金星的地幔对流、岩石圈演化和表面更新

金星在大小、轨道半径等方面与地球非常接近,但现今的观测显示金星在大气、表面温度、重力与地形特征等方面与地球非常不同.对固体金星而言,最显著特征是有火山活动但没有活动的板块构造运动、表面平均大约500±200 Ma的年龄显示金星发生过全球性表面快速更新、重力与地形强相关.本文在简要介绍已有工作的基础上,主要介绍我们基于这些观测特征开展的金星动力学研究,包括现今地幔的对流模式、相变对表面更新的影响、地壳厚度、岩石圈演化与表面更新等研究工作和取得的初步认识.

     

渤海盆地热历史及构造-热演化特征

渤海盆地大地热流测量和利用磷灰石裂变径迹及镜质体反射率数据进行的盆地热史恢复结果表明：盆地现今热流值为５０—７５ｍＷ／ｍ２,背景热流值达６３．６ｍＷ／ｍ２,而早第三纪砂河街组和东营组沉积时（２５—５０Ｍａ）盆地古热流值为７０—９０ｍＷ／ｍ２．盆地构造沉降史分析显示,盆地（含辽东湾地区和渤海地区）经历了早期的裂谷阶段（２５一扣Ｍａ）和后期的热沉降阶段（２５—０Ｍａ）,其中早期的裂谷阶段包含了两个裂谷亚旋回．渤海盆地内的后期热沉降叠加了１２Ｍａ以来由高密度地幔及岩石圈冷却诱发的快速均衡沉降．渤海盆地现今较低的大地热流值和较高的古热流及典型的裂谷型构造沉降样式等支持了渤海盆地板内裂谷盆地的大地构造属性并为渤海盆地构造一热演化提供了重要认识．     

渤海盆地热历史及构造-热演化特征

渤海盆地大地热流测量和利用磷灰石裂变径迹及镜质体反射率数据进行的盆地热史恢复结果表明：盆地现今热流值为５０-７５ｍＷ／ｍ２,背景热流值达６３．６ｍＷ／ｍ２,而早第三纪砂河街组和东营组沉积时（２５-５０Ｍａ）盆地古热流值为７０-９０ｍＷ／ｍ２．盆地构造沉降史分析显示,盆地（含辽东湾地区和渤海地区）经历了早期的裂谷阶段（２５一扣Ｍａ）和后期的热沉降阶段（２５-０Ｍａ）,其中早期的裂谷阶段包含了两个裂谷亚旋回．渤海盆地内的后期热沉降叠加了１２Ｍａ以来由高密度地幔及岩石圈冷却诱发的快速均衡沉降．渤海盆地现今较低的大地热流值和较高的古热流及典型的裂谷型构造沉降样式等支持了渤海盆地板内裂谷盆地的大地构造属性并为渤海盆地构造一热演化提供了重要认识．     

济阳坳陷新生代构造－热演化历史研究

沉积盆地的热历史是盆地的构造演化研究和油气资源评价及油气成藏的重要参数.本文利用磷灰石裂变径迹和镜质体反射率古温标模拟计算了济阳坳陷70口单井新生代以来的热演化历史,在此基础上分析了济阳坳陷内东营、沾化、惠民和车镇4个凹陷的地温梯度演化特征.研究结果表明,济阳坳陷新生代以来的古地温梯度是逐渐降低的,但在早第三纪时期下降的幅度较大,而在晚第三纪－第四纪则下降的幅度明显较小;济阳坳陷在孔店组沉积时期的地温梯度为54.0～50.0℃/km之间,沙河街沉积时期为50.0～40.0℃/km,东营组沉积时期为40.0～38.5℃/km,晚第三纪时期为38.5～35.5℃/km,第四纪以来基本未变.坳陷内4个凹陷的古地温梯度演化存在差异,特别是在早第三纪末期的东营构造运动以后,各凹陷的地温梯度演化差异更加明显.在晚第三纪时期,济阳坳陷各凹陷的地温梯度变化均较小,地温梯度的高低依次为东营凹陷、沾化凹陷、惠民凹陷和车镇凹陷.车镇凹陷的古地温梯度在整个新生代演化历史中均是济阳坳陷最低的.这种地温演化的差异与各凹陷的构造沉降演化史密切相关,同时地温演化差异也导致了各凹陷的烃源岩在生烃门限深度的差异.济阳坳陷的古地温梯度演化特征反映了济阳坳陷由断陷向坳陷的构造演化特征.     

