新疆北部覆膜滴灌棉田的碳交换日、生长季变化特征

利用涡动相关系统测定新疆石河子棉区覆膜滴灌棉田的CO₂通量,分析2010年棉花各生育期净生态系统碳交换（NEE）的日变化特征,并将[NEE]拆分为生态系统总生产力（GEP）和生态系统呼吸（R_eco）,分析三者的生长季变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：在播种期和苗期,棉田白天和夜间的NEE变化幅度都较小;其他生育期NEE白天呈‘V’形变化,夜间为正值且变化小。NEE的日变化主要受太阳总辐射影响。GEP、R_eco和NEE的生长季变化趋势与叶面积指数变化相对一致,最大日累积量均出现在花铃期,分别为11.8,8.0和-6.2 g C·m^-2·d^-1。播种期、苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的日平均[NEE]分别为2.6,1.6,-1.2,-2.8和0.5 g C·m^-2·d^-1。整个生长季棉田NEE累积量为-122.2 g C·m^-2,表现为碳汇。由偏相关分析可得,GEP,R_eco和NEE的生长季变化与气温的相关系数最高,其次为饱和水汽压差,再次为太阳总辐射和土壤温度,结果表明气温是影响棉田GEP,R_eco和NEE生长季变化的主要气象因素。气温对棉田GEP,R_eco和净碳吸收起促进作用,而饱和水汽压差对其起限制作用。     

干旱对青藏高原腹地高寒草地生态系统净CO2交换的影响

干旱对草地生态系统NEE有深刻影响。基于涡度相关技术提供的碳通量及小气候数据,研究了2009年当雄高寒草地生态系统的碳交换特征及其主控因子,同时分析了干旱的可能影响。5—7月初及9月发生的干旱导致草地GLAI、ALB和GPP较低,6月中旬到7月初碳吸收一度下降。干旱使6、7月份NEE日变化进程发生改变。同时,NEE和GPP的季节变化也受到干旱影响。由于干旱导致生态系统吸收能力降低,75]3日出现NEE日净碳排放最高值（0．9gCm-2d-1）。5-7月的NEE月总量均大于0,且逐月增加。该草地2009年的GPP和NEE分别为-158．1和52．4gCm。日均0〈01时,0成为影响白天NEE变化的主控因子。GLAI、r和目是3个对NEE季节变异影响最大的指标,且其影响程度依次降低。GPP季节变化的主控因子是GLAI、θ、PPT、VPD和瓦,生态系统水分状况（0、PPT或VPD）对GPP的影响大于T20。Rcco主要受控于t、GLAI、PAR和PPT,且其影响力依次降低。GLAI的季节变化可解释NEE和GPP变异的60．7％和76．1％。当雄高寒草地生态系统水分条件的年际变化可能是影响NEE年际变异的主要因子。     

氮添加对黄土高原草原生态系统净碳交换的影响

以黄土高原典型草原为对象,采用静态箱-红外分析仪联用法进行野外原位试验,研究氮添加对生态系统CO2通量的影响。设置6个氮添加水平,分别为N0(0)、N1(1.15 g·m^-2·a^-1)、N2(2.3 g·m^-2·a^-1)、N3(4.6 g·m^-2·a^-1)、N4(9.2 g·m^-2·a^-1)和N5(13.8 g·m^-2·a^-1),氮素类型为尿素((NH2)2CO)。结果表明:氮添加处理没有改变生态系统碳交换的季节动态趋势,但是增加了生态系统净碳交换能力(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(ER)和总生态系统生产力(GEP)的峰值。N2、N3、N4、N5处理的NEE生长季绝对累积量分别比对照增加62%、45%、72%和48%;ER累积量分别增加66%、69%、78%、70%;GEP累积量分别增加65%、66%、77%、68%。氮添加处理增强了黄土高原典型草原植物生长季的碳汇功能。0~10 cm层土壤温度和湿度是影响黄土高原典型草原生态系统净碳交换的重要因素。     

