鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾地区长8段储层非均质性及其结构模式

鄂尔多斯盆地南部镇泾探区的主力含油层段为上三叠统延长组长8段,油藏类型为典型的三角洲前缘分流河道砂岩岩性油藏,储层致密低渗,非均质性强,含油饱和度变化大,开展储层非均质性研究对认识储层内部结构、形成机制和甜点预测均具有重要意义。通过对长8段致密砂岩储层不同尺度的观察和采样测试,分析了储层层内非均质性特征及其成因机制,建立了致密砂岩储层结构型非均质模型。结果表明:镇泾地区延长组长8段致密砂岩储层的非均质性极强,表现为多期河道砂体的削蚀截切和无序叠置,即使在同一厚层块状砂体内,物性和含油性也存在较大差异。细粒沉积隔夹层、富软岩屑砂岩和钙质致密胶结砂岩在空间上的配置关系决定了碎屑岩储层的非均质性。不同期次河道的彼此改造、不同类型砂岩的差异成岩演化和石油的选择性充注,造成了延长组长8段砂岩储层的结构型非均质性及其含油性差异。     

姬塬地区长6储层非均质性与含油性关系研究

以姬塬地区长6层岩心资料、各类测试资料及测井资料为基础,剖析研究区长6各小层的非均质性特征,并研究了其对含油性的影响。研究表明:长6油层组层内和层间非均质性整体呈中等,储层垂向上粒度的韵律性多样。层内夹层发育程度及渗透率非均质性对储层含油性的影响较弱,而储层的韵律性、层内层理的发育程度及物性的大小是储层含油性的重要因素,隔层对油气形成有效圈闭及聚集成藏具有一定的积极作用。     

河西务构造带J11断块储层非均质性

针对渤海湾盆地廊固凹陷河西务构造带J11断块沙四上亚段Ⅰ～Ⅲ砂组储层的非均质性进行了分析,从微观和宏观两个方面入手,分析了其主控因素。结果表明:研究区储层非均质性表现为层内非均质性、层间非均质性、平面非均质性和岩石微观非均质性。层内非均质性主要受渗透率韵律类型、夹层分布特征差异影响;层间非均质性主要受隔层分布特征、分层系数、砂岩密度特征影响;平面非均质性主要受砂体连续性影响;微观非均质性主要受岩石结构及孔隙结构影响。沉积环境和成岩作用是储层非均质性的主控因素。通过对上述影响因素的分析,对研究区主力小层进行了储层评价,预测有利储层分布在研究区的东南部和西南部地区,为下一步勘探开发提供了一定的依据。     

深水重力流储层宏观非均质性控制因素——以华庆地区长6_3为例

宏观非均质性是评价含油储层的重要控制因素,深水重力流储层的宏观非均质性通常较强,是油气勘探开发的首要难题。通过深水重力流沉积理论、岩心观察、测井资料、实验测试等分析,描述鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6_3深水重力流储层宏观非均质性特征。研究表明:华庆地区长6_3层内非均质性较强,主要发育浊积岩、滑塌岩、砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流4种重力流沉积物;层内夹层分为泥质、钙质和泥砾3类,泥质夹层出现频率较高,对沉积物内部非均质性影响较大,钙质夹层主要出现在砂质碎屑流中;根据沉积物砂体的叠置关系,将重力流沉积物砂体分为4类,层间非均质性由弱到强分别为连续叠加型、间隔叠加型、侧向尖灭型、砂泥互层型;分析砂体厚度与沉积微相、孔渗、流动单元等影响因子在研究区的展布,得出华庆长6_3储层宏观非均质程度平面分布情况图。总结6个角度的影响因素,建立影响储层宏观非均质程度综合评价表,为油田勘探开发提供帮助。     

坪北油田延长组长6油组储层层内非均质性研究

在坪北油田应用岩心观察、岩心分析化验资料、测井解释成果、测试及开发动态等方面的资料分析长6储层的非均质性,重点解剖层内非均质性特点,总结了正韵律,反韵律,复合韵律和交互韵律4种类型的层内非均质性。夹层分布较广泛,加剧了层间非均质性。     

致密砂岩储层中钙质夹层特征及与天然裂缝分布的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块长8致密砂岩储层普遍发育钙质夹层,本文利用露头、岩芯、薄片及测井等资料,对钙质夹层的岩性特征、电性特征、分布规律以及与天然裂缝分布的关系进行了研究。研究表明,钙质夹层具有明显的低伽马、低声波时差、高密度、高感应的特点,电成像测井表现为明显的亮色条带。钙质夹层主要分布在部分水下分流河道砂体的中部或下部及河口坝砂体的中部或上部,同时也发育在一些分选较好、颗粒支撑的薄层细砂岩中以及砂泥岩的接触地带。钙质夹层内主要发育高角度构造裂缝,不发育近水平成岩裂缝;与非钙质胶结致密砂岩储层相比,钙质夹层脆性较大,天然裂缝更为发育,且大部分裂缝被方解石充填,为无效裂缝;钙质夹层层厚及岩性界面控制着裂缝纵向延伸高度。论文成果对进一步研究致密储层天然裂缝的分布模式,弄清裂缝对注水开发的影响具有重要意义。     

大庆宋芳屯油田肇35区块葡萄花油层非均质性研究

从储层宏观与微观非均质性入手,分别研究了肇35区块葡萄花油层的层内、层间、平面和微观非均质性特征及主控因素,研究区层内非均质性主要受到沉积构造、渗透率韵律以及夹层分布等的影响;从物性和隔层分布特征方面分析了层间非均质性特征,自下而上葡萄花油层非均质性呈现弱→强→弱的变化趋势;平面非均质性特征受砂体及沉积微相展布影响较大,沿河道延伸方向非均质性较好。研究区主要发育正常粒间孔、缩小粒间孔和粒内溶蚀孔,整体上储层微观孔隙结构发育良好。从不同方面分析了研究区非均质性对剩余油分布的影响,沉积微相类型和成岩作用是控制储层非均质性的主因素。最终对葡萄花油层主力小层进行储层评价,预测了有利储层的发育面积和分布范围,为下一步的勘探开发提供一定的依据。     

陕北R区长4+5油层组储层宏观非均质性研究

结合陕北R区地质构造特征与长4+5油层组测井解释信息及岩心分析测试资料,对长4+5各小层进行了层内非均质性、层间非均质性和平面非均质性等宏观非均质性研究。结果显示长4+522储层层内、层间非均质性很强,但砂体最发育,平面上沿河道方向砂体连通性最好。较长4+51和长4+522,长4+521砂岩百分含量较低,储层非均质性较弱。     

辽河油田锦99块扇三角洲前缘储层隔夹层成因与分布

陆相储层隔夹层是形成油藏内流体流动非均质的主要原因之一,也是控制厚油层复杂水淹形式的主要地质因素。通过对辽河油田锦99块扇三角洲前缘储层隔夹层进行研究,认为在沉积作用、成岩作用的控制下,研究区内形成了泥质、物性、钙质三类隔夹层,其岩-电识别特征与分布规律均存在明显的差别。泥质夹层主要分布于厚层水下分流河道砂叠置区、水道侧缘区以及邻近砂岩尖灭区;物性夹层分布较杂乱,常分布于物性较差的区域;钙质夹层主要分布于砂厚较大、原生孔隙发育的岩相带以及Ⅱ级边界断层附近。隔夹层对油藏内剩余油分布具有重要影响,需要综合断裂构造、沉积相、成岩相等多种地质因素进行预测。     

鄂尔多斯盆地吴起地区延长组长4+5段储层非均质性特征

储层非均质性对剩余油分布和水驱或气驱波及系数影响较大,开展储层非均质精细评价,是油田开发方案调整和剩余油挖潜必不可少的内容。利用密井网测井资料和岩矿鉴定等资料,从沉积、成岩作用等方面对吴起油沟油田长4+5段储层非均质进行了研究。结果表明,研究区长4+5段诸层为三角洲前缘沉积末端,单期水下分流河道规模较小且改道频繁,层内泥质夹层不发育,层间隔层发育,单砂体连通性差,非均质性较强;纵向上将长4+5段分为长4+5_1、长4+5_2~1、长4+5_2~2三个小层,受沉积环境和成岩作用,特别是碳酸盐胶结作用的影响,层内非均质性多为正韵律或复合韵律,其中长4+5_1储层非均质性最强,长4+5_2~2储层非均质性最弱;从层间非均质性来看,其中长4+5_1单层砂体薄,分层系数最大,长4+5_2~2储单层砂体厚度大,分层系数较小;从平面非均质性来看,长4+5_1砂体呈交切窄条带状发育,砂体厚度横向变化大,平面非均质性较强;长4+5_2~1砂体呈孤立条带状分布,砂体欠发育,以分流涧湾为主;长4+5_2~2砂体厚度大,且呈连片发育,平面非均质性较弱。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

湖北宜昌王家湾五峰组顶部Chondrites的发现及其环境意义

本文报道了湖北宜昌王家湾剖面五峰组笔石页岩段观音桥层发现的遗迹化石Chondrites的分布及其生态特点。结合生物相和同期上扬子海盆相对海平面的变化,分析了盆地水体底域在缺氧一富氧转折时期的古氧相变化特征：指出五峰组笔石页岩段上部地层沉积底域为典型的缺氧环境,在其与上覆观音桥段之间的沉积转换面附近发生了从无氧到有氧的转变,观音桥段中Hirnantia动物群繁盛于富氧的海底环境。     

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component.     

Arsenic in streams,stream sediments,and ground water,fairbanks area,alaska

Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.     

Flood anticipation,reality, and uncertainty,the 2019 flood in Khuzestan,Iran

Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to...     

Disruption in Biogeosciences:Conceptual,Methodological,Digital,and Technological

正Over four years ago,a group of investigators came together to determine if Big Data approaches (specifically data mining,machine learning and analytics in general) might provide insight into some of the grand challenges in Earth's history:evolution of minerals,rise of oxygen,life,influence of super continental cycles,quantifying the magnitude of extinction events,and more.As a result,the team of mineralogists,petrologists,geochemists,