火星和月球热历史的参量化模型研究

通过类地行星热历史的比较研究,可以更全面地了解它们的热演化过程．火星和月球不具有板块构造,研究它们的热演化过程时,考虑了岩石层逐渐加厚对行星内部对流的影响,同时也考虑了由对流传热转变为传导传热对它们热历史的影响．参量化模型计算结果表明：火星和月球岩石层随温度的逐渐降低目前大约分别增厚到320km和250km左右;并且,火星幔和月幔分别于1．6Ga前和3Ga前停止热对流,这与天文和空间探测资料一致．     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起区构造-热演化历史研究

巴楚隆起是塔里木盆地重要勘探地区之一,其构造-热演化史制约着该区烃的生成、运移及聚集.本文在恢复巴楚地区4条地震解释剖面沉积埋藏史的基础上,通过求解热传导方程,计算了它们的构造-热演化历史.计算过程中首先利用回剥法,确定莫霍面处的热流值,再利用地壳重力均衡原理,求得各时期的莫霍面埋深,最终确定盆地基底热流和地表热流.结果表明,该地区构造-热演化可以划分为7个阶段,其中三叠纪热演化阶段地温梯度及地表热流达到最高值,分别为32 ℃/km和73.6 mW/m2,而现今地温梯度及地表热流值最低,分别为20 ℃/km和46.4 mW/m2.计算得出的现今地表热流密度值略大于实测值,分析认为主要由于中新世以来,巴楚隆起区侧向热扩散加快了地表热流的衰减所致.最后在模拟基础上,探讨了生热率、热导率对盆地热演化的影响.     

莺歌海盆地构造热演化模拟研究

根据实测资料计算,莺歌海盆地平均大地热流为 ８４．１ｍＷ／ｍ~２．通过对莺歌海盆地构造热演化模拟研究,揭示了盆地在新生代的热演化特征：新生代３期拉张使盆地逐步升温, ５．２ Ｍａ以来盆地达到历史最高温时期,目前处于热流下降期;在新生代,基底热流始终在 ５０～７０ ｍＷ／ｍ~２之间,表明 ３期拉张并未引起盆地异常高热流,这与盆地尺度及拉张特征有关;盆地地表热流主要受基底热流控制,沉积物放射性生热仅占不足 ２０％．     

火星和月球热历史的参量化模型研究

通过类地行星热历史的比较研究,可以更全面地了解它们的热演化过程．火星和月球不具有板块构造,研究它们的热演化过程时,考虑了岩石层逐渐加厚对行星内部对流的影响,同时也考虑了由对流传热转变为传导传热对它们热历史的影响．参量化模型计算结果表明：火星和月球岩石层随温度的逐渐降低目前大约分别增厚到320km和250km左右;并且,火星幔和月幔分别于1．6Ga前和3Ga前停止热对流,这与天文和空间探测资料一致．     

南海南部边缘沉积盆地构造-热演化历史

南海南部边缘发育众多含油气盆地,具有可观的油气资源潜力.本文采用基于多期有限拉张模型的应变速率方法对南海南部边缘沉积盆地进行了构造-热演化模拟,并与南海北部边缘沉积盆地的构造-热演化历史进行了对比分析.南海南部边缘晚新生代具有明显碰撞挤压、走滑改造的痕迹,而同时期北部边缘以小规模的张性断裂活动为主,由于构造活动背景的不同,造成了南、北边缘沉积盆地构造-热演化历史的差异.     

塔里木盆地热演化分析中热史波动模型的初探

用沉积盆地波动分析的观点,结合塔里木盆地的实际资料,初步建立一种新的热历史恢复模型--热史波动模型.利用该模型并结合镜质体反射率古温标模拟计算了塔中10井的热历史,同时用磷灰石裂变径迹数据对模拟结果进行了检验.此结果可以较客观地描述盆地热历史的复杂变化,特别为无古温标区或未钻达层位热演化研究提供了可能.     

