含石量对软质岩土石混合料土力学特性影响研究

在中国西南地区边坡工程中大量存在含软岩的土石混合体（S-RM）,其力学特性与软岩破碎特性有别于以往研究的块石强度较高的土石混合体。本文通过大型室内剪切仪开展了不同含石量（WBP）的剪切试验研究含石量对软岩土石混合体力学特性的影响,基于筛分试验研究软岩块石破碎特性,结果表明:当S-RM密度一定时,随着WBP的增加,S-RM剪切强度增加,应变硬化现象增强;S-RM黏聚力随含石量的增加呈线性增长,内摩擦角在含石量为20%~60%时随含石量的增加呈线性增长;S-RM在剪切破坏过程中软岩块石出现破碎现象,当法向应力一定时,块石破碎率随土石混合体含石量增加而增长;S-RM块石破碎率随内摩擦角增加呈指数形式增长,表明块石之间咬合作用越大,块石的破碎程度越高。     

Block theory on the complex combinations of free planes

The core problem of block theory is to determine the finiteness, removability and mechanical stability of various blocks under different engineering structures based on dip angles, dip direction angles of discontinuities, frictional angles and the direction of the active resultant force. The practices of the classical block theory focus mainly on the convex blocks, assuming that joint surfaces and excavation faces are planar and extended infinitely in the rock mass. However, in practical engineering structures, the concave combinations of free planes (natural of excavated surfaces) are common. For example, the non-convex blocks usually exist in underground edges, corners and portals, and some of them are quite dangerous. In this paper, the characteristics of the non-convex blocks with complex combinations of free planes are analysed deeply based on the classical block theory. First, a non-convex block is seen as a combination of a series of convex blocks, then the criteria for finiteness and removability of the non-convex blocks are proposed, and finally, the identification algorithm is designed and validated by some cases. The results show that the method is effective and feasible and has important theoretical significance and practical value.     

Block structures and kinematics of Western Eurasia according to GPS data

The transitional Alpine-Iranian and North African-Apulian zones, which extend between the North Eurasian, Arabian, and African lithospheric plates, are composed largely of crustal blocks bounded by seismically active faults and, as follows from the data of satellite geodesy, are characterized by the variously directed present-day motions of these blocks. The measured horizontal displacements of the largest blocks in the ITRF system are compared with motions of the main lithospheric plates suggested by the NNR-NUVEL-1A model. The established discrepancies are related to the deformation of blocks in the transitional zones between interacting plates, a circumstance that is consistent with relative block displacements. The close coincidence of the measured and the model velocities of horizontal motions at observation points in western Europe beyond the alps allows us to extend the North Eurasian Plate to the west of the Rhine Grabens. The systems of intraplate active faults are considered, and the depth of that surface, along which tectonic blocks move in the horizontal direction, is estimated.     

Strain localization as a key to reconciling experimentally derived flow-law data with dynamic models of continental collision

Published strength profiles predict strength discontinuities within and/or at the base of continental crust during compression. We use finite element models to investigate the effect of strength discontinuities on continental collision dynamics. The style of deformation in model crust during continued subduction of underlying mantle lithosphere is controlled by: (1) experimental flow-law data; (2) the crustal geotherm; (3) strain localization by erosion; (4) strain-softening and other localization effects. In the absence of erosion and other factors causing strain localization, numerical models with typical geothermal gradients and frictional/ductile rheologies predict diffuse crustal deformation with whole-scale detachment of crust from mantle lithosphere. This prediction is at odds with earlier model studies that only considered frictional crustal rheologies and showed asymmetric, focused crustal deformation. Without localization, model deformation is not consistent with that observed in small collisional orogens such as the Swiss Alps. This suggests that strain localization by a combination of erosion and rheological effects such as strain softening must play a major role in focusing deformation, and that strength profiles derived under constant strain rates and uniform material properties cannot be used to infer crustal strength during collision dynamics.     

Parallel and scalable block system generation

Generating a realistic representation of a fractured rock mass is a first step in many different analyses. Field observations need to be translated into a 3-D model that will serve as the input for these analyses. The block systems can contain hundreds of thousands to millions of blocks of varying sizes and shapes; generating these large models is very computationally expensive and requires significant computing resources.By taking advantage of the advances made in big data analytics and Cloud Computing, we have a developed an open-source program—SparkRocks—that generates block systems in parallel. The application runs on Apache Spark which enables it to run locally, on a compute cluster or the Cloud. The block generation is based on a subdivision and linear programming optimization as introduced by Boon et al. (2015). SparkRocks automatically maintains load balance among parallel processes and can be scaled up on the Cloud without having to make any changes to the underlying implementation, enabling it to generate real-world scale block systems containing millions of blocks in minutes.     

