龙门山断裂带周缘重复地震识别及其在台网定位评价中的应用

利用国家测震台网数据备份中心时间跨度超过7年的连续波形资料, 设定至少三个台站记录的垂直分量波形互相关系数大于0.8的地震对为一组重复地震, 通过波形互相关分析, 识别出龙门山断裂带周缘波形相关意义上的“重复地震”2790次, 构成2907组重复地震。 沿用Schaff和Richards的研究结果, 假定“重复地震”间距很小(小于1 km), 地震目录记录的重复地震对位置之差主要为地震台网的定位误差所致, 基于此误差给出了龙门山断裂带周缘地震台网的定位精度估计: 台网的水平定位精度较高, 水平定位误差约为2.8 km(2倍标准差), 且西南段台网的水平定位精度优于中北段; 垂直定位精度较差, 垂直定位误差约为10 km(2倍标准差), 现有地震定位方法对震源深度的测定有待改善。     

Earthquake source parameters as inferred from the body waveform modeling, southern Turkey

Focal mechanism parameters of some significant earthquakes from southern Turkey have been estimated using either the body waveforms or the first motions of P-waves. It is observed that fault plane solutions derived from first motions may not be well constrained and may often be in error because of poor signal-to-noise ratios at some stations, poorly distributed recording stations in azimuth, lack of recognition of the reversed polarities at some stations, and positions of stations in terms of the crustal velocity structure, focal depth and, hence, take-off angles in the source area. The use of the inversion method introduces a considerable improvement in the focal parameters estimated in previous studies that have been used to construct seismotectonic models in the study area. The focal depths inferred from the inversion of body waveforms for the earthquakes occurring in southwestern Turkey are compatible with those reported by the ISC bulletins and other previous studies while the focal depths of earthquakes from the Antalya Bay are found to be less than those given by different agencies. Waveform inversion of earthquakes that have occurred in and around the Antalya Bay implies a low velocity layer showing azimuthal dependence. Hence, depth of rupture and lateral extent of velocity structure are of importance in the investigation of earthquake faulting process in this area. The source time duration of shallow earthquakes is generally longer than that for the deep focus earthquakes from the Antalya Bay and the Rhodes area. The events with relatively short and simple time functions may be interpreted as low stress drop events relative to the crustal ones.     

重庆荣昌诱发地震区精细速度结构及2010年ML5.1地震序列精确定位

Based on data collected from a temporal seismic network, and in addition to the data from some nearby permanent stations, we investigate the velocity structure and seismicity in the Rongchang gas field, where significant injection-induced seismicity has been identified. First, we use receiver functions from distant earthquakes to invert detailed 1-D velocity structures beneath typical stations. Then, we use the double-difference hypocenter location method to re-locate earthquakes of the 2010 ML5.1 earthquake sequence that occurred in the region. The re-located hypocenters show that the 2010 ML5.1 earthquake sequence was distributed in a small area surrounding major injection wells and clustered mostly along pre-existing faults. Major earthquakes show a focal depth less than 5km with a dominant depth of ～2km, a depth of major reservoirs and injection wells. We thus conclude that the 2010 ML 5.1 earthquake sequence might have been induced by the deep well injection of unwanted water at a depth ～3km in the Rongchang gas field.     

紫坪铺水库库区地震精定位研究及分析

利用双差定位法, 对紫坪铺水库台网8个地震台站记录到的2004年8月16日至2008年5月10日的1569个小震进行重新定位。 结果显示, 重新定位后的小震主要集中分布在龙门山推覆构造带的中央北川—映秀断裂、 前山灌县-江油断裂和后山汶川—茂汶断裂上, 其中大部分地震位于北川—映秀断裂并收敛于紫坪铺水库的两端, 走向NE向; 震源深度集中在5~15 km范围内, 平均深度为7.8 km, 15~30 km也有少量地震发生。 水库区域小震活动频度与水库水位存在一定的相关性。 精定位后, 到时残差的均方根平均值为0.048 s, 震源位置的估算误差在水平方向上平均为0.63 km, 在垂直方向上平均为0.51 km。 文中还讨论了紫坪铺水库区震源分布和地质构造的关系。     