江汉盆地热流史、沉积构造演化与热事件

江汉盆地是我国前新生代海相油气勘探的重要领域之一,为研究海相烃源岩的热演化史提供地热学参数,以镜质体反射率(Ro)为古温标进行热史反演,获得了盆地的热流史.印支运动以前,盆地基底热流为50～55mW/m2;晚印支－早燕山期,热流整体升高;不同构造单元达到最高古热流的时间不同,潜北断裂以北,157Ma左右达到最高古热流（～72 mW/m2）,潜北断裂以南,43 Ma左右达到最高古热流（71～76 mW/m2）;晚喜山期,热流迅速降低,盆地快速冷却.盆地热流史和沉积构造演化、岩浆活动热事件的耦合关系表现为:印支运动以前,海相盆地稳定建造阶段为统一的低热流背景,岩浆活动微弱;晚印支－早燕山期,构造活动性增强产生深部热搅动,热流整体升高;中燕山期挤压改造变形阶段热流值的高低受控于岩浆活动热事件的分区表现,盆地基底热流表现为北降南升;晚燕山－早喜山期,陆相伸展盆地建造与叠加改造阶段,岩浆活动热事件的区域特征决定热背景分区;晚喜山期,盆地萎缩,为热流值降低的冷却过程.     

Effects of planetary thermal structure on the ascent and cooling of magma on Venus

Magellan radar images of the surface of Venus show a spatially broad distribution of volcanic features. Models of magmatic ascent processes to planetary surfaces indicate that the thermal structure of the interior significantly influences the rate of magmatic cooling and thus the amount of magma that can be transported to the surface before solidification. In order to understand which aspects of planetary thermal structure have the greatest influence on the cooling of buoyantly ascending magma, we have constructed magma cooling profiles for a plutonic ascent mechanism, and evaluated the profiles for variations in the surface and mantle temperature, surface temperature gradient, and thermal gradient curvature. Results show that, for a wide variety of thermal conditions, smaller and slower magma bodies are capable of reaching the surface on Venus compared to Earth, primarily due to the higher surface temperature of Venus. Little to no effect on the cooling and transport of magma are found to result from elevated mantle temperatures, elevation-dependent surface temperature variations, or details of the thermal gradient curvature. The enhanced tendency of magma to reach the surface on Venus may provide at least a partial explanation for the extensive spatial distribution of observed volcanism on the surface.     

Postcrystallization thermal evolution history of Gangdese batholithic zone and its tectonic implication

Using cooling curves of K-feldspars obtained by using specific⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar stepe heating procedure and multiple diffusion domain modeling (MDD model), together with results of dating hornblends, biotite, and apatite, further work has been done to examine the characteristics of the postcrystallization thermal evolution history of Gangdese batholithic zone, to compare the starting times of rapid cooling events with the variation regularities of apatite fission track (FT) ages in the eastern and western parts of Gangdese batholithic zone, and to provide the evidence for mass transport and energy transfers in the lithosphere after the collision between Indian and Eurasian plates. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49473171).     

Effects of eruption history and cooling rate on lava dome growth

To better understand the factors controlling the shapes of lava domes, laboratory simulations, measurements from active and prehistoric flows and dimensional analysis were used to explore how effusion history and cooling rate affect the final geometry of a dome. Fifty experiments were conducted in which a fixed volume of polyethylene glycol wax was injected into a tank of cold sucrose solution, either as one continuous event or as a series of shorter pulses separated by repose periods. When the wax cooling rates exceeded a critical minimum value, the dome aspect ratios (height/diameter) increased steadily with erupted volume over the course of a single experiment and the rate at which height increased with volume depended linearly on the time-averaged effusion rate. Thus the average effusion rate could be estimated from observations of how the dome shape changed with time. Our experimental results and dimensional analyses were compared with several groups of natural lava flows: the recently emplaced Mount St Helens and Soufrière domes, which had been carefully monitored while active; three sets of prehistoric rhyolite domes that varied in eruptive style and shape; and two sets of Holocene domes with similar shapes, but different compositions. Geometric measurements suggest that dome morphology can be directly correlated with effusion rate for domes of similar composition from the same locality, and that shape alone can be related to a dimensionless number comparing effusion rate and cooling rate. Extrapolation to the venusian pancake domes suggests that they formed from relatively viscous lavas extruded either episodically or at average effusion rates low enough to allow solidified surface crust to exert a dominating influence on the final morphology.     