Analysis of single rock blocks for general failure modes under conservative and non‐conservative forces

After describing the kinematics of a generic rigid block subjected to large rotations and displacements, the Udwadia's General Principle of Mechanics is applied to the dynamics of a rigid block with frictional constraints to show that the reaction forces and moments are indeterminate. Thus, the paper presents an incremental‐iterative algorithm for analysing general failure modes of rock blocks subject to generic forces, including non‐conservative forces such as water forces. Consistent stiffness matrices have been developed that fully exploit the quadratic convergence of the adopted Newton–Raphson iterative scheme. The algorithm takes into account large block displacements and rotations, which together with non‐conservative forces make the stiffness matrix non‐symmetric. Also included in the algorithm are in situ stress and fracture dilatancy, which introduces non‐symmetric rank‐one modifications to the stiffness matrix. Progressive failure is captured by the algorithm, which has proven capable of detecting numerically challenging failure modes, such as rotations about only one point. Failure modes may originate from a limit point or from dynamic instability (divergence or flutter); equilibrium paths emanating from bifurcation points are followed by the algorithm. The algorithm identifies both static and dynamic failure modes. The calculation of the factor of safety comes with no overhead. Examples show the equilibrium path of a rock block that undergoes slumping failure must first pass through a bifurcation point, unless the block is laterally constrained. Rock blocks subjected to water forces (or other non‐conservative forces) may undergo flutter failure before reaching a limit point. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lessons from Ontake-san: A comparative analysis of debris avalanche dynamics

Dynamic aspects of the long runout Ontake-san debris avalanche are evaluated by a comparison of several models. An unsteady numerical model assumes two-dimensional flow of an incompressible biviscous or Newtonian fluid, represented as a continuum with a free surface. Internal deformation of the flowing mass is considered, as well as boundary resistances. Thus flow thinning and deposit shape as well as flow kinematics may be modeled. Parameters are adjusted to match observed runout, with additional constraints on velocity and emplacement time. With abundant constraints for Ontake-san, from careful field investigations by Japanese research teams, our analysis indicates that a substantial decrease in flow resistance occurred as a function of displacement. Constant-property models that match runout tend to overestimate the peak velocities and to underestimate the emplacement times. A staged increase in mobility in both constant volume and variable volume models leads to results consistent with field data. Runout in a channel overflow area was also modeled. Qualitatively similar results have been obtained by other researchers using simple sliding block models with empirical parameters, a slide block model with rational parameter selection, a modified flood simulation, and a multi-element frictional slide model. The relative merits of these models are compared.

The field mechanisms associated with this mobility increase with displacement are poorly understood, but the question is now identified as a target for future research at debris avalanche sites, and some plausible mechanisms are considered. The main reason probably involves the entrainment of river water and saturated sediment, leading to enhanced efficiency of fluid pressure mechanisms with undrained shear; in addition, progressive shearing reduced the mean particle size and angularity, and the cohesion and friction (and apparent viscosity) of avalanche debris near the wetted perimeter. Hydroplaning — the shearing of water films and slurries — may have occurred locally.     

北方岩溶含水层双重介质水流模型及其应用探讨

本文将北方岩溶介质划分为两种基本类型:溶隙网络—溶孔型和溶隙网络—微裂隙型。概化出裂隙岩溶介质的双重介质水流模型。解决了下面几个问题:（1）认识北方岩溶介质所具有的双重介质性;（2）分别对孔隙和微裂隙所构成的岩块域和溶隙网络域建立数学模型,并用岩块和裂隙的水量交换项将两者耦合起来。模型中岩块并未被概化成某一特殊几何形态如球体或平行板,而是按其实际产出形态处理;（3）在岩块中也应用了二维水流模型。以往作者多用一维流方程,目的在于求其解析解,这有许多不足之处;（4）在裂隙和岩块域均采用有限单元法,将两个域的模型联立求数值解,克服了解析法或解析—数值法联合的局限性。 在给定参数情况下,本文进行了典型水文地质条件下的计算,证明了模型是能够较好地刻画溶隙网络—溶孔或微裂隙型介质的特征和水流特点的。同时,本文成功地应用了济南西南郊岩溶含水层的实际资料进行了模拟计算,对双重介质方法的实用进行了听的尝试。     

