俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙强震反应数值模拟

首先,介绍了基于OpenSees独立开发的一套用于挡土墙-土地震反应相互作用有限元分析计算软件RW_2DPS.据此建立了俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙-土强震相互作用有限元模型.模型中,引入非线性有限元计算方法,选用多屈服面弹塑性本构模型模拟砂土的动力属性,应用零长度接触单元模拟墙与土体之间的接触特性,且采用一致耗能阻尼边界与速度边界条件.最后,输入随机地震动,进行挡土墙-土强震反应分析,并重点探讨墙背地震土压力和水平地震惯性力沿挡土墙高度分布规律.结果表明,墙背动土压力峰值出现在距挡土墙底约1/3墙高处;挡土墙背加速度具有放大效应,加速度峰值出现在挡土墙顶部;不同地震动作用下,加速度放大系数沿墙高分布规律不同,动土压力沿墙高变化规律基本一致.     

考虑分层填筑及地应力平衡的挡土墙数值仿真

针对重力式挡土墙墙后分层填土对墙身受力影响的问题,深入研究分析墙背土压力动态变化值及规律性,利用大型通用有限元分析软件ADINA,建立了平面应变单元及墙、土接触单元的有限元计算模型,并且综合考虑墙后回填土Mo-hr-Coulomb材料本构模型,初始地应力场平衡、墙后回填土分层碾压填筑,设置墙、土之间的接触受力进行有限元...     

A simple prediction model for wall deflection caused by braced excavation in clays

Deep excavations particularly in deep deposits of soft clay can cause excessive ground movements and result in damage to adjacent buildings. Extensive plane strain finite element analyses considering the small strain effect have been carried out to examine the wall deflections for excavations in soft clay deposits supported by retaining walls and bracing. The excavation geometry, soil strength and stiffness properties, and the wall stiffness were varied to study the wall deflection behavior. Based on these results, a simple Polynomial Regression (PR) model was developed for estimating the maximum wall deflection. Wall deflections computed by this method compare favorably with a number of field and published records.     

Prediction of stresses and strains around model tunnels with adjacent embedded walls in overconsolidated clay

This paper presents the results of finite element analyses carried out using different constitutive models for overconsolidated clay: the Modified Cam clay model and the Three-Surface Kinematic Hardening (3-SKH) model. These analyses are evaluated against data from an extensive series of physical model tests examining the influence of an embedded wall placed near a tunnel on ground movements and tunnel stability. It is shown that for heavily overconsolidated soils reasonable predictions of both deformations and failure can be obtained from kinematic hardening models such as the 3-SKH model, which allow plastic deformation inside a Modified Cam clay state boundary surface.     

Seismic response analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil segmental retaining walls by finite element method

The paper presents the results of a finite element analysis of the dynamic response of a geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall that is constructed with dry-stacked modular concrete blocks as the facia system. In the finite element model, the cyclic shear behavior of the backfill soil is described by a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship with Masing hysteretic unload-reload behavior. The reinforcement material is modelled using a similar hysteretic model which takes into account the measured response of cyclic load-extension tests performed on unconfined geogrid specimens in the laboratory. Interface shear between wall components is simulated using slip elements. The results of finite element analyses giving the seismic response of a typical geogrid reinforced segmental retaining wall subjected to prescribed acceleration records are presented. The results of analyses highlight the influence of dynamic loading on: (1) wall displacement; (2) cumulative interface shear force and displacement between facing units; (3) tensile forces developed in the reinforcement and; (4) acceleration response over the height of the wall. A number of implications to the design of these structures are identified based on the results of these simulations.     

考虑土体硬化的基坑开挖性状及隆起稳定性分析

基坑开挖过程中,土体应力路径、卸载回弹再压缩特性与简单加载或卸载不同,采用常规的理想弹塑性模型模拟基坑开挖,得到的围护墙位移、坑内土体回弹以及坑外沉降较大。分析了基坑开挖不同区域土体的性状,采用土体硬化模型模拟基坑开挖的卸载与土体硬化行为,结合工程算例,对比土体硬化模型和理想弹塑性模拟以及实测的围护结构土压力、围护墙水平位移和坑外土体沉降,并利用强度折减法分析基坑的稳定性。计算结果表明,考虑土体硬化的HS模型有限元方法能体现土体卸载再加载与开挖的特性,所得土压力、围护结构水平位移以及基坑抗隆起稳定性符合软土地区基坑工程的实践。     

