromite deposits in Iran are located in the ophiolite complexes, which have mostly podiform types and irregular in their settings. Exploration for podiform chromite deposits associated with ophiolite complexes has been a challenge for the prospectors due to tectonic disturbance and their distribution patterns. Most of Iranian ophiolitic zones are located in mountainous and inaccessible regions. Remote sensing approach could be applicable tool for choromite prospecting in Iranian ophiolitic zones with intensely rugged topography, where systematic sampling and conventional geological mapping are limited. In this study, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite data were used for chromite prospecting and lithological mapping in the Neyriz ophiolitic zone in the south of Iran. Image transformation techniques, namely decorrelation stretch, band ratio and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to Landsat TM and ASTER data sets for lithological mapping at regional scale. The RGB decorrelated image of Landsat TM spectral bands 7, 5, and 4, and the principal components PC1, PC2 and PC3 image of ASTER SWIR spectral bands efficiently showed the occurrence of major lithological units in the study area at regional scale. The band ratios of 5/3, 5/1, 7/5 applied on ASTER VNIR‐SWIR bands were very useful for discriminating most of rock units in the study area and delineation of the transition zone and mantle harzburgite in the Neyriz ophiolitic complex. Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) technique was implemented to ASTER VNIR‐SWIR spectral bands for detecting minerals of rock units and especially delineation of the transition zone and mantle harzburgite as potential zones with high chromite mineralization in the Neyriz ophiolitic complex. The integration of information extracted from the image processing algorithms used in this study mapped most of lithological units of the Neyriz ophiolitic complex and identified potential areas of high chromite mineralization (transition zone and mantle harzburgite) for chromite prospecting targets in the future. Furthermore, image processing results were verified by comprehensive fieldwork and laboratory analysis in the study area. Accordingly, result of this investigation indicate that the integration of information extracted from the image processing algorithms using Landsat TM and ASTER data sets could be broadly applicable tool for chromite prospecting and lithological mapping in mountainous and inaccessible regions such Iranian ophiolitic zones.     

西藏罗布莎铬铁矿床的进一步找矿意见和建议

根据罗布莎铬铁矿工业矿体主要产于蛇绿岩壳-幔边界(即岩石莫霍面)以下的一定层位、一定岩相构造带内及其显示的矿带分布规律,认为当前找矿的首要目标在于牢牢把握矿带这个大方向。鉴于以往找矿勘探主要限于地表和浅部"就矿找矿"的找矿方法,进一步加大矿带中深部中下矿段隐伏矿体的找矿力度乃是当务之急。对各区段提出了不同的找矿任务和靶区选择的意见,并预测该区(包括罗布莎、香卡山和康金拉3个矿区)铬铁矿远景规模有望大大提升现有储量规模的等级。     

西藏罗布莎铬铁矿床的进一步找矿意见和建议

根据罗布莎铬铁矿工业矿体主要产于蛇绿岩壳-幔边界（即岩石莫霍面）以下的一定层位、一定岩相构造带内及其显示的矿带分布规律,认为当前找矿的首要目标在于牢牢把握矿带这个大方向。鉴于以往找矿勘探主要限于地表和浅部"就矿找矿"的找矿方法,进一步加大矿带中深部中下矿段隐伏矿体的找矿力度乃是当务之急。对各区段提出了不同的找矿任务和靶区选择的意见,并预测该区（包括罗布莎、香卡山和康金拉3个矿区）铬铁矿远景规模有望大大提升现有储量规模的等级。     

Fluid inclusions in chromite from a pyroxenite dike of the Pindos ophiolite complex

Chromitite occurrences in the Pindos ophiolite complex are located in elongated dunite bodies hosted in harzburgite of the mantle sequence, and show a compositional variation from high-Al to high-Cr type. Although the majority of the chromite ores is characterized by paucity in fluid inclusions, abundant fluid inclusions were found in chromite hosted by a coarse-grained pyroxenite dike at the Spanos Valley, Pindos complex. Chromite occurs in highly variable proportion in an orthopyroxene matrix or as inclusions in orthopyroxenes. Its composition is homogeneous and has an average Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio 0.73.The investigation of chromitites revealed the presence of primary and secondary fluid inclusions. The primary inclusions are of following types: Three-phase solid-liquid-gas, three-phase liquid-liquid-gas, two-phase liquid-gas and one-phase octahedron crystal-shaped. The secondary fluid inclusions are two-phase liquid-gas and mono-phase fluid inclusions.The presence of fluid inclusions in chromite aggregates hosted in orthopyroxenite dikes, in combination with the trace element contents in chromite concentrates and the mineralogical composition of the dikes may indicate that an aqueous phase separated from the magma.     