A Block-Based Theoretical Model Suited to Gravitational Sliding

An original theoretical model has been devised to simulate mass flow over hill slopes due to gravitational sliding. The sliding mass is discretized into a sequence of contiguous blocks which are subjected to gravitational forces, to bottom friction and to surface resistance stresses that are generally negligible for subaerial flows, but are relevant for submarine slides. The blocks interact with each other while sliding down the hill flanks because of internal forces that dissipate mechanical energy and produce a momentum exchange between the individual blocks, yet conserving the total momentum of the mass. Internal forces are expressed in terms of interaction coefficients depending on the instantaneous distance between the block centers of mass, which is a measure of the deformation experienced by the blocks: the functional dependence includes three parameters, namely the interaction intensity ¯, the deformability parameter and the shape parameter , by means of which a wide range of interaction types can be fully accounted for. The time integration is performed numerically by solving the equations for the block velocities and positions at any time ti by means of the block accelerations at the previous time t_i-1, and by subsequently updating the block accelerations, which allows to proceed iteratively to the following times. The model has been tested against laboratory results available from literature and by means of several numerical experiments involving a simplified geometry both for the sliding body and the basal surface, with the purpose of clarifying the influence of the model parameters on the slide dynamics. The model improves the performance of the existing kinematic models for slides, moreover preserving an equivalent numerical simplicity. Future applications and possible improvements of this model are suggested.     

Geodynamic Background of the Mesozoic Intracontinental Magmatism in Southeast China

The authors have proposed a dynamic model in this paper based on the ages,rock series and associations,Sr-Nd isotopic signatures of the Mesozoic intracontinental magmatism overlying the Cathaysian and Yangtze blocks.The model describes the relation of intracontinental collision and subduction in the Tethyan tectonic regie with Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate sudbuction-strike slip-extension in the Pacific tectonic regime.During 220-150Ma,the horizontal collision between the North China block and the Yangtze block,as well as the intracontinental subduction of some divergent microcontinental terranes in the southwestern part of South China are ascribed to the influence of the Tethyan tectonic regime,giving rise to a volume of high-Isr and low-εNd(t) S-type granites only in the Cathaysian Block.During 145-90Ma,under the geodynamic backgound of subduction-strike slip-extension of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate on the basis of the deep tectonic process in the Tethyan tectonic regime,high-K,alkalirich calc-alkaline and shoshonitic volcano-plutonic complexes were generated in the Yangtze block,and high-K calc-alkalic and bimodal volcano-plutonic complexes were generated in the Cathaysian block.The occurrence of A-type peralkaline granites in the coastal areas of South east China indicates the end of Mesozoic intracontinental magmatism.     

华北克拉通南缘的地块差异性及其成矿意义

研究表明:华北克拉通南缘的基底系由嵩箕地块、华熊地块等构成,两地块在中岳(吕梁)运动时(1850Ma)沿三门峡-宝丰断裂带拼合。两地块各自具有独立的地质演化史,二者在基底、盖层、岩浆岩、构造线方向和矿产等方面都存在一系列明显的差异。用块体构造认识华北前寒武纪基底的组成不均一性,对认识与研究华北及其周边的构造特征并确定找矿方向具有十分重要的意义。     

膨胀土边坡稳定性非连续变形分析新方法

许多膨胀土边坡在长期的地质和干湿循环的自然气候作用下裂隙逐渐发展,以致被裂隙分割成块体系统。将膨胀土边坡看成是一个具有非饱和土本构关系、块体间存在摩擦力和膨胀力和具有牵引式滑动及时空效应特点的块体系统,建立了一种新的边坡稳定性非连续变形分析方法,并应用于某高速公路段膨胀土边坡稳定性的分析中,获到了很好的效果。     

与大型走滑断裂相关的旋转

与大型走滑断裂有关的旋转一方面起因于断裂带的大规模走滑,另一方面也与大断裂带内部及外围次级断裂系的水平运动密切相关.尽管前人提出了一些有关断裂带走滑与旋转的动力学模式,但由于不同走滑断裂系变形环境及边界条件的差异,断裂走滑导致块体旋转的机制是非常复杂的,很难用统一的动力学模式来解释.对美国西海岸圣安德列斯断裂、美国盆岭区Lake Mead断裂系、中国西南哀牢山-红河走滑断裂系以及新西兰Alpine断裂带、土耳其北安那托利亚断裂等的研究结果均表明,在断裂带走滑过程中,相关构造及块体的旋转非常明显.运用古地磁学、磁组构、构造分析、高精度GPS监测及构造模拟等方法,可以对这些构造及块体的旋转方向和幅度进行研究.由于大规模旋转会导致构造格局及地质地貌特征的改变,因此在走滑断裂带的研究中必须加以重视.     