Capturing strain localization behind a geosynthetic‐reinforced soil wall

This paper presents the results of finite element (FE) analyses of shear strain localization that occurred in cohesionless soils supported by a geosynthetic‐reinforced retaining wall. The innovative aspects of the analyses include capturing of the localized deformation and the accompanying collapse mechanism using a recently developed embedded strong discontinuity model. The case study analysed, reported in previous publications, consists of a 3.5‐m tall, full‐scale reinforced wall model deforming in plane strain and loaded by surcharge at the surface to failure. Results of the analysis suggest strain localization developing from the toe of the wall and propagating upward to the ground surface, forming a curved failure surface. This is in agreement with a well‐documented failure mechanism experienced by the physical wall model showing internal failure surfaces developing behind the wall as a result of the surface loading. Important features of the analyses include mesh sensitivity studies and a comparison of the localization properties predicted by different pre‐localization constitutive models, including a family of three‐invariant elastoplastic constitutive models appropriate for frictional/dilatant materials. Results of the analysis demonstrate the potential of the enhanced FE method for capturing a collapse mechanism characterized by the presence of a failure, or slip, surface through earthen materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Deformation analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls—simplistic versus sophisticated finite element analyses

Over the last two decades, different kinds of modular block have been increasingly used in the geogrid-reinforced soil retaining walls. The simulation of such wall behavior, which involves interactions between different structural components and backfill soils, requires a rigorous numerical procedure. Finite element is usually a preferred method, but this procedure, especially the soil constitutive models, is of different degrees of sophistication. It is always an issue of how simple or sophisticated should an analysis be conducted in replicating the actual behavior. In this article, a full-scale test wall was used to validate simplistic and sophisticated finite element analyses. Different types of finite element and material models were used in the two kinds of analysis to differentiate the level of simplicity or sophistication. The results obtained from stress-deformation analyses are presented and compared. It is shown that for wall construction that involves static loading conditions, simplistic nonlinear elastic and sophisticated elastoplastic analyses produced close and acceptable results.     

Damage Estimation in Masonry Buildings Based on Excavation-Induced Ground Movements

Excavation-induced ground movements and the resulting damages to adjacent structures and facilities is a source of concern for excavation projects in urban areas. The concern will be even higher if the adjacent structure is old or has low strength parameters like masonry building. Frame distortion and crack generation are predictors of building damage resulted from excavation-induced ground movements, which pose challenges to projects involving excavations. This study is aimed to investigate the relation between excavation-induced ground movements and damage probability of buildings in excavation affected distance. The main focus of this paper is on masonry buildings and excavations stabilized using soil nail wall method. To achieve this purpose, 21 masonry buildings adjacent to 12 excavation projects were studied. Parametric studies were performed by developing 3D FE models of brick walls and excavations stabilized using soil nail wall. Finally, probability evaluations were conducted to analyze the outputs obtained from case studies. Based on the obtained results, simple charts were established to estimate the damage of masonry structures in excavation affected distance with two key parameters including “Displacement Ratio” and “Normalized Distance”. The results also highlight the effects of building distance from excavation wall on its damage probability.

     

挡墙基底换填对弃土场边坡稳定性影响分析

为了研究弃土场边坡挡墙加固中,挡墙基底在不同换填宽度条件下以及在同一宽度条件下不同换填深度对弃土场边坡稳定性的影响。基于有限元强度折减法理论,利用midas GTS有限元软件,依托工程实例建立二维有限元模型。分析了不同换填宽度及换填深度情况下弃土场边坡在暴雨工况下的稳定性系数。研究发现在同一换填宽度条件下,换填深度对边坡稳定性起决定性作用;只有在换填深度达到一定值时,增加换填宽度才对边坡稳定性有提升作用。     

Tunnelling in soils – ground movements, and damage to buildings in Workington, UK

Tunnelling through soils results in ground loss, causing surface settlements and transverse movements. Where the tunnel drive passes below an existing structure, it is important to estimate the effects upon the structure. However, the free ground deformations should not simply be imposed upon a structure, because the structure contributes to stiffening of the ground. A computational soil-structure interaction analysis is required, to otain detailed stress–deformation response. First, linear finite element and Lagrangian finite difference methods are used to estimate ground movements due to a tunnel in free ground, and the results are compared with values based on empirical equations. The two linear methods and an additional hybrid FE method are then used to assess with soil-structure interaction; two cases of a typical short wall and a long wall lying across the route of tunnels of different depths. The results support the validity of the hybrid method which is used to estimate interactive ground settlements for comparison with a reported case of tunnelling below a building in central London. A more detailed case study is then undertaken to assess building damage caused by gross settlements during tunnelling in mixed soils, at a site in Workington, west Cumbria. A survey allowed estimation of free ground movements. Analysis by the hybrid method on the soils plus uncracked structures indicated intolerable horizontal stresses. Re-analysis with major cracks introduced into the structures resulted in close agreement between measured and computed settlements.     