Fe-Mg同位素在蛇绿岩中铬铁矿床成因研究中的应用潜力

蛇绿岩中铬铁矿床成因一直存在较大争议,其主要原因可归结为:寄主蛇绿岩存在成因争议、产出状态不清、矿石及围岩矿物组合单一以及主要矿物成分简单但矿物包裹体复杂多样.针对这些研究瓶颈,率先对西藏普兰和罗布莎、土耳其K?z?lda?和Kop蛇绿岩中的地幔橄榄岩和铬铁岩进行了全岩和单矿物Fe-Mg同位素的探索性研究工作.结果表明:（1）蛇绿岩中的地幔橄榄岩具有较均一的Fe-Mg同位素组成,与世界上其他地区的地幔橄榄岩相似;（2）铬铁岩中铬铁矿和橄榄石之间存在明显的Fe-Mg同位素分馏,铬铁矿多具有比共存橄榄石轻的Fe同位素组成,与地幔橄榄岩中的尖晶石和橄榄石相反,Mg同位素变化较大;（3）铬铁矿和橄榄石的Fe-Mg同位素主要受控于结晶分异和Fe-Mg交换,且这两个过程造成的同位素变化趋势明显不同.因此,Fe-Mg同位素在揭示铬铁矿母岩浆来源、性质及成矿过程方面具有较大的应用潜力.      

新疆西准噶尔地区冶金型与耐火型铬铁矿床的特征及其成因研究

西准噶尔蛇绿岩中发育两类铬铁矿床(或矿化):一类是冶金型铬铁矿床,它以唐巴勒、萨雷诺海为代表;另一类是耐火型铬铁矿床,它以萨尔托海、鲸鱼、洪古勒楞为代表.冶金型矿床中的造矿与副矿物铬尖晶石以高Cr低Al为特征,耐火型则以高Al低Cr为特征.副矿物铬尖晶石的成分从二辉橄榄岩至纯橄岩均显示出向富Cr贫Al方向演化的趋势,两类造矿铬尖晶石成分位于该系列上的不同范围,显示了两者间的差异.豆荚状铬铁矿床的形成是原始地幔岩高度熔融的残余物,冶金型矿床的熔化程度高于耐火型矿床.豆荚体的聚集和分散则依靠上地幔的塑性剪切作用实现的.     

豆荚状铬铁矿:古大洋岩石圈残片的重要证据

豆荚状铬铁矿为蛇绿岩的特征性矿产 ,保留了上地幔岩浆构造作用、高温变形以及岩石成因的重要信息。它们常见于方辉橄榄岩内 ,位于大洋岩石圈莫霍面下 1～ 2km的古深度范围内。豆荚状铬铁矿常被纯橄岩薄壳围限 ,保留特征的豆状、豆壳状等构造。豆荚状铬铁矿的TiO2 含量较低 ,铂族元素 (PGE)的分布模式显示特征的负斜率。普遍认为 ,豆荚状铬铁矿形成于部分熔融条件下 ,涉及原始地幔熔体与亏损地幔橄榄岩的相互作用 ,伴随复杂的岩浆混合及结晶过程。狭窄的上地幔岩浆通道或孔穴为豆荚状铬铁矿理想的堆积部位。超俯冲带 (弧后盆地、岛弧、弧前 )、大洋中脊、转换断层均可能是豆荚状铬铁矿形成的理想环境。其中 ,洋脊扩张模式及大洋上俯冲带模式较好地解释了豆荚状铬铁矿成因。对于经历高级变质及多期变形的华北大陆基底 ,豆荚状铬铁矿是研究古老蛇绿岩最直接而有效的地质标志 ,对于研究古大洋岩石圈增生过程 ,上地幔演化 ,探索早期板块构造意义重大。     

再论蛇绿岩中豆荚状铬铁矿的成因——质疑岩石/熔体反应成矿说

着重论述了蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中豆荚状铬铁矿的成因,并对现今盛行的岩石/熔体反应成矿说提出了质疑。世界含铬铁矿的地幔橄榄岩均显示上部偏基性、下部偏酸性的垂直熔融分带,与蛇绿岩堆晶岩中上部偏酸性、下部偏基性的岩浆分异垂直层序恰恰相反。豆荚状铬铁矿与熔融剖面上部的纯橄岩或纯橄岩-方辉辉橄岩杂岩带紧密伴生。豆荚状铬铁矿是原始地幔岩高度熔融再造的产物,高铬型铬铁矿与PPG型蛇绿岩伴生,形成于岛弧或弧前盆地环境;高铝型铬铁矿与PTG型蛇绿岩伴生,形成于扩张脊（MOR）或弧后盆地环境。玻安岩（boninite）与高铬型豆荚状铬铁矿无成因关系,铬铁矿（或富铬矿浆）的形成反而为boninite提供了其形成所需的残余地幔;高铝型铬铁矿不是地幔橄榄岩/拉斑玄武质熔体反应形成的,而是富铬矿浆与基性熔体发生再平衡的产物。豆荚状铬铁矿中超高压矿物包体的出现为其地幔深部成因提供了佐证,而boninite形成于浅部较低压的条件;豆荚状铬铁矿中富集强相容元素IPGE（Os、Ir、Ru）合金,boninite富集不相容元素PPGE (Pt、Pd)硫（砷）化物, 而亏损IPGE,显示其形成较晚。因此,boninite与铬铁矿无生因关系,两者均受岛弧（或弧前盆地）环境的制约而在空间上相伴产出。     