地表超载作用下隧道失稳破坏的上限有限元分析

针对地表超载作用下隧道稳定性和破坏模式问题,基于刚体平动运动单元上限有限元理论编程并计算分析,获得了浅埋隧道失稳临界超载系数上限解和刚性运动块体体系破坏模式。通过与现有的刚性块体极限分析上限法以及极限分析上、下限有限元法计算结果的对比分析,验证了上限解的可靠性。研究结果表明,（1）临界超载系数 黏聚力c之比 随土体内摩擦角 和隧道埋深C与直径D之比( )的增大而相应增大,随土体重度与黏聚力参数 的增大而减小;（2） 和 对隧道破坏模式的影响较明显; 增大,则隧道破坏范围增加;内摩擦角 增大,刚性运动块体破坏模式相互错动更加显著,相比而言, 对破坏模式的影响并不显著;（3）刚体平动运动单元上限有限元上限解精度高,所得刚性运动块体破坏模式具有滑移线形态,能精细地反映隧道失稳破坏特征。     

Beyond dual-porosity modeling for the simulation of complex flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs

The state of the art of modeling fluid flow in shale reservoirs is dominated by dual-porosity models which divide the reservoirs into matrix blocks that significantly contribute to fluid storage and fracture networks which principally control flow capacity. However, recent extensive microscopic studies reveal that there exist massive micro- and nano-pore systems in shale matrices. Because of this, the actual flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs are considerably more complex than can be simulated by the conventional dual-porosity models and Darcy’s law. Therefore, a model capturing multiple pore scales and flow can provide a better understanding of the complex flow mechanisms occurring in these reservoirs. This paper presents a micro-scale multiple-porosity model for fluid flow in shale reservoirs by capturing the dynamics occurring in three porosity systems: inorganic matter, organic matter (mainly kerogen), and natural fractures. Inorganic and organic portions of shale matrix are treated as sub-blocks with different attributes, such as wettability and pore structures. In kerogen, gas desorption and diffusion are the dominant physics. Since the flow regimes are sensitive to pore size, the effects of nano-pores and micro-pores in kerogen are incorporated into the simulator. The multiple-porosity model is built upon a unique tool for simulating general multiple-porosity systems in which several porosity systems may be tied to each other through arbitrary connectivities. This new model allows us to better understand complex flow mechanisms and eventually is extended into the reservoir scale through upscaling techniques. Sensitivity studies on the contributions of the different flow mechanisms and kerogen properties give some insight as to their importance. Results also include a comparison of the conventional dual-porosity treatment and show that significant differences in fluid distributions and dynamics are obtained with the improved multiple-porosity simulation.     

Generalization of two-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis for forward modelling

This paper provides the theoretical basis for a forward numerical model of rock block systems. This method was developed to compute stress, strain, sliding and opening of rock blocks; rigid body movement and deformation occur simultaneously. Input data consist of block geometry, loading forces, the deformability constants E and v, and the restraint or boundary conditions of the block system. Output data give the movements, deformations, stresses and strains of each block, and the sliding and detachment or rejoining of blocks. The forces acting on each block, from external loading or contact with other blocks, satisfy the equilibrium equations. Equilibrium is also achieved between external forces and the block stresses. Furthermore, this analysis fulfills constraints of no tension between blocks and no penetration of one block into another. To acheive equilibrium and satisfy these constraints, simultaneous equations are solved repeatdly with partial changes of the coefficients each time the contact constraints are chosen.     