围封和放牧对科尔沁沙质草地净生态系统碳交换量的影响北大核心CSCD

利用箱式法对科尔沁地区围封和放牧条件下的沙质草地净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)进行研究,以探讨围封、放牧对NEE的影响。结果显示:(1)围封17年样地的NEE显著小于围封22年样地的,围封22年样地的显著小于放牧样地的(P<0.01)。(2)在植物生长季内,围封样地总体表现出碳汇功能,放牧样地表现出碳源功能。(3)从碳净固定的量来看,围封17年沙质草地的净碳固定能力强于围封22年的;而围封22年比围封17年的沙质草地的在净碳固定方面持续的时间较长。(4)不同环境因子对不同处理NEE的影响程度不尽相同,其线性组合最大可解释NEE的变异依次为围封22年(39.5%)>围封17年(32.1%)>放牧(21.2%)。     

散射辐射对西藏高原高寒草甸净生态系统CO2交换的影响

2003~2006年在当雄草原站用涡度相关法对西藏高原广泛分布的高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量和常规气象数据进行了连续观测。基于这些数据,根据净生态系统CO₂交换量(NEE)对晴朗指数(k)和土壤温度的响应特征,分析了净生态系统CO₂交换量与散射辐射之间的关系。依据地面接受的散射辐射量把天气划分为云隙天、晴天和多云天。结果表明,散射辐射不能提高西藏高原高寒草甸生态系统的碳吸收水平。该生态系统的碳收支过程主要受光合有效辐射控制,碳排放过程主要受土壤温度控制;且NEE随k的变化趋势受散射辐射的影响较小,生态系统碳收支更多地受太阳辐射对土壤强烈加温的影响。三种散射辐射天气条件下,NEE随k的变化趋势基本一致,先增加后减小;NEE达最大值时的土壤温度皆为15℃左右,k值皆为0.7~0.8。     

西藏高原高寒嵩草草甸在不同降雨条件下CO_2通量的生物物理调节机制（英文）

降雨的年际变化可导致碳通量显著变化。因此我们利用涡度相关(EC)技术观测西藏高原北部的一个高寒草甸连续2年(2005–2006)的CO2净生态系统交换(NEE),以分析不同降水年份下CO_2通量的差异和控制因素。2005和2006年的降水量分别为489.9 mm和241.1 mm,相比于476.0 mm的多年平均值,前者属于平水年,后者属于干旱年。2006年的NEE的年际累积表现为净排放量(87.70 g C m~(-2) yr~(-1)),而2005年则表现为非常微弱的吸收(-2.35 g C m~(-2) yr~(-1))。因此该高寒草甸在平水年是碳中性的,但在干旱年是碳源,这说明如果未来气候变暖继续恶化加剧土壤干旱的条件下,高寒草甸有可能成为一个CO_2释放源。在干旱年份,总初级生产力(GEE)、叶面积指数(LAI)以及生态系统碳吸收持续的时间都明显降低,由此引发干旱年份生长季旺盛时期每日NEE最大吸收速率、最大光合速率(Pmax)以及表观量子效率(α)只是平水年的30%–50%。在其他因子的调控方面,半小时尺度的GEE和NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)密切相关,但这种响应会受空气温度(T_a),土壤水分含量(SWC)和水汽压亏缺(VPD)的影响。NEE的吸收速率会随着T_a和VPD的升高以及SWC的下降而减少。当PAR超过合适的范围值时,由于较高的辐射加剧了土壤干旱的情况,会减少白天NEE的吸收速率。NEE吸收速率的最适T_a和VPD值分别为12.7℃和0.42 KPa,而且NEE的吸收速率也会随着SWC的增加而增大。LAI的季节变异能够解释GEE和NEE变异的77%。半小时尺度上的生态系统呼吸(R_e)的变异主要依赖于土壤温度(T_s),但SWC会在一定程度上调控R_e对T_s的响应。     