Finite element simulations of seismic effects on retaining walls with liquefiable backfills

Finite element simulations of two centrifuge tests on the same cantilever retaining wall model holding liquefiable backfill were conducted using the Biot formulation‐based program DIANA–SWANDYNE II. To demonstrate the effects due to different pore fluids in seismic centrifuge experiments, water was used as the pore fluid in one experiment whereas a substitute pore fluid was used in the second experiment. The cantilever wall model parameters were determined by comparing simulations with measurements from free‐vibration tests performed on the model wall without backfill. The initial stress conditions for dynamic analysis for the soil backfill were obtained by simulating static loads on the retaining wall from the soil backfill. Level‐ground centrifuge model results were used to select the parameters of the Pastor–Zienkiewicz mark III constitutive model used in the dynamic simulations of the soil. The effects due to different pore fluids were captured well by the simulations. The magnitudes of excess pore pressures in the soil, lateral thrust and its line of action on the wall, and wall bending strains, deflections, and accelerations were predicted well. Predictions of settlements and accelerations in the backfill were less satisfactory. Relatively high levels of Rayleigh damping were needed to be used in the retaining wall simulations in order to obtain numerically stable results, which is one of the shortcomings of the model. The procedure may be used for engineering purpose dealing with seismic analysis of flexible retaining walls where lateral pressures, bending strains and deflections in the wall are typically of importance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanized tunneling induced ground movement and its dependency on the tunnel volume loss and soil properties

This study investigates the ground movements due to mechanized tunnel excavation by applying two-dimensional finite element analyses. To assess the contribution of the compressibility and plasticity of the soil on the ground movements, different constitutive models are employed to describe the soil behavior. The influence of volume loss around the tunnel on the surface volume loss is investigated, and a quadratic correlation between them is proposed. Consequently, the empirical Gaussian distribution curve, which is generally used to determine the tunneling induced settlement trough, is improved by applying the proposed quadratic correlation between surface volume loss and tunnel volume loss. Furthermore, the settlement trough width parameter has been derived by a linear function of tunnel volume loss as well. The proposed equations are validated via a case study of centrifuge tests from the literature. The results show that the proposed modification enhances the empirical solution by having better knowledge on the model parameters. Additionally, tunnel overburden and coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest (K₀) are taken into account to study their influence on the tunneling induced surface settlements. Finally, global sensitivity analysis is applied to evaluate the relative importance of corresponding model parameters in terms of their influence on the ground movements.     

齿坎式挡土结构物极限抗滑力研究

以齿坎式挡土结构物的现场抗滑试验为依据,运用非线性弹性有限元方法,对齿坎长度分别为0、0.7 m和1.0 m的挡土结构物的现场试验进行了理论分析,研究了位于软弱地基中的挡土结构物中的齿坎抗滑机制,其有限元理论分析能很好地表征现场试验成果,并运用强度折减的有限元方法对齿坎式挡土结构物进行极限设计,该理论研究可为工程设计提供齿坎抗滑作用的设计理论。     

基于三维数值模拟的深基坑隔断墙优化设计

作为一种保护邻近建筑物的措施,隔断墙已经开始在深基坑工程中应用,但目前对其有关参数的设计还缺乏理论指导。以某软土地区深大基坑实例为背景,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,建立三维有限元分析模型,土体采用修正剑桥模型,模拟开挖实际工况,深入分析了隔断墙各设计参数对保护基坑邻近建筑物效果的影响,邻近建筑物沉降计算值和实测值验证了隔断墙参数优化分析结果的合理性。研究结果表明：地表位移、建筑物的横向角变量和围护墙最大位移随着隔断墙深度的增加而逐渐减小,但建筑物横向角变量的减小幅度趋缓,隔断墙存在一合理深度;随着隔断墙的位置逐渐从基坑侧壁向邻近建筑物移动,隔断墙外侧地表横向和纵向沉降以及纵向不均匀沉降均减小,建筑物的横向角变量也明显减小。理论上,隔断墙越靠近邻近建筑物,保护建筑物的效果越好;隔断墙的平面设置范围对于邻近建筑的保护效果也有着明显的影响,一般情况下可以取邻近建筑物的范围作为隔墙的合理设置范围;隔断墙刚度对地表位移和建筑物角变量影响不大,实际工程中宜取中等刚度的隔断墙。     

济南典型地层HSS参数选取及适用性研究

针对济南地区典型地层上的基坑工程,土体采用PLAXIS 3D中的硬化土小应变（HSS）模型,建立了有限元模型,并根据实际监测数据结合位移反分析技术,得到了该典型地层下土体HSS模型参数的一般选取方法。之后简化模型,分别采用土体的HSS模型与Mohr-Coulomb（M-C）模型进行有限元分析,对比基坑开挖至不同深度时,应用两种模型模拟所得挡土墙变形与墙后地表沉降的差异。结果表明：基坑数值分析中,土体采用M-C模型与HSS模型所得结果的差异随基坑挖深增加而增加,且采用HSS模型所得结果更符合深基坑的实际变形。综合考虑采用HSS模型与M-C模型建模时的参数选取难易程度、经济性以及两种模型数值分析的工程适用性,建议基坑开挖超过15 m时,土体采用HSS模型进行数值分析,反之可采用M-C模型。研究结果对指导深基坑支护设计及岩土工程参数的勘察、选取,具有重要参考价值。     

The effect of interface properties on retaining wall behaviour

A series of finite element analyses have been undertaken to investigate the effects of interface properties on the behaviour of a vertical retaining wall and the deformation of the ground around it. The boundary between a rigid embedded wall and the soil is modelled with zero thickness interface elements. Uniform translation of the wall has been studied. The analyses show the predicted limiting active and passive pressure on the wall are dependent on the maximum wall friction angle and are in reasonable agreement with accepted approximate analytical solutions. The limiting pressure is independent of the stiffness and dilation properties of the interface elements. The dilation properties of the interface have a significant effect on the ground surface deformation around the wall. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Subsidence on steep slopes due to longwall mining

Summary A two dimensional finite element model is used to simulate the extraction of coal by the longwall method underneath idealized surface slopes. The resulting subsidence, tilt and horizontal displacement values are compared with similar extractions using the same method beneath initially horizontal surfaces. The conclusions of a parametric study using this model, supported by field evidence, indicate that in areas of rugged topography, simple application of the procedures outlined in the National Coal BoardSubsidence Engineer's Handbook (1975) does not give acceptable predictions of the induced ground movements.     

Modelling the behaviour of a retaining wall in residual soils for a cut and cover construction of a deep station in Metro do Porto

This paper presents a re-appreciation of the ground characterisation and the criteria to select the most representative geomechanical parameters to consider in a numerical model to predict the behaviour of a retaining wall of a deep excavation in highly weathered granite rock masses and residual soils. This study was focused in the construction of a deep station of Metro do Porto, which involved a cut and cover solution, with unusual proportions (in plant and in depth), built in the typical Oporto's granite weathered profiles, being the excavation conducted with retaining walls consisting of multi-anchored concrete piles. Specific sections were carefully instrumented, due to the presence of historic buildings in the vicinity. The definition of representative model parameters was based on precise laboratory tests over high quality soil samples, including oedometer and high-precision triaxial tests. Geotechnical and geological characterisation of all the area for the original design, was initially based on in situ tests, such as SPT and rock masses classification, and on the local experience on this type of ground. After this construction, the assumptions of parameterisation, using a constitutive modelling based on new laboratory tests over high quality block samples, allowed a reanalysis of the assumptions on the design phase. A back-analysis of monitored displacements and forces during the construction was made, assuming the designed structural solutions, which were in fact implemented in construction, but considering the new approaches on the definition of the geomechanical parameters for the prevailing weathered rock masses, necessary for the numerical simulation based on the commercial software Plaxis®, using the Mohr-Coulomb and “Hardening-Soil” models. Some specific changes of the constructive sequence during the excavation and activation of supporting system were attained, by looking at the information found during the construction. The results of this parametrical re-approach and analysis of the singularities of highly weathered granite and corresponding residual soils masses for modelling of retaining walls of large excavations are discussed.     

Comparison of the pseudo-static and dynamic behaviour of gravity retaining walls

Summary Pseudo-static and dynamic non-linear finite element analyses have been performed to assess the dynamic behaviour of gravity retaining walls subjected to horizontal earthquake loading. In the pseudo-static analysis, the peak ground acceleration is converted into a pseudo-static inertia force and applied as a horizontal incremental gravity load. In the dynamic analysis, an actual measured earthquake acceleration time history has been scaled to provide peak ground acceleration values of 0.1 g and 0.3 g. Good agreement is obtained between the pseudo-static analysis and analytical methods for the calculation of the active coefficient of earth pressure. However, the results from the dynamic analysis require careful interpretation. In the pseudo-static analysis, the increase in the point of application of the resultant active force with the horizontal earthquake coefficient k _h from the one-third point to the mid-height of the wall is clearly observed. In the dynamic analysis, the variation in the point of application is shown to be a function of the type of wall deformation. Both finite element analyses indicate the importance of determining the magnitude of the predicted displacements when assessing the behaviour of the wall to seismic loading.