豫南史庄一带金伯利岩中尖晶石矿物化学特征及其对金刚石找矿的启示

豫南史庄一带金伯利岩位于华北地台南缘,栾川-明港深大断裂带北侧,岩石中普遍含有尖晶石等金刚石的指示矿物。在史庄一带金伯利岩中通过人工重砂鉴定,选获了一批尖晶石等金刚石的指示矿物,通过电子探针微区化学成分分析,对区内尖晶石矿物化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,史庄一带金伯利岩中的尖晶石矿物族端元主要为镁铬铁矿（MgCr2O4）-铬铁矿（FeCr2O4）-镁尖晶石（MgAl2O4）-尖晶石（FeAl2O4）系列,其中以镁-铬铁矿（Fe,Mg）Cr2O4占优势;铬铁矿中Cr2O3、Al2O3含量变化范围较大,MgO含量较高（5.57%~15.8%）,TiO2含量较低,为低钛富镁高铝型的铬铁矿（S5型）,阳离子数中Mg2+>Fe2+,Cr3+和Al3+,以及Mg2+和Fe2+类质同象替代较广泛。初步分析表明,史庄一带金伯利岩中的铬铁矿为地幔捕虏晶,地幔岩为橄榄岩,其矿物化学特征显示,史庄一带金伯利岩具有一定携带金刚石的能力,对寻找金伯利岩型金刚石矿床具有重要的指示意义。     

Compositional variations in the Mesoarchean chromites of the Nuggihalli schist belt, Western Dharwar Craton (India): potential parental melts and implications for tectonic setting

The chromite deposits in the Archean Nuggihalli schist belt are part of a layered ultramafic–mafic sequence within the Western Dharwar Craton of the Indian shield. The 3.1-Ga ultramafic–mafic units occur as sill-like intrusions within the volcano-sedimentary sequences of the Nuggihalli greenstone belt that are surrounded by the tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suite of rocks. The entire succession is exposed in the Tagdur mining district. The succession has been divided into the lower and the upper ultramafic units, separated by a middle gabbro unit. The ultramafic units comprise of deformed massive chromitite bodies that are hosted within chromite-bearing serpentinites. The chromitite bodies occur in the form of pods and elongated lenses (~60–500 m by ~15 m). Detailed electron microprobe studies reveal intense compositional variability of the chromite grains in silicate-rich chromitite (~50% modal chromite) and serpentinite (~2% modal chromite) throughout the entire ultramafic sequence. However, the primary composition of chromite is preserved in the massive chromitites (~60–75% modal chromite) from the Byrapur and the Bhaktarhalli mining district of the Nuggihalli schist belt. These are characterized by high Cr-ratios (Cr/(Cr + Al) = 0.78–0.86) and moderate Mg-ratios (Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) = 0.38–0.58). The compositional variability occurs due to sub-solidus re-equilibration in the accessory chromite in the serpentinite (Mg-ratio = 0.01–0.38; Cr-ratio = 0.02–0.99) and in silicate-rich chromitite (Mg-ratio = 0.06–0.48; Cr-ratio = 0.60–0.99). In the massive chromitites, the sub-solidus re-equilibration for chromite is less or absent. However, the re-equilibration is prominent in the co-existing interstitial and included olivine (Fo_96–98) and pyroxene grains (Mg-numbers = 97–99). Compositional variability on the scale of a single chromite grain occurs in the form of zoning, and it is common in the accessory chromite grains in serpentinite and in the altered grains in chromitite. In the zoned grains, the composition of the core is modified and the rim is ferritchromit. In general, ferritchromit occurs as irregular patches along the grain boundaries and fractures of the zoned grains. In this case, ferritchromit formation is not very extensive. This indicates a secondary low temperature hydrothermal origin of ferritchromit during serpentinization. In some occurrences, the ferritchromit rim is very well developed, and only a small relict core appears to remain in the chromite grain. However, complete alteration of the chromite grains to ferritchromit without any remnant core is also present. The regular, well-developed and continuous occurrence of ferritchromit rims around the chromite grain boundaries, the complete alteration of the chromite grains and the modification of the core composition indicate the alteration in the Nuggihalli schist belt to be intense, pervasive and affected by later low-grade metamorphism. The primary composition of chromite has been used to compute the nature of the parental melt. The parental melt calculations indicate derivation from a high-Mg komatiitic basalt that is similar to the composition of the komatiitic rocks reported from the greenstone sequences of the Western Dharwar Craton. Tectonic discrimination diagrams using the primary composition of chromites indicate a supra-subduction zone setting (SSZ) for the Archean chromitites of Nuggihalli and derivation from a boninitic magma. The composition of the komatiitic basalts resembles those of boninites that occur in subduction zones and back-arc rift settings. Formation of the massive chromitites in Nuggihalli may be due to magma mixing process involving hydrous high-Mg magmas or may be related to intrusions of chromite crystal laden magma; however, there is little scope to test these models because the host rocks are highly altered, serpentinized and deformed. The present configurations of the chromitite bodies are related to the multistage deformation processes that are common in Archean greenstone belts.