亚洲大陆主要活动块体的现今构造应力数值模拟

亚洲大陆晚新生代和现代构造变形以活动地块为主要特征,表现为在统一构造格局下不同地块间具有不同的运动方式和速度。为了研究这些具有不同运动学性质块体间的相互作用以及构造变形特征,基于亚洲大陆的总体构造格局构建了二维有限元模型。根据模拟结果,对比已知GPS数据、震源机制解以及地质调查数据等,定量分析了大陆内部主要活动地块构造应力场的分布特征,并探讨了影响亚洲大陆现今构造变形特征的主要因素。结果表明：在我国的西部陆块内,由于周边一系列近EW向弧形活动构造带的存在,导致其内部次级块体运动速率的衰减,从而进一步导致应力环境的变化,由青藏中部的挤压-拉张环境逐渐转变为塔里木、天山地区的完全挤压环境;在西伯利亚地块和印度板块的联合挤压作用下,华北地块上地壳的应力表现为较弱的挤压环境,而在该种应力环境下块体内部伸展构造的成因很可能与其深部的动力学环境有关;华南地块的运动方向与台湾造山带相反,从而形成一个秦岭-大别造山带以南的较强烈的挤压-拉张区;在印度-澳大利亚板块和菲律宾俯冲板块的联合挤压作用下,巽他地块作为华南地块和印支地块的逃逸窗口,表现出以婆罗洲、南海为中心近圆弧形的弱挤压区以及环绕挤压区外缘挤压-拉张区的应力分布特征。     

含共面结构面岩体的岩桥贯通准则研究

块体理论是一种比较常用的岩土工程稳定性分析方法,但缺乏对非贯通结构面的研究,导致搜索出的关键块体不够精准和全面。如何处理非贯通结构面,判断其是否应该连通成为块体理论研究至关重要的一个问题。采用数值模拟的方法计算含两共面结构面岩体试样在不同岩桥倾角、结构面摩擦系数、围压和连通率情况下的贯通强度与峰值强度。引入贯通系数变量,定量描述贯通强度与峰值强度之间的关系。将贯通强度作为判断岩桥贯通与否的一个衡量指标,建立起贯通强度与岩桥倾角、结构面摩擦系数、围压和连通率之间的函数,即含两条共面结构面岩体的岩桥贯通准则。该准则可准确判断含两条共面结构面岩体的岩桥是否应该连通。基于岩桥贯通准则的块体理论能够准确搜索出因岩桥贯通而滑移的关键块体。     

Palaeomagnetically defined rotations of fault-bounded continental blocks in the North Anatolian Shear Zone, North Central Anatolia

The 1200 km-long North Anatolian Transform Fault connects the East Anatolian post-collisional compressional regime in the east with the Aegean back-arc extensional regime to the west. This active dextral fault system lies within a shear zone reaching up to 100 km in width, and consists of southward splining branches. These branches, which have less frequent and smaller magnitude earthquake activity compare to the major transform, cut and divide the shear zone into fault delimited blocks. Comparison of palaeomagnetic data from 46 sites in the Eocene volcanics from different blocks indicate that each fault-bounded block has been affected by vertical block rotations. Although clockwise rotations are dominant as expected from dextral fault-bounded blocks, anticlockwise rotations have also been documented. These anticlockwise rotations are interpreted as due to anticlockwise rotation of the Anatolian Block, as indicated by GPS measurements, and the effects of unmapped faults or pre-North Anatolian Fault tectonic events.     

中国大陆现今构造作用的地块运动和连续变形耦合模型

板块构造基本理论（特别是其刚性块体假设）能否应用于大陆，是大陆动力学研究所面临的主要问题之一，不同的理论模型给出不同的回答。缺乏完整、可靠的构造变形运动学图像使得无法对不同的理论模型给予约束和检验，以至于无法回答上述基本问题。本文以中国大陆及其周边近年来的1350个GPS观测资料为主，结合活动断裂和地震活动性资料，研究中国大陆现今构造变形的运动学特征。中国大陆的现今构造变形既有刚性地块的运动，如塔里木、鄂尔多斯、华南等地块；又有非刚性的连续变形，如青藏高原和天山。在大陆构造变形过程中，由于岩石圈性质的不同而造成变形的分区差异和上部脆性地壳的分块运动，不仅有整体性好的刚性地块运动，也有刚性很差的连续变形。以粘塑性流变为特征的下地壳和上地幔在周边板块作用下发生连续流动，从底部驱动着上覆脆性地块的运动，而不同活动地块本身的性质决定着地块的整体性和变形方式，中国大陆的现今构造变形可以用耦合的地块运动和连续变形模式来描述。