Earthquake activity during the 1983 Etna eruption

Seismic stations, with automatic P-picking and satellite retransmission were set up on Mount Etna following the eruption started on March 1983. Positions of the stations were chosen in order to complement the permanent telemetered network of Catania University.Comparison between locations obtained by both networks were made for earthquakes recorded by at least 5 ARGOS DCP (Data Collection Platform) stations. We observed a satisfactory agreement for events inside both networks.By merging data of both networks, it has been possible to locate more than 50 earthquakes for which separate computation was not possible due to the low number of arrivals.On 3rd-4th June a swarm of deep seismic events was observed. Hypocenters of these earthquakes are clearly located in a NNW-SSE-trending vertical zone of 5 km width at a depth of 7–36 km.Changes in the distribution of shallow seismic activity, before and after this swarm, have been observed.     

On the Problem of Deep Earthquakes in Crimea–Black Sea Region

It is a common opinion that only crustal earthquakes can occur in the Crimea–Black Sea region. Since the existence of deep earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region is extremely important for the construction of a geodynamic model for this region, an attempt is made to verify the validity of this widespread view. To do this, the coordinates of all earthquakes recorded by the stations of the Crimean seismological network are reinterpreted with an algorithm developed by one of the authors. The data published in the seismological catalogs and bulletins of the Crimea–Black Sea region for 1970–2012 are used for the analysis. To refine the coordinates of hypocenters of earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region, in addition to the data from stations of the Crimean seismological network, information from seismic stations located around the Black Sea coast are used. In total, the data from 61 seismic stations were used to determine the hypocenter coordinates. The used earthquake catalogs for 1970–2012 contain information on ~2140 events with magnitudes from–1.5 to 5.5. The bulletins provide information on the arrival times of P- and S-waves at seismic stations for 1988 events recorded by three or more stations. The principal innovation of this study is the use of the original author’s hypocenter determination algorithm, which minimizes the functional of distances between the points (X, Y, H) and (x, y, h) corresponding to the theoretical and observed seismic wave travel times from the earthquake source to the recording stations. The determination of the coordinates of earthquake hypocenters is much more stable in this case than the usual minimization of the residual functional for the arrival time of an earthquake wave at a station (the difference between the theoretical and observed values). Since determination of the hypocenter coordinates can be influenced by the chosen velocity column beneath each station, special attention is focused on collecting information on velocity profiles. To evaluate the influence of the upper mantle on the results of calculating the velocity model, two different low-velocity and high-velocity models are used; the results are compared with each other. Both velocity models are set to a depth of 640 km, which is fundamentally important in determining hypocenters for deep earthquakes. Studies of the Crimea–Black Sea region have revealed more than 70 earthquakes with a source depth of more than 60 km. The adequacy of the obtained depth values is confirmed by the results of comparing the initial experimental data from the bulletins with the theoretical travel-time curves for earthquake sources with depths of 50 and 200 km. The sources of deep earthquakes found in the Crimea–Black Sea region significantly change our understanding of the structure and geotectonics of this region.     

Location Performance and Detection Threshold of the Spanish National Seismic Network

Spain is a low-to-moderate seismicity area with relatively low seismic hazard. However, several strong shallow earthquakes have shaken the country causing casualties and extensive damage. Regional seismicity is monitored and surveyed by means of the Spanish National Seismic Network, maintenance and control of which are entrusted to the Instituto Geográfico Nacional. This array currently comprises 120 seismic stations distributed throughout Spanish territory (mainland and islands). Basically, we are interested in checking the noise conditions, reliability, and seismic detection capability of the Spanish network by analyzing the background noise level affecting the array stations, errors in hypocentral location, and detection threshold, which provides knowledge about network performance. It also enables testing of the suitability of the velocity model used in the routine process of earthquake location. To perform this study we use a method that relies on P and S wave travel times, which are computed by simulation of seismic rays from virtual seismic sources placed at the nodes of a regular grid covering the study area. Given the characteristics of the seismicity of Spain, we drew maps for M _L magnitudes 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0, at a focal depth of 10 km and a confidence level 95 %. The results relate to the number of stations involved in the hypocentral location process, how these stations are distributed spatially, and the uncertainties of focal data (errors in origin time, longitude, latitude, and depth). To assess the extent to which principal seismogenic areas are well monitored by the network, we estimated the average error in the location of a seismic source from the semiaxes of the ellipsoid of confidence by calculating the radius of the equivalent sphere. Finally, the detection threshold was determined as the magnitude of the smallest seismic event detected at least by four stations. The northwest of the peninsula, the Pyrenees, especially the westernmost segment, the Betic Cordillera, and Tenerife Island are the best-monitored zones. Origin time and focal depth are data that are far from being constrained by regional events. The two Iberian areas with moderate seismicity and the highest seismic hazard, the Pyrenees and Betic Cordillera, and the northwestern quadrant of the peninsula, are the areas wherein the focus of an earthquake is determined with an approximate error of 3 km. For M _L 2.5 and M _L 3.0 this error is common for almost the whole peninsula and the Canary Islands. In general, errors in epicenter latitude and longitude are small for near-surface earthquakes, increasing gradually as the depth increases, but remaining close to 5 km even at a depth of 60 km. The hypocentral depth seems to be well constrained to a depth of 40 km beneath the zones with the highest density of stations, with an error of less than 5 km. The M _L magnitude detection threshold of the network is approximately 2.0 for most of Spain and still less, almost 1.0, for the western sector of the Pyrenean region and the Canary Islands.     

重庆荣昌诱发地震区精细速度结构及2010年M_L5.1地震序列精确定位

根据重庆市地震台网和流动地震台网记录到的天然地震资料,利用接收函数反演得到荣昌地区的精细一维速度结构。在此基础上用双差定位法对2010年9月10日重庆荣昌M_L5.1地震序列进行了精定位。结果表明,地震定位精度得到极大提高,震中分布与区域地质构造的关系更加清晰。多数地震集中在主要断层附近并呈条带状分布,震源深度集中在2km附近,与主要储藏层及注水井深度吻合,初步认为该地震序列为注水活动所诱发的构造地震活动。文中获得的精准的速度结构及地震空间分布对于进一步深入研究震区深部地质构造特征、注水诱发地震的机理等具有重要意义。     

1927年古浪8级大震及其周边地区三维地壳P波速度结构特征

本文联合利用甘肃及周边测震台网记录的古浪及周边地区4592次地震的P波绝对到时资料和相对到时资料,采用双差地震层析成像方法反演了古浪震源区高分辨率的三维P波速度精细结构.结果显示,浅部P波速度分布与地表地质之间具有很好的对应关系.皇城—双塔断裂带在6 km以上深度表现为高速异常带,而在6~15 km逐渐转换为明显的低速特征,之后再次转换为高速体.震区下部在10~20 km深度有一个尺度约200 km²的低速异常体,地震发生时破裂首先在该低速体发生,与主震空间位置非常吻合.主震区的岩石结构主要由奥陶纪变质砂岩、石英岩和加里东期的花岗岩等坚硬岩体组成.这种坚硬岩体对应的P波速度结构为高速体,有利于能量积累.武威盆地在20 km以上深度表现为明显的低速异常,在25 km深度之下,整体显示为高速体,表现出稳定块体的特征.表明武威盆地中下地壳和上地幔顶部已插入到冷龙岭隆起带之下.震区小震重新定位发现,皇城—双塔断裂带东、西两段表现出不同的力学运动性质,西段以逆冲运动为主,地震主要发生在断裂的下盘.而东段地震却主要发生在上盘,断层活动以局部拉张为主.我们还首次发现在皇城—双塔断裂带的中段与主破裂呈垂直方向存在有在主震发生时新产生的一条共轭断层,基于小震的断层面参数反演显示该断裂是一高倾角运动性质以右旋为主兼具正断的断裂.     

Crustal structure and accurate hypocenter determination along the Longmenshan fault zone

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三峡水库地震活动特征研究

在已有速度模型的基础上,选取三峡水库区529个地震重新确定了速度模型和台站校正,并利用该结果对2 138次地震进行了定位。研究表明,在不同区域震源深度存在明显的差异,仙女山断裂附近的地震平均震源深度为5.6km,而巴东地区的地震平均震源深度为2.6km。以震源深度5km为界,浅于5km的地震的b值为1.16,而深于5km地震的b值为0.90,不同深度地震的频次变化与水位关系差异明显     

基于密集台阵的青藏高原东北缘地壳精细结构及九寨沟地震震源区结构特征分析

基于青藏高原东北缘密集宽频带野外流动观测台阵以及固定台站资料,利用双差层析成像方法对地震位置和研究区的地壳速度结构进行了反演.最终用于联合反演的地震事件合计9644个.结果显示青藏高原东北缘速度结构具有明显的横向不均匀性.从整体上看,青藏高原地区表现为低速异常,鄂尔多斯表现为高速异常,而扬子地块亦表现为高速异常.不同深度处速度结构表现不一致,同一深度处P波速度结构和S波速度结构也有明显差异.由西秦岭北缘断裂带、临潭-宕昌断裂以及礼县-罗家堡断裂围限的地震活动强烈的区域中,P波速度结构由深度0 km时呈现的低速异常,逐渐过渡到5 km时高低速相间分布的特征;而S波速度结构在此区域中,由近地表0 km时高低速相间分布的特征,逐渐过渡到30 km时几乎表现为低速异常.2017年8月8日九寨沟7级地震所在的塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和雪山断裂围限区域,在深度20 km处的P波速度结构和周围存在明显差异,九寨沟地震处于高速异常与低速异常的过渡带内.此外,2013年7月22日发生在青藏高原东北缘的岷漳县6.6级地震,震源区所在的临潭-宕昌断裂附近的P波速度结构在15 km深度处也有明显特征,震源位置所在区域也处于高低速过渡带.该区域这种地壳内部高低速过渡带可能是应力比较容易积累而发生中强地震的一个重要场所.     

利用人工爆破资料研究福建一维P波速度结构和地震定位

通过人工爆破资料研究地球结构的独特优点是震源时间和位置精确知道.2010—2012年间福建省进行了一系列的爆破实验.本文利用手工拾取来自省地震台网记录的爆破地震初至Pg、Pn以及续至Pg波到时数据,采用联合反演方法构建了新的一维P波速度模型,即福建爆破模型(FJEM).与华南模型相比,FJEM模型对走时的拟合程度提高了45%,有明显改善.利用不同爆破地震数据组合得到稳定类似的福建地区一维速度模型,显示福建地区存在较简单的一维速度结构.对爆破地震的重定位显示传统使用的华南模型在福建地区具有较小的水平定位误差(平均0.52±0.45km),但存在较大深度误差(平均4.7±1.2km).FJEM模型表现出与华南模型相似的水平定位能力,但是震源深度误差更小(1.3±1.1km).对基于FJEM模型的合成天然地震目录的重定位,华南模型显示出相似的定位结果:(1)台站方位覆盖较好的福建中部地区的水平定位误差小;(2)台站方位覆盖差的福建海岸及海峡区域水平定位误差大;(3)震源深度误差则跟台站数目及方位分布没有明显的关系,而是与发震时间误差有互易关系.从中可以看出,地震水平定位误差基本上受台站方位覆盖影响,而受参考速度模型影响不大;而在深度方面,本文改进的FJEM模型不仅更加接近真实的速度结构(拟合走时更好)而且也减小了深度误差.因此建议在福建及其邻近区域的日常定位中用FJEM模型替代华南模型.     

STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEISMIC DISTRIBUTIONOF RUSHAN SEQUENCE AND VELOCITY STRUCTURE

Since the earthquake of M_L3.8 occurring on October 1, 2013 in Ruishan, Weihai City, Shandong Province, the sequence has lasted for about 4 years(Aug. 31, 2017). Seismicity is enhanced or weakened and fluctuated continuously. More than 13250 aftershocks have been recorded in Shandong Seismic Network. During this period, the significant earthquake events were magnitude 4.2(M_L4.7)on January 7, 4.0(M_L4.5)on April 4, M3.6(M_L 4.1)on September 16 in 2014 and M4.6(M_L5.0)on May 22, 2015. The earthquake of M_L5.0 was the largest one in the Rushan sequence so far. In order to strengthen the monitoring of aftershocks, 18 temporary stations were set up near the epicenter at the end of April, 2014(official recording began on May 7)by Shandong Earthquake Agency, which constitutes an intensified network in Rushan that surrounds the four quadrants of the small earthquake concentration area together with 12 fixed stations nearby, and provides an effective data foundation for the refinement of Rushan earthquake sequence. The velocity structure offers important information related to earthquake location and the focal medium, providing an important basis for understanding the background and mechanism of the earthquake. In this paper, double-difference tomography method is used to relocate the seismic events recorded by more than six stations of Rushan array from May 7, 2014 to December 31, 2016, and the inversion on the P-wave velocity structure of the focal area is conducted. The Hyposat positioning method is used to relocate the absolute position. Only the stations with the first wave arrival time less than 0.1 second are involved in the location. A total of 14165 seismic records are obtained, which is much larger than that recorded by Shandong Seismic Network during the same period with 7708 earthquakes and 2048 localizable ones. A total of 1410 earthquakes with M_L ≥ 1.0 were selected to participate in the inversion. Precise relocation of 1376 earthquakes is obtained by using double-difference tomography, in which, there are 14318 absolute traveltime P waves and 63162 relative travel time P waves. The epicenters are located in distribution along NWW-SEE toward SEE and tend to WS, forming a seismic belt with the length about 3km and width about 1km. The focal depths are mainly concentrated between 4km and 9km, occurring mainly at the edge of the high velocity body, and gradually dispersing with time. It has obvious temporal and spatial cluster characteristics. Compared with the precise relocation of Shandong network, the accuracy of the positioning of Rushan array is higher. The main reason is that the epicenter of Rushan earthquake swarm is near the seaside, and the fixed stations of Shandong Seismic Network are located on the one side of the epicenter. The nearest three stations(RSH, HAY, WED)from the epicenter are Rushan station with epicentral distance about 13km, the Haiyang station with epicentral distance about 33km, and Wendeng station with epicentral distance about 42km. The epicentral distance of the rest stations are more than 75km. In addition, the magnitude of most earthquakes in Rushan sequence is small. The accuracy of phase identification is relatively limited due to the slightly larger epicentral distance of the station HAY and station WED in Shandong Seismic Network. Furthermore, the one-dimensional velocity model used in network location is simple with only the depth and velocity of Moho surface and Conrad surface. The epicentral distances of the 18 temporary stations in Rushan are less than 10km, and the initial phase is clear. The island station set up on the southeast side and the Haiyangsuo station on the southwest side form a comprehensive package for the epicenter. Compared with the double-difference algorithm method, the double-difference tomography method used in this paper is more accurate for the velocity structure, thus can obtain the optimal relocation result and velocity structure. the velocity structure shows that there are three distinct regions with different velocities in the vicinity of the focal area. The earthquakes mainly occur in the intersection of the three regions and on the side of the high velocity body. With the increase of depth, P wave velocity increases gradually and there are two distinct velocity changes. The aftershock activities basically occur near the dividing line to the high velocity side. The south side is low velocity abnormal body and the north side is high velocity abnormal body. High velocity body becomes shallower from south to north, which coincides with the tectonic conditions of Rushan. Considering the spatial relationships between the epicenter distribution and the high-low velocity body and different lithology of geological structure, and other factors, it is inferred that the location of the epicenter should be the boundary of two different rock bodies, and there may be a hidden fault in the transition zone between high velocity abnormal body and low velocity abnormal body. The interface position of the high-low velocity body, the concentrating area of the aftershocks, is often the stress concentration zone, the medium is relatively weak, and the intensity is low. There is almost no earthquake in the high velocity abnormal body, and the energy accumulated in the high velocity body is released at the peripheral positions. It can be seen that the existence of the high-low velocity body has a certain control effect on the distribution of the aftershocks.     

2003年新疆巴楚-伽师地震序列的双差法重新定位研究

将近台记录和区域台网数据联合用于双差地震定位算法,对2003年新疆巴楚-伽师MS68强震后404个ML≥35余震序列进行双差法重新精确定位,并对其进行了理论上的可行性分析. 精定位后定位结果与传统定位方法的原始定位结果进行比较发现：（1）精定位后震中分布图像更加集中,与当地的烈度考察和震源机制解结果更加协调;（2）震源深度优势分布集中在15～25km以内,与当地存在深度为10km以上低速沉积层的地质构造情况相一致;（3）精定位后定位残差由原来的394s降为024s,水平向估算误差平均可控制在11km以内,垂直向估算误差平均可控制在24km.     

Shallow Seismic Velocity Structure of the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain) from Modelling of Rayleigh Wave Dispersion

A detailed dispersion analysis of Rayleigh waves generated by local earthquakes and occasionally by blasts that occurred in southern Spain, was undertaken to obtain the shear-wave velocity structure of the region at shallow depth. Our database includes seismograms generated by 35 seismic events that were recorded by 15 single-component short-period stations from 1990 to 1995. All these events have focal depths less than 10 km and body-wave magnitudes between 3.0 and 4.0, and they were all recorded at distances between 40 and 300 km from the epicentre. We analysed a total of 90 source-station Rayleigh-wave paths. The collected data were processed by standard digital filtering techniques to obtain Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion measurements. The path-averaged group velocities vary from 1.12 to 2.25 km/s within the 1.0-6.0 s period interval. Then, using a stochastic inversion approach we obtained 1-D shear-wave velocity–depth models across the study area, which were resolved to a depth of circa 5 km. The inverted shear-wave velocities range approximately between 1.0 and 3.8 km/s with a standard deviation range of 0.05–0.16 km/s, and show significant variations from region to region. These results were combined to produce 3-D images via volumetric modelling and data visualization. We present images that show different shear velocity patterns for the Betic Cordillera. Looking at the velocity distribution at various depths and at vertical sections, we discuss of the study area in terms of subsurface structure and S-wave velocity distribution (low velocity channels, basement depth, etc.) at very shallow depths (0–5 km). Our results characterize the region sufficiently and lead to a correlation of shear-wave velocity with the different geological units features.     

A 1D P-wave velocity model of the Gargano promontory (south-eastern Italy)

We investigate the elastic properties of the crust in the Gargano promontory, located in the northern part of the Apulia region (Southeastern Italy). Starting on April, 2013, a local-scale seismic network, composed of 12 short-period (1 Hz) seismic stations, was deployed on the Gargano promontory. Starting on October, 2013, the network was integrated with the recordings of nine seismic stations managed by the Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV). The network recorded more than 1200 seismic events in about 15 months of data acquisition, with more than 700 small magnitude events localized in the Gargano promontory and surrounding areas. A Wadati-modified method allowed us to infer V_P/V_S = 1.73 for the area. A subset of about 400 events having a relatively smaller azimuthal gap (<200°) was selected to calibrate a 1D P-wave velocity model of the area, using the VELEST inversion code. The preferred model was obtained from the average of ten velocity models, each of them representing the inversion result from given initial velocity models, calibrated on previous geological and geophysical studies in the area. The results obtained under the assumption that V_P could decrease with depth are unstable, with very different depths of the top of low-velocity layers. Therefore, the velocity model was obtained from the average of the results obtained under the assumption that V_P cannot decrease with depth. A strong reduction of both RMS (about 58%) and errors on the location of the events was obtained with respect to the starting model. The final velocity model shows a strong velocity gradient in the upper 5 km of the crust and a small increase (from 6.7 to 7 km) at 30 km of depth. The epicenters of relocated events do not show clear correlations with the surface projection of known seismic faults. A cluster of the epicenters of the relocated events intersects almost perpendicularly the Candelaro fault trace at the surface.     

Earthquake relocation in the Central Alborz region of Iran using a non-linear probabilistic method

In this study, we calculate accurate absolute locations for nearly 3,000 shallow earthquakes (≤20 km depth) that occurred from 1996 to 2010 in the Central Alborz region of northern Iran using a non-linear probabilistic relocation algorithm on a local scale. We aim to produce a consistent dataset with a realistic assessment of location errors using probabilistic hypocenter probability density functions. Our results indicate significant improvement in hypocenter locations and far less scattering than in the routine earthquake catalog. According to our results, 816 earthquakes have horizontal uncertainties in the 0.5–3.0 km range, and 981 earthquakes are relocated with focal-depth errors less than 3.0 km, even with a suboptimal network geometry. Earthquake relocated are tightly clustered in the eastern Tehran region and are mainly associated with active faults in the study area (the Mosha and Garmsar faults). Strong historical earthquakes have occurred along the Mosha and Garmsar faults, and the relocated earthquakes along these faults show clear north-dipping structures and align along east–west lineations, consistent with the predominant trend of faults within the study region. After event relocation, all seismicity lies in the upper 20 km of the crust, and no deep seismicity (>20 km depth) has been observed. In many circumstances, the seismicity at depth does not correlate with surface faulting, suggesting that the faulting at depth does not directly offset overlying sediments.     

S-wave Velocity Models in the Scotia Sea Region, Antarctica, from Nonlinear Inversion of Rayleigh Waves Dispersion

—More than 60 events recorded by four recently deployed seismic broadband stations around Scotia Sea, Antarctica, have been collected and processed to obtain a general overview of the crust and upper mantle seismic velocities.¶Group velocity of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves in the period between 10 s to 30–40 s is used to obtain the S-wave velocity versus depth along ten different paths crossing the Scotia Sea region. Data recorded by two IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology) stations (PMSA, EFI) and the two stations of the OGS-IAA (Osservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale—Instituto Antarctico Argentino) network (ESPZ, USHU) are used.¶The Frequency-Time Analysis (FTAN) technique is applied to the data set to measure the dispersion properties. A nonlinear inversion procedure, "Hedgehog," is performed to retrieve the S-wave velocity models consistent with the dispersion data.¶The average Moho depth variation on a section North to South is consistent with the topography, geological observations and Scotia Sea tectonic models.¶North Scotia Ridge and South Scotia Ridge models are characterised by similar S-wave velocities ranging between 2.0 km/s at the surface to 3.2 km/s to depths of 8 km/s. In the lower crust the S-wave velocity increases slowly to reach a value of 3.8 km/s. The average Moho depth is estimated between 17 km to 20 km and 16 km to 19 km, respectively, for the North Scotia Ridge and South Scotia Ridge, while the Scotia Sea, bounded by the two ridges, has a faster and thinner crust, with an average Moho depth between 9 km and 12 km.¶On other paths crossing from east to west the southern part of the Scotia plate and the Antarctic plate south of South Scotia Ridge, we observe an average Moho depth between 14 km and 18 km and a very fast upper crust, compared to that of the ridge. The S-wave velocity ranges between 3.0 and 3.6 km/s in the thin (9–13 km) and fast crust of the Drake Passage channel. In contrast the models for the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula consist of two layers with a large velocity gradient (2.3–3.0 km/s) in the upper crust (6-km thick) and a small velocity gradient (3.0–4.0) in the lower crust (14-km thick).     

福建台网接入台湾台站对定位台湾中深源地震精度影响分析

福建台网负责监测中国台湾地区地震。对于中深源地震使用何种定位方法能获得较好的地震参数,这直接影响到地震定位精度。利用JOPENS系统中交互分析软件MSDP提供的定位方法,对同一地震进行两次定位,即不使用和使用接入的台湾台站,将福建台网得出的两次结果与中国台湾公布的地震参数进行对比,分析定位精度,进而找出适用于台湾地区中深源地震的定位方法,以便进一步判断在地震速报中使用这些台站进行辅助定位的可行性,并给出相关的操作方法及建议。