论工程抗震设防标准

本文论述了工程抗震设防标准在防震减灾工作中的重要作用和地位，总结分析了工程抗震设防标准工作的发展、现状和存在的问题，探讨了工程抗震设防标准工作的涵意和内容，作者认为工程设防标准工作应包括确定合理的设防原则，适当的设防目标，科学的设防环境（地震）、便于应用的设防参数，与社会经济条件相符合的设防水准和设防等级，文中并对设防水准与等级的表述方式提出了具体的建议。从而为制定工程抗震设防标准工作建立起一个科     

关于抗震防灾的若干思考

本文试图从哲学和科学的角度,就我国地震工程研究和防震减灾事业的若干问题进行讨论。论文指出:宏观考察得出的地震烈度并不具备科学概念应有的确切内涵和外延;地震危险性分析结果不可能被验证;抗震设防标准的采用从根本上取决于社会经济与技术的发展水平;断层避让研究尚未达到工程应用阶段;不能追求结构地震反应数值模拟的精确结果。最后,提出了对当前地震工程研究的建议和前景展望。      

中外重大工程抗震设防标准的确定

重大工程的抗震设防是工程地震界共同关注的重要课题.本文分析比较国内外重大工程抗震设防标准和设计地震动参数的确定方法.文中提出以下建议:管理部门对技术细节不宜规定太细,应鼓励对安评技术开展深入的理论和应用研究;对于行业规范尚未给出明确设防标准的,管理部门宜给出暂行的最低标准;恰当处理概率法和确定性方法得到的结果,协调安评的结果和抗震设计规范给出的设防标准.     

工程结构抗震设防标准的决策分析

提出了工程结构抗震设防标准的决策方法,该决策方法以结构初始造价分析和地震损失分析为基础。建立了结构初始造价与设计烈度的关系,并提出了地震损失的估计方法。使用该决策方法导出了最佳设计烈度和重现周期的解析表达式,从而得出了对抗震设计具有重要意义的结论。     

地震危险性分析与抗震设防标准的确定

确定抗震设防标准是地震安全性评价工作的主要目的，目前通常的做法是以５０年超越概率６３％的地震动作为第一阶段设计的强度验算标准，而以５０年２－３％的地震动作为第二阶段设计的弹塑性变形验算标准，并认为此种做法可以体现“小震不坏，中震可修，大震不倒”的原则，本文从危险性分析不确定性的角度指出上述做法存在较大的问题，以引起讨论和进一步的研究。     

论工程抗震设防标准

本文论述了工程抗震设防标准在防震减灾工作中的重要作用和地位，总结分析了工程抗震设防标准工作的发展，现状和存在的问题，探讨了工程抗震设防标准工作的涵意和内容。作者认为设防标准工作应包括确定合理的设防原则，适当的设防目标，科学的设防环境，便于应用的设防参数，与社会经济条件相符合的设防水准和设防等级。     

我国的抗震设防标准及其设计参数取值

我国的抗震设防标准及其设计参数取值汪颖富（中国建筑西南设计研究院）一、抗震设防标准我国新的各种结构设计规范和世界一些国家一样，采用了以概率理论为基础的极限状态设计方法￣［１］。国家标准（ＧＢＪ１１－８９）也符合世界公认的抗震设计原则，即“小震不坏，大...     

论高速磁浮线路抗震设防标准与设计准则

高速磁浮交通系统是一种依靠电磁力实现车辆无接触运行的新型有轨交通系统，具有广阔的发展前景。本文充分考虑高速磁浮线路的特点和重要特性，借鉴其它行业的工程抗震设防标准，通过类比分析，提出和建议了适于磁浮线路的三级抗震设防标准；在此基础上，通过磁浮线路不同程度的地震损伤性能和可能的地震震害分析，提出和建议了磁浮线路结构考虑使用功能和地震损伤性能的三水准抗震设计准则，为我国长大干线磁浮线路抗震设防标准和设计准则的建立和细化并逐步形成设计指南和规程提供了基础。     

大中小震与抗震设防标准

讨论二级抗震设计与超越概率标准、概率法与综合概率法给出的3个水平的地震动的关系. 通过危险性分析的实际例子,讨论了50年超越概率2%、10%和63%的地震动,即大震、中震和小震的相对大小关系,并提出抗震设防标准的确定方法.     

Research on performance-based seismic design criteria

IntroductionAt present, the proper design and construction of buildings for earthquake-resistance is the most effective measure to mitigate the earthquake damage. In a broad sense, the earthquake resistance design should include the following seven contents:1) Determining the seismic design criteria Determining the seismic design goals3) Determining the seismic design parameters (intensity or ground motion) and their numerