Correction of pole positions for palaeomagnetic data from the Mesozoic of Australia

Embleton and Schmidt (1977) have published an account of the detailed movement of the palaeomagnetic pole, basing their discussion on recent palaeomagnetic data of Schmidt (1976). The poles used by Embleton and Schmidt (1977) do not accord with the palaeomagnetic data. Schmidt's data appear to need drastic modification, and even if they were correct, the deduced polar wandering trail of Embleton and Schmidt (1977) is of doubtful validity.     

High precision U-Pb zircon ages for Mesozoic igneous rocks from Hong Kong

Sixteen new high precision U-Pb zircon ages are reported from Jurassic and Early Cretaceous silicic volcanic and plutonic rocks of Hong Kong. When combined with the existing age dataset, the new ages constrain more tightly the timing of major periods of volcanism and plutonism at 162.6 ± 4.5 Ma, 146.7 ± 1.1 Ma, 143.0 ± 1.0 Ma and 140.8 ± 0.6 Ma. However, two ages of 151.9 ± 0.2 Ma and 148.1 ± 0.2 Ma, from eastern New Territories and southern Hong Kong indicate additional and therefore more continuous, albeit pulsed, magmatic activity than previously thought.     

辽宁五龙地区中生代火成岩成因及其找矿意义

辽宁五龙金矿是辽东地区大型岩浆热液型矿床之一,成矿作用主要与中生代火成岩有关,为了进一步理清五龙地区中生代火成岩成因,本文对五龙金矿区大量花岗斑岩脉、闪长岩脉、三股流岩体和其中的各类脉岩进行了单颗粒锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb测年和岩石主、微量元素地球化学研究。结果表明,五龙地区岩浆岩形成时代主要有晚侏罗世和早白垩世,矿区内近南北向展布的花岗斑岩脉形成于晚侏罗世（154.3±0.9~155.6±1.1 Ma）,指示矿区在晚侏罗世受到区域最大主应力方向为近南北向;三股流岩体成岩最新年龄（116.8±0.8~117.3±0.7 Ma）基本位于前人报道的年龄范围（111~129 Ma）;地球化学数据表明各类岩浆岩属于高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列,具有相同源区特征,形成于活动大陆边缘俯冲伸展环境下的弧岩浆,并且具有壳幔混合及进一步演化特征;结合不同深度标高成矿元素丰度特征,指示闪长岩与成矿作用密切相关,并且越往深部成矿潜力越大,对该地区找矿预测具有重要指导意义。     

辽宁五龙地区中生代火成岩成因及其找矿意义

辽宁五龙金矿是辽东地区大型岩浆热液型矿床之一,成矿作用主要与中生代火成岩有关,为了进一步理清五龙地区中生代火成岩成因,本文对五龙金矿区大量花岗斑岩脉、闪长岩脉、三股流岩体和其中的各类脉岩进行了单颗粒锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb测年和岩石主、微量元素地球化学研究。结果表明,五龙地区岩浆岩形成时代主要有晚侏罗世和早白垩世,矿区内近南北向展布的花岗斑岩脉形成于晚侏罗世（154.3±0.9~155.6±1.1 Ma）,指示矿区在晚侏罗世受到区域最大主应力方向为近南北向;三股流岩体成岩最新年龄（116.8±0.8~117.3±0.7 Ma）基本位于前人报道的年龄范围（111~129 Ma）;地球化学数据表明各类岩浆岩属于高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列,具有相同源区特征,形成于活动大陆边缘俯冲伸展环境下的弧岩浆,并且具有壳幔混合及进一步演化特征;结合不同深度标高成矿元素丰度特征,指示闪长岩与成矿作用密切相关,并且越往深部成矿潜力越大,对该地区找矿预测具有重要指导意义。     

华北克拉通东部中生代岩石圈减薄的过程与机制:中生代火成岩和深源捕虏体证据

基于最新的同位素年代学资料 ,华北克拉通东部中生代的岩浆作用可划分成四个阶段 ,即晚三叠世 ( 2 0 5～ 2 2 5Ma)碱性岩浆作用 ;中晚侏罗世 ( 1 5 5～ 1 6 0Ma)花岗质岩浆作用 ;早白垩世 ( 1 1 2～ 1 32Ma)双峰式岩浆作用和晚白垩世 ( 92～ 73Ma)碱性玄武质岩浆作用。徐淮地区中生代侵入岩中榴辉岩捕虏体的发现及其地质年代学资料 ( 2 1 9Ma)表明 ,华北克拉通东部中生代早期曾发生过一次重要的陆壳加厚过程。俯冲板片的断离以及高压—超高压变质岩的快速折返和晚三叠世 ( 2 0 5～ 2 2 5Ma)的碱性岩浆作用的存在均暗示 ,华北克拉通中生代岩石圈减薄已经开始。拆沉作用则是引起中生代早期岩石圈减薄的主要机制。中、晚侏罗世 ( 1 5 5～ 1 6 0Ma)花岗质岩浆作用形成于造山期后的伸展环境 ,代表了中生代岩石圈减薄的继续和发展。早白垩世 ( 1 1 2～ 1 32Ma)双峰式岩浆作用表明中生代岩石圈减薄达到了峰期。而幔源纯橄岩捕虏体中富硅质熔体的交代作用和玄武岩的高87Sr/ 86Sr值、低ε(Nd ,t)值特征表明 ,软流圈对岩石圈底部的化学侵蚀可能是导致该阶段岩石圈减薄的主导机制。晚白垩世 ( 92～ 73Ma)碱性玄武质岩浆作用和“海洋型”地幔捕虏体的存在代表了等温面的下降和岩石圈地幔的增生     

Sector-zoned phlogopites in igneous rocks

Sector-zoned micas are described in three occurrences of igneous rocks. Basal sectors (001) and lateral sectors (010) are well defined. Analyses of probably isochronous growth points indicate that there are consistent chemical composition differences between the sectors, the (010) sector being richer in Si and poorer in Ti, Fe, Al and Ba relative to the (001) sector. Within each sector type Fe/ (Fe + Mg) increases from core to rim. These differences vary in amplitude from one occurrence to the other, but are systematic for micas with extremely different tetrahedral cations. Possible factors influencing this type of crystallization are briefly reviewed: growth rate, geometry of protosites and bulk composition of the liquid.     

Palaeomagnetic investigations of the tertiary and quaternary igneous rocks: III a palaeomagnetic study of the East Slovak Province

Within the limits imposed by stratigraphical uncertainties, a tentative palaeomagnetic sequence is suggested for the Sarmatian. Correlation with New Zealand and Japan is proposed as a working hypothesis. The homogeneity of the intensity and susceptibility of magnetization of the volcanics of East Slovakia suggests that the parent magma may have suffered little contamination during the period of activity despite the petrological variety.

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Zusammenfassung Innerhalb der Grenzen, die durch stratigraphische Probleme hervorgerufen werden, wird der Versuch gemacht, eine paläomagnetische Abfolge des Sarmats zu geben und als Arbeitshypothese die Korrelation mit Japan und Neu-Zeeland vorgeschlagen. Die Homogenität der Intensität und Susceptibilität der Vulkanite der östlichen Slowakei läßt vermuten; daß das Muttermagma wenig Änderungen in der Periode der Aktivität trotz der petrographischen Unterschiede der Vulkanite besaß.

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Résumé Entre les limites imposées par les incertitudes stratigraphiques une série tentative de zones paléomagnétiques est proposée. Comme un premier essai, une correlation avec la Nouvelle Zélande et le Japon est supposée. La repartition homogène de l'intensité et de la susceptibilité des volcaniques de la Slovakie de l'est conduit a l'idée que le magma parent n'a subi que des variations infimes pendant la période de l'activité malgré la diversité types pétrographiques.

     

婆罗洲西部中生代古太平洋安第斯型俯冲的岩浆作用记录

古太平洋俯冲作用在婆罗洲如何表现，有何地质记录？西北婆罗洲与西南婆罗洲是否属于以板块缝合线分割的不同陆块，中生代时期婆罗洲西部与我国东南沿海存在何种关联？回答上述科学问题是揭秘中生代古太平洋俯冲体系的关键一环。本文系统综合了近年笔者在西北和西南婆罗洲所开展的野外调查和代表性火成岩的主微量元素和Sr- Nd- Pb同位素组成、以及锆石U- Pb年代学和Hf- O同位素数据。研究表明，西北婆罗洲发育三叠纪(约256~216 Ma)由少量新生地壳物质参与的基底熔融而成花岗质岩石。沙捞越古晋带(Sarawak Kuching zone)卢帕线(Lupar Line)的帕控(Pakong)和萨拉邦(Sarabang)镁铁质岩石形成于约98~84 Ma，以卢帕线所代表的洋盆主要发育于白垩纪。沙捞越古晋带内前人划属的三叠纪西连组(Serian)火山岩中至少有相当部分与佩达万(Pedawan)组沉积岩系和诗马丹- 伦杜- 诗里阿曼(Sematan- Lundu- Sri Aman)花岗质岩石同期，为晚白垩世(约95~77 Ma)产物。加里曼丹西北地区原定义为上三叠统—下侏罗统的孟嘉影(Bengkayang)组沉积岩属上侏罗统，莱雅(Raya)组火山岩形成于早白垩世(约144~130 Ma)。同时在加里曼丹西北定义的孟嘉影花岗岩和门西堡(Mensibau)花岗岩基分别为晚侏罗世(~155 Ma)和早白垩世(约140~130 Ma)产物。在西南婆罗洲，以往认为属上古生界的夸扬(Kuayan)组和吉打邦(Ketapan)组为上三叠统—下侏罗统或下侏罗统沉积，其物源为巽他古陆活动大陆边缘产物。原划属变质基底的帕诺杂岩(Pinoh Complex)及默努努(Menunuk)组变火山岩主体形成于早白垩世(约135~120 Ma)。以往填图为喀拉巴(Kerabai)组的火山岩可进一步细分为早侏罗世(~190 Ma)贝特农(Betenung)火山岩组、晚侏罗世(~155 Ma)库达根(Kudamgan)火山岩组和晚白垩世(约102~85 Ma)喀拉巴火山岩组。作为西南婆罗洲主体的苏卡达纳(Sukadana)岩基并非前人划属的晚白垩世，而是至少包含了早侏罗世(~190 Ma)贝拉班(Belaban)岩体、晚侏罗世(约160~150 Ma)门腾巴(Mentembah)岩体和晚白垩世(约87~72 Ma)苏卡达纳岩体的复式岩基。由西北婆罗洲和西南婆罗洲构成的婆罗洲西部至少发育了约200~190 Ma、~155 Ma、约140~125 Ma和约99~77 Ma四期岩浆作用，且空间上自西而东依次年轻，与我国东南沿海地区和南海北部陆架具高度一致性。不论在西北婆罗洲还是西南婆罗洲，其早、晚侏罗世和早白垩世镁铁质和长英质火成岩均有着相似Sr- Nd- Pb- Hf- O同位素组成，以正的或接近零的εNd(t)、太平洋型Pb同位素组成、正的锆石εHf(t)和地幔型δ18O值为特征，他们分别起源于受俯冲组分改造的地幔楔或其新生镁质地壳。沙捞越古晋带晚白垩世卢帕线帕控- 萨拉邦镁铁质岩石以高度亏损εNd(t)的MORB型岩石为特征，分布于沙捞越古晋带和南施瓦纳山的晚白垩世镁铁质和长英质火成岩均显示出弧型地球化学属性。研究表明：西南婆罗洲与西北婆罗洲之间缺乏早中生代板块缝合边界，两者一起构成婆罗洲西部,呈北北东向位于巽他古陆印支- 东马来陆块之东南缘。进一步的综合对比表明，早侏罗世—晚白垩世期间婆罗洲西部经历了自内而外向东扩展的俯冲增生造山作用，其晚白垩世俯冲边界发育于古晋带卢帕线—中加里曼丹帕朗卡拉亚(Palangkaraya)一带。从婆罗洲西部经我国东南沿海进入日本一线的东亚陆缘发育了中生代的长寿命(>120 Ma)巨型古太平洋安第斯型增生造山带，其俯冲作用于三叠纪—侏罗纪之交(~200 Ma)或更老(早三叠世)即已启动、且具“多阶段俯冲- 后撤”特点，直至晚白垩世末期方才转换为现今西太平洋俯冲体系。     

东北地区中生代火成岩Sr-Nd同位素区划及其大地构造意义

东北地区中生代火成岩的Sr-Nd同位素填图显示该区可划分为4个Sr-Nd同位素省:大兴安岭北区同位素省(Ⅰ)、大兴安岭南区(Ⅱ1)-辽源-延吉(Ⅱ2)同位素省、张广才岭-佳木斯同位素省(Ⅲ)及完达山外来地体(Ⅳ).在南兴安岭的林西-霍林河地区存在一条近似平行索伦-贺根山-小兴安岭古缝合带的高εND(t)早白垩世中酸性火成岩带,该带很可能为南北大兴安岭的岩石圈边界.在西乌珠穆沁旗一带出露具低εND>(t)(-10.5～-6.3)、高TDM>(1.22～1.51 Ga)和中等放射成因Sr(87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.7063～0.7066)的安山岩,可能反映区域上存在古老的岩石圈或微古陆块.张广才岭-佳木斯地区中生代花岗岩的占εND>(t)为-3.5～ 2.1、TDM>=1.0～1.27 Ga和87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.705～0.711,反映了古亚洲洋远洋沉积物或变沉积岩为区域地壳的重要组分之一.完达山地体出露了中国东部唯一的中生代HIMU型洋岛玄武岩,为拼贴增生的外来地体.Sr-Nd同位素填图结果反映东北地区地壳增生作用主要发生在中侏罗世前,局部的地壳增生作用可能一直持续到早白垩世,主要出现在活动深大断裂带或古缝合带区域.     

Physical properties of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks from the Perth Basin,Western Australia

The Perth Basin (PB) hosts important aquifers within the Yarragadee Formation and adjacent geological formations with potential for economic exploitation by both geothermal energy and carbon capture and sequestration. Published studies on the reservoir quality of the sedimentary units of the PB are very few. This study reports some petrophysical and lithological characteristics of the sedimentary units of interest for geothermal and geosequestration scenarios and help interpolation toward non-sampled intervals. A new fluvial-dominated lithofacies scheme was developed for the Mesozoic stratigraphy from four wells drilled in the central PB (Pinjarra-1, Cockburn-1, Gingin-1 and Gingin-2) based on grainsize, sorting, sedimentary structures and colour that relate to the environment of deposition. Systematic laboratory measurements of permeability, porosity, and thermal conductivity were conducted on core samples to investigate a variety of lithofacies and depths from these wells. Empirical correlations are established among the different physical properties, indicating encouraging relationships for full PB basin interpolation such as between porosity and permeability, when the samples are grouped into ‘hydraulic units’ defined by a ‘flow zone indicator’ parameter. The common principal controls on the PB thermal conductivity are the pore space arrangement and mineralogical content, which are strongly lithofacies-specific. Therefore, the lithofacies type could be a good first-order discriminator for describing spatial variations of thermal conductivity and then estimate their flow zone indicator.     

Extremely magnesian olivine in igneous rocks

Published data on extremely magnesian olivine (> 96 mol.% forsterite) in igneous rocks were generalized and compared with data of new high-precision electron probe microanalyses of olivine from oxidized lavas of the Tolbachik Volcano (Kamchatka), chromitites from the Ray-Iz deposit (Russia), alkaline ultrabasic lavas from San Venanzo volcanoes (Italy), and skarns from the Kuh-i-Lal deposit (Tajikistan). All the found olivines resulted from low-temperature processes, such as subsurface oxidation, interaction with carbonates, and subsolidus re-equilibration. Low-temperature formation of olivine is reflected in its structure (hematite lamellae and abundance of inclusions of ore minerals) and abnormal contents of minor components (Mn, Ni, and Ca). The Mg content of olivine increases under the influence of postmagmatic processes and can be manifested in different rocks. This gives grounds to refine the genesis of olivine of exotic composition (93-96 mol.% forsterite) in some kimberlites, komatiites, and peridotites.     

新疆北部的富镁火成岩

本文重点讨论的富镁安山岩(MAs)是指 SiO_2>53%,Mg~#≥55的安山岩,也包括富镁英安岩和富镁闪长岩。阿尔泰南的富锾安山岩形成于中泥盆世,东、西天山和阿拉套山的富镁安山岩形成于石炭纪。本区富镁安山岩 SiO_2 53%～65%,TiO_2含量低于1%(0.21%～1.08%),平均0.72%;MgO 平均5.90%,与国外玻安岩平均值相比,Mg 含量较低,Ti、K、Na 含量较高。稀土元素总合量低(<100×10~(-6),范围15～95×10~(-6)),相对富重稀土(La/Yb)_N0.98～6.4,多数在4±;Eu 弱亏损到无亏损(Eu/Eu~*0.65～1.15)。相容微量元素 Cr、Ni 含量高,分别为72×10~(-6)～790×10~(-6)和29×10~(-6)～276×10~(-6);高场强元素 Nb、Ta、Ti 明显亏损;相对富集流体中富集的大离子亲石元素 Rb、K、Pb;Y 含量较高(>15×10~(-6));Sr/Y 比值较低(4.4～6.2)。(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i 值变化范围较大0.51221～0.51255,ε_(Nd)(t) 0.28- 7.2,Nd 模式年龄 t_(DM)485～1220Ma;(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i 值变化范围较大0.7029～0.7065,在ε_(Nd)(t)-(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i 图解中位于第一象限。上述特点表明,本区富镁安山岩源区为复合源,包括有蚀变洋壳、弧前增生棱柱的不成熟、新生地壳物质及地幔楔橄榄岩。成岩作用具复合性,既有俯冲洋壳板片的部分熔融,又有俯冲板片熔体对地幔楔橄榄岩的熔体交代作用。形成于特殊构造环境:高地热梯度和富挥发分;导致弧前增生棱柱俯冲的俯冲剥蚀作用;由俯冲板片撕裂、断离所形成的软流圈窗或洋脊俯冲。     

Isotopic ages and geochemistry of Archaean acid igneous rocks from the Pilbara,Western Australia

Lead isotopic ages were determined for seven localities of gneissic granite and granodiorite from the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. For four of the localities Rb-Sr ages were also measured. In the lead isotopic system all localities showed some evidence of post-emplacement disturbance; lead redistribution varied from very slight effects to complete equilibration of K-feldspars during metamorphism. In one case, lead and Rb-Sr ages agreed within experimental error; in two cases, Rb-Sr mineral ages were younger than Pb-Pb ages, and in one case, the Rb-Sr age was intermediate between the primary and metamorphic ages recorded by the Pb isotopic system.Four localities show evidence of metamorphism at 2950 my. It is suggested that this represents the time of formation of the granite dome structures in the southeastern Pilbara. At least two of these localities were also affected by post-tectonic metamorphism (2600–2770 my). The other three localities show a more extended history of events starting at about 2900 my and ending between 2000 and 2250 my. The younger metamorphic ages are interpreted to record a thermal event at the time of outpouring of the Proterozoic Fortescue Group which formerly overlay the Archaean rocks.     

A new approach to the classification of igneous rocks using the basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite suite as an example

The obvious need to be able to predict, on a routine basis, the name of an igneous rock from its chemistry is examined in the light of some multivariate statistical methods. Discriminant analysis is ruled out for general use, due to its inability to distinguish an unknown that does not belong to any of the groups set up by the analysis, and the complexities of the decision-making logic with large number of groups. The best method appears to be classification procedure which predicts the probabilities of an unknown belonging to a particular group. The two methods are illustrated using samples of basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites.     

Interpretation of crystalline spheroidal structures in igneous rocks

Attention is drawn to the nomenclature of spheroidal structures, and the textures are interpreted in terms of central, marginal or disseminated crystal nucleation. The essential physical characteristics of the nucleation and growth of crystals, bubbles of a low density gaseous phase, and globules of liquid with a density comparable with that of the magma are described. It seems likely that crystallization within an immiscible liquid fraction would proceed from disseminated nuclei thus producing a rock texture, rather than a cavity filling texture developed from marginal nucleation which is a characteristics of crystallization within gas cavities. Structures of mineralogical features which clearly indicate early liquid immiscibility or subsequent retrograde boiling are rarely preserved because of the nature of the processes, but it is suggested that both processes play a greater part in the formation of certain igneous rocks than in generally realized.