石羊河流域生态系统服务时空变化及其多尺度影响因素研究

对生态系统服务时空变化的影响因素开展多尺度定量分析,是揭示生态系统服务演化机理和推进区域可持续发展的重要突破口。既有研究侧重于从行政或流域的等级确定研究尺度大小,缺乏科学合理的尺度划分方法。论文以石羊河流域为研究区,评估了食物供给、碳固存、产水量和防风固沙4种生态系统服务的时空变化特征,并应用小波分析和参数最优地理探测器模型确定了生态系统服务时空变化影响因素研究的最佳尺度及不同尺度下的主要影响因子。结果表明：(1) 2000—2020年石羊河流域食物供给、碳固存、产水量和防风固沙4种生态系统服务均呈上升趋势。食物供给服务增幅最大,增幅为138.3%,碳固存、产水量和防风固沙服务增幅分别为0.97%、7.6%和9.5%。(2)根据4种生态系统服务的小波方差主周期,2000—2020年和2010—2020年分别构建了6个、2000—2010年构建了7个影响因素研究的特征尺度。(3)随着尺度增大,影响因子对生态系统服务时空变化的作用程度逐渐增强,且不同尺度的主要影响因子存在明显差异。食物供给和碳固存服务在小尺度上主要受人文因子影响,大尺度上受自然因子影响;产水量服务在不同尺度上始终受自然因子...     

多云条件有利于亚热带人工针叶林不同季节净生态系统碳吸收（英文）

太阳辐射的动态变化对生态系统固碳有重要影响,而不同天气条件下太阳辐射的改变对森林净生态系统碳交换(NEE)的影响还不明确。本研究利用亚热带人工针叶林生态系统2012年的通量数据和气象数据,分析了晴天、多云、阴天三种天气对NEE的影响。基于一年数据的研究结果表明:在不同季节中,不同天气下光响应曲线的变化没有季节性差异。和晴天条件相比,多云条件下的表观量子效率(?),150和750 W m^–2光强下的潜在光合速率(P₁₅₀和P₇₅₀)分别平均提高了82.3%、217.7%、22.5%;阴天条件下的α和P₁₅₀分别平均提高了118.5%和301%。中等辐射条件有利于NEE达到最大值,但低辐射条件对NEE有抑制作用。在大多数情况下,与晴天相比,多云下NEE的相对改变量(%NEE)为正,但阴天下为负。多云条件下最大%NEE的平均值在春夏秋冬分别为42.4%、34.1%、1.6%、-87.3%。本研究表明多云天气促进亚热带人工针叶林的潜在光合速率和NEE。     

湿地生态系统CO_2源/汇研究综述

湿地生态系统独特的生态特性使其在温室气体的固定和释放中发挥了重要作用,湿地生态系统CO2源/汇成为全球气候变化研究中的热点问题。该文系统总结了近年来湿地生态系统CO2源/汇特征,探讨了自然环境因子以及人类活动对湿地CO2源/汇功能的影响。研究表明,目前绝大多数湿地生态系统是大气CO2的汇,湿地CO2源/汇特征表现出明显的时空变异性。气温是气象因素中影响湿地净生态系统CO2通量(NEE)变化的一个重要甚至首要因子;土壤状况因子包括温度、pH值等均对NEE有明显影响,但影响程度不同;湿地水文对CO2源/汇的影响主要表现在干、湿季以及水位变化对NEE的影响上;植被类型及干扰程度不同,湿地CO2源/汇功能具有很大差异;人类活动尤其是将湿地开垦为农田,会使湿地变成大气CO2的源,而生态修复则使湿地作为大气CO2汇的能力得到恢复。     

长江大型通江湖泊中克氏原鳌虾(Procambarus clarkii)种群数量的影响因子

入侵物种和栖息地退化都是导致淡水生物多样性丧失的主要原因。但是关于栖息地退化和入侵物种种群数量的研究很少。克氏原鳌虾(Procambarus clarkii)是淡水生态系统中最具破坏性的入侵物种之一。本研究采用主成分分析法(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)、广义线性模型(Generalized Linear Model,GLM)和贝叶斯模型(Bayesian model),分析了2017-2019年西洞庭湖天然湿地和改造湿地中的克氏原鳌虾的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)与环境因子的关系。研究结果表明,克氏原鳌虾CPUE与总氮、总磷、水温、pH、水深、水透明度呈正相关,与溶解氧和氧化还原电位呈负相关。克氏原鳌虾CPUE在天然湿地和改造湿地中的差异不显著。克氏原鳌虾CPUE呈逐年下降趋势,且2018年与2019年的克氏原鳌虾CPUE均显著低于2017年。水文情势的年际变化对克氏原鳌虾种群数量的影响起重要作用。保证夏季水位和流速对控制克氏原鳌虾种群数量具有重要意义。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,