Provenance and thermal history of the Bayan Har Group in the western-central Songpan–Ganzi–Bayan Har terrane: Implications for tectonic evolution of the northern Tibetan Plateau

Triassic turbidites dominate the Songpan–Ganzi–Bayan Har (SGBH) terrane of the northern Tibetan Plateau. U‐Pb dating on single detrital zircon grains from the Triassic Bayan Har Group turbidites yield peaks at 400–500 m.y., 900–1000 m.y., 1800–1900 m.y., and 2400–2500 m.y., These results are consistent with recently published U‐Pb zircon ages of pre‐Triassic bedrock in the East Kunlun, Altyn, Qaidam, Qilian and Alaxa areas to the north, suggesting that provenance of the Bayan Har Group may include these rocks. The similarities in the compositions of the lithic arkosic sandstones of the Bayan Har Group with the sandstones of the Lower‐Middle Triassic formations in the East Kunlun terrane to the north also suggests a common northern provenance for both. A well exposed angular unconformity between the Carboniferous–Middle Permian mélange sequences and the overlying Upper Permian or Triassic strata indicates that regional deformation occurred between the Middle and Late Permian. This deformation may have been the result of a soft collision between the Qiangtang terrane and the North China Plate and the closure of the Paleo‐Tethyan oceanic basin. The Bayan Har Group turbidites were then deposited in a re‐opened marine basin on a shelf environment. Fission‐track dating of detrital zircons from the Bayan Har Group sandstones revealed pre‐ and post‐depositional age components, suggesting that the temperatures did not reach the temperatures necessary to anneal retentive zircon fission tracks (250–300°C). A 282–292 m.y. peak age defined by low U concentration, retentive zircons likely reflects a northern granitic source. Euhedral zircons from two lithic arkoses with abundant volcanic fragments in the southern area yielded a ～237 m.y. zircon fission track (ZFT) peak age, likely recording the maximum age of deposition. A dominant post‐depositional 170–185 m.y. ZFT peak age suggests peak temperatures were reached in the Early Jurassic. Some samples appear to record a younger thermal event at ～140 m.y., a short lived event that apparently affected only the least retentive zircons.     

Assessment of the cooling capacity of plate tectonics and flood volcanism in the evolution of Earth, Mars and Venus

Geophysical arguments against plate tectonics in a hotter Earth, based on buoyancy considerations, require an alternative means of cooling the planet from its original hot state to the present situation. Such an alternative could be extensive flood volcanism in a more stagnant-lid like setting. Starting from the notion that all heat output of the Earth is through its surface, we have constructed two parametric models to evaluate the cooling characteristics of these two mechanisms: plate tectonics and basalt extrusion/flood volcanism. Our model results show that for a steadily (exponentially) cooling Earth, plate tectonics is capable of removing all the required heat at a rate of operation comparable to or even lower than its current rate of operation, contrary to earlier speculations. The extrusion mechanism may have been an important cooling agent in the early Earth, but requires global eruption rates two orders of magnitude greater than those of known Phanerozoic flood basalt provinces. This may not be a problem, since geological observations indicate that flood volcanism was both stronger and more ubiquitous in the early Earth. Because of its smaller size, Mars is capable of cooling conductively through its lithosphere at significant rates, and as a result may have cooled without an additional cooling mechanism. Venus, on the other hand, has required the operation of an additional cooling agent for probably every cooling phase of its possibly episodic history, with rates of activity comparable to those of the Earth.     

青藏高原热状况和海温异常对亚洲季风季节转换年际变化的影响

本文根据季节转换前后副高脊面附近经向温度梯度变号的本质,利用相关分析和合成分析等方法研究了季节转换年际变化与外部影响因子的联系. 结果表明,冬春季青藏高原热状况和ENSO（El Nio/Southern Oscillation,厄尔尼诺/南方涛动）是决定亚洲季风区季节转换年际变化的主要因素. 当冬、春季海温呈现El Nio异常时,Walker环流减弱,于是西太平洋暖池区对流活动受到抑制,而赤道东太平洋对流活动加强则强迫赤道印度洋地区产生绝热下沉运动,使得印度洋地区大气偏暖,结果增大了南北向温度梯度,季节转换往往偏晚. 反之,季节转换偏早. 初春高原上空对流层中高层的气温异常对于判断季节转换迟早有很好的指示意义.     

Diurnal evolution of the barrier layer and its local feedback in the central Taiwan Strait

Diurnal evolution of the barrier layer (BL) and its local feedback features in the central Taiwan Strait (119.2oE,24.3oN) during summertime monsoon are investigated using in situ moored observations conducted by the Yan-Ping 2 research vessel in late June 2005.During the initiation phase,for the non-solar radiation tends to be trapped in the upper mixed layer,whereas the solar radiation can penetrate deeply through the mixed layer approaching the thermocline,most heat is accumulated inside the BL inducing a...