豫西缺水山区找水方法探讨

渑池县作为较典型的豫西缺水山丘区之一,地下水形成自然条件差,水文地质条件复杂,含水层富水性弱,开采难度大,人畜饮水困难。此种背景条件下,河南省地矿局第五地质勘查院开展了"渑池县严重缺水山区人畜饮用水水源地调查",通过收集析已有资料,研究缺水山区的地层结构特征、控水储水构造、地下水赋存、分布、循环演变规律;进行找水靶区的调研论证,并在缺水山区施工供水示范井。本文通过缺水山区找水方法步骤进行初步探讨,以调查分析研究、物探勘察解读等为手段,运用"以含水层为条件,地质构造为基础,地下水流运动规律为主导的储水构造三位一体找水模式"为指导,作为缺水山区找水的方法步骤,以此为开展省内缺水山区找水工作提供借鉴和参考。     

水文地质调查与综合物探在赣南花岗岩地区找水中的应用

为解决赣南革命老区缺水村落的饮水安全问题,在中国地调局赣南饮水安全项目的支撑下,对赣南20个扶贫点开展了找水工作。本文以宁都县花岗岩地区的4个找水点为例,介绍水文地质调查与综合物探结合的找水方法与技术。首先通过调查各测区水文地质条件,明确找水方向并布置物探测线,然后合理选择综合物探方法和工作参数,确定数据处理与资料解释方法,最后通过物探成果分析与钻探验证,归纳总结了水文地质调查与综合物探方法相结合在花岗岩地区找水中的经验与教训,能够为花岗岩地区开展地下水勘查工作提供有益的参考和借鉴。     

物探与水文地质分析结合在岩溶地区找水定井中的应用——以黔江区罗家坝ZK3井为例

物探与水文地质的有机结合可明显提高岩溶区找水定井的命中率。岩溶区的地形地貌、地质构造以及地层岩性对地下水的富集有着决定性的控制作用,有良好岩性配置的低位向斜槽谷区是岩溶找水工作的首要优选靶区;根据测区地质情况和地形条件、目的任务合理选择物探方法,当工作区具有浅覆盖、地下水大埋深和地层电性差异明显等特点时,音频大地电磁法解译成果更为可靠。文章以黔江罗家坝ZK3井为实例,阐述了水文地质调查与物探工作成果在指导岩溶区找水定井中的具体应用,证实了水文地质调查与物探结合的方式在岩溶地区找水定井中的优越性。      

河南省登封市送表地区岩溶水赋存规律及找水建议

本文以登封市送表地区实施的抗旱找水打井工程为例,总结了区内岩溶地下水赋存规律,指出了在"宏观"水文地质条件不利的情况下,如何寻找"微观"有利水文地质条件的找水打井方向,为北方类似区域实施找水打井工程提供参考。     

北京军区给水工程团

北京军区给水工程团（Water Supply and Engineering Regiment of Beijing Military Area）组建于1974年，是集水文地质勘察与凿井施工于一体的国家甲级工程勘察单位。拥有目前国内最先进的水文地质钻探设备、凿井设备及各种物探找水仪器，固定资产总值1．3亿元。先后有100余人到北美、欧洲、西亚等地区考察和技术培训，掌握了世界上最先进的水井钻探和物探找水技术。主要业务范围包括水文地质勘察、地下水资源开发与评价、凿井工程、物探找水、物探测井及水质化验等。     

物探直流电法在隐伏岩溶地区找水中的应用

丰润东部城区地处燕山南麓的山前倾斜平原,区内地下水分布不均,局部缺水严重,区内地质条件较复杂,找水难度极大。在近年丰润地区隐伏岩溶区缺水区找水工作中,以地质成因控水理论为指导,综合物探勘查、钻探验证等技术手段,成功实施了地下水勘查示范案例,通过对实例的分析,指出要高度重视野外水文地质调查与物探直流电法相互验证,能有效的提高隐伏岩溶地区找水的经验。     

综合物探方法在水文地质勘查中的应用——以东宁市浙江工业园勘查为例

针对东宁市浙江工业园急需查找后备水源地的现状,利用高密度电阻率法与激发极化法组合,在对已知井观测研究基础上,建立勘查区地球物理找水模型.进一步对相关区域勘查,结合水文地质资料和成井条件圈定井位,经钻井施工验证,成井率100%.通过多种物探方法在该地区应用的实际效果分析,高密度电阻率法与激发极化法组合模式在区域相似的水文地质条件下,在地下水勘查的应用中能提高其找水和成井的准确性.     

湖南板岩地区水文地质特征及找水方向

板岩地区是地下水资源相对贫乏区,本文系统地阐述了我省板岩地区的水文地质特征及找水方向和方法,对提高板岩地区的找水成功率具有现实指导意义。     

高密度电法在变质岩山区找水中的应用研究

高密度电法具有低成本,高效率,方便解译等特点,它在水文地质调查中具有到广泛应用,尤其在地质环境复杂、地下水资源缺乏地区。大别山地区是变质岩集中区域,同时也是我国重要的生态功能区,有着地质结构复杂、生态环境脆弱的特点,是水文地质、环境地质研究的重点区域。本文以大别山连片贫困区1:5万水文地质调查中的找水为实例,采用高密度电法,解译出目标找水靶区的电阻率剖面和地质断面,并结合地球物理特征、工区布置、钻探验证等,说明高密度电法在变质岩山区寻找富水构造效果显著,能作为变质岩山区找水的有效方法。     

高原多年冻土区找水特点和规律探悉

高原多年冻土层受下伏稳定的冻土层隔水影响,寻找可利用的地下水资源长期围绕着水文地质工作者。在青藏高原腹地,广泛发育的多年冻土区,通过对当地地形、地貌自然条件分析,选择两河交汇处,且存在冻土层的＂天窗＂的河谷作为研究区域,通过物探、钻探等勘察手段吗,成功地解决了水源问题,为在高原与多年冻土区找水提供了成功案例。     

上海地区晚更新世晚期暗绿色硬土层风积黄土成因说

上海地区全新世沉积物之下,埋藏着一层暗绿色、黄褐色硬质粘土层,它一直被认为是全新统的基底而被作为划分全新统与更新统的重要标志层。本文认为该硬土层为晚玉木冰期晚期沉积的风尘物质经次生变化而形成;是长江三角洲西部下蜀黄土在东部平原的延续。     

东海舟山QZ504孔古生物组合特征及地层划分

东海残留沉积区舟山ＱＺ５０４孔未发现上海地区普遍存在的全新世暗绿色硬粘土层。但通过对该孔微体古生物组合特征的分析与对比，划分了全新世与更新世的更线，反映了气候的变化，证实了滚流对本区的影响。     

N-nitrodimethlyamine in natural and drinking water of high cancer incidence regions of Guangdong,China

The Guangdong province of China contains the most clearly described high-incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) areas in the world. The geographical heterogeneity of cancer incidence in the region suggests that many carcinogenic risk factors might be present in the regional geochemical environment. This paper presents the concentrations of a wide range of known carcinogens in two high cancer incidence areas in Guangdong and compared them to a low cancer incidence area in the same province. N-Nitrosamines, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, and ammonium were detected in groundwater, surface water, and drinking-water. The concentrations of the 7 trace metal and metalloid elements As, Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg were determined in surface soil samples and all water samples. The results show that, compared with the guidelines or limit values for drinking-water quality in the world, the high cancer incidence areas have hazardous high levels of N-nitrodimethlyamine (NDMA) in all kinds of water. Oppositely, the low cancer incidence area has a safe low level of NDMA in water bodies. The levels of NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, and ammonium in water have the same character, although they have different expression between the two high-risk areas. The distribution of the 7 tested trace elements in surface soil has no significant correlation with cancer incidence. On the other hand, high concentrations of carcinogenic N-Nitrosamines in drinking-water and natural water bodies were identified for the first time in the high NPC and HCC incidence area.     

Improved water resource management for a highly complex environment using three-dimensional groundwater modelling

A three-dimensional groundwater model was used to improve water resource management for a study area in north-west Switzerland, where drinking-water production is close to former landfills and industrial areas. To avoid drinking-water contamination, artificial groundwater recharge with surface water is used to create a hydraulic barrier between the contaminated sites and drinking-water extraction wells. The model was used for simulating existing and proposed water management strategies as a tool to ensure the utmost security for drinking water. A systematic evaluation of the flow direction between existing observation points using a developed three-point estimation method for a large number of scenarios was carried out. It is demonstrated that systematically applying the developed methodology helps to identify vulnerable locations which are sensitive to changing boundary conditions such as those arising from changes to artificial groundwater recharge rates. At these locations, additional investigations and protection are required. The presented integrated approach, using the groundwater flow direction between observation points, can be easily transferred to a variety of hydrological settings to systematically evaluate groundwater modelling scenarios.     

Inorganic arsenic sorption by drinking-water treatment residual-amended sandy soil: effect of soil solution chemistry

Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that drinking-water treatment residuals are effective sorbents of arsenic V. However, the effect of soil solution chemistry on arsenic V sorption by drinking-water treatment residuals-amended soils remains to be explored. The current study uses a batch incubation experimental set up to evaluate the effect of soil solution pH, competing ligands, and complexing metal on arsenic V sorption by a sandy soil (Immokalee series) amended with two rates (25 and 50 g kg^?1) of aluminum and iron-based drinking-water treatment residuals. Experiments were conducted at three initial arsenic loads (125, 1,875, 3,750 mg kg^?1) and a constant solid: solution ratio of 200 g L^?1. An optimum equilibration time of 8 days, obtained from kinetic studies, was utilized for sorption experiments with both aluminum and iron drinking-water treatment residual-amended soil. Presence of phosphate decreased arsenic V sorption by both aluminum and iron drinking-water treatment residual amended soils, with a strong dependence on pH, drinking-water treatment residual types, drinking-water treatment residual application rates, and phosphate concentrations. Addition of sulfate had no effect on arsenic V sorption by aluminum or iron drinking-water treatment residual-amended soil. A complementing effect of calcium on arsenic V sorption was observed at higher pH. Results elucidating the effect of soil solution chemistry on the arsenic V sorption will be helpful in calibrating drinking-water treatment residual as a sorbent for remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

The role of groundwater governance in emergencies during different phases of natural disasters

The establishment of water governance in emergency situations supports timely and effective reaction with regard to the risk and impact of natural disasters on drinking-water supplies and populations. Under such governance, emergency activities of governmental authorities, rescue and aid teams, water stakeholders, local communities and individuals are coordinated with the objective to prevent and/or mitigate disaster impact on water supplies, to reduce human suffering due to drinking-water failure during and in the post-disaster period, and to manage drinking-water services in emergency situations in an equitable manner. The availability of low-vulnerability groundwater resources that have been proven safe and protected by geological features, and with long residence time, can make water-related relief and rehabilitation activities during and after an emergency more rapid and effective. Such groundwater resources have to be included in water governance and their exploration must be coordinated with overall management of drinking-water services in emergencies. This paper discusses institutional and technical capacities needed for building effective groundwater governance policy and drinking-water risk and demand management in emergencies. Disaster-risk mitigation plans are described, along with relief measures and post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction activities, which support gradual renewal of drinking-water services on the level prior to the disaster. The role of groundwater governance in emergencies differs in individual phases of disaster (preparedness, warning, impact/relief, rehabilitation). Suggested activities and actions associated with these phases are summarized and analysed, and a mode of their implementation is proposed.     

The Metallogenetic Regularities of Lithium Deposits in China

Lithium resources support the development of high-technology industries. China has abundant lithium resources which are mainly distributed in Tibet,Qinghai,Sichuan and Jiangxi. Salt lakes in China have significant lithium reserves,but lithium is mainly produced from hard rock lithium deposits because the extraction from salt lakes requires further improvements. The hard rock lithium deposits mainly occur in granitic pegmatite in the Altay region of Xinjiang and the Jiajika deposit in western Sichuan Province; they mainly formed in the Mesozoic and occurred in a relatively stable stage during orogenic processes. On the basis of the information from 151 lithium deposits or spots,14 lithium metallogenic series were identified,and granitic pegmatite,granite,and sedimentary types were considered to be the main prediction types of lithium resources. Twelve lithium mineralization belts were divided and a series of maps showing the lithium metallogenetic regularity in China were drawn. We conclude that the hard rock and brine type of lithium resources possibly have a similar lithium source related to magmatism. The metallogenic features of the lithium in China were related with the distinct history of tectonic-magmatic activity in China. This study benefits the assessment of,and prospecting for,lithium resources in China.     

浅谈饮用水的深度处理技术

通过比较系统的介绍饮用水的各种深度处理技术及其基本原理,对饮用水处理技术的选择提出了几点建议。     

新千年我们喝什么样的水

本文简述了各种饮水工艺及其水质特征和功能,提出矿泉水是健康饮水之冠,天然矿泉水来自地层深处,无菌、无污染、富含对人体有益的矿物质和微量元素,不含任何热量,是一种高品质的健康水,也是宝贵的矿产资源。     

The influence of irrigation and Wuliangsuhai Lake on groundwater quality in eastern Hetao Basin,Inner Mongolia,China

Geochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater and lake-water samples were combined with water and total dissolved solids balances to evaluate sources of groundwater quality deterioration in eastern Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Groundwater quality is poor; 11 of 13 wells exceed drinking-water guidelines for at least one health-based parameter and all wells exceed aesthetic guidelines. The well water is largely derived from Yellow River irrigation water. Notably high uranium concentrations in the Yellow River, relative to world rivers, suggest groundwater uranium and other trace elements may originate in the river-derived irrigation water. Complex hydrostratigraphy and spatial variation in groundwater recharge result in spatially complex groundwater flow and geochemistry. Evapotranspiration of irrigation water causes chloride concentration increases of up to two orders of magnitude in the basin, notably in shallow groundwater around Wuliangsuhai Lake. In addition to evapotranspiration, groundwater quality is affected by mineral precipitation and dissolution, silicate weathering, and redox processes. The lake-water and TDS balances suggest that a small amount of discharge to groundwater (but associated with very high solute concentrations) contributes to groundwater salinization in this region. Increasing salinity in the groundwater and Wuliangsuhai Lake will continue to deteriorate water quality unless irrigation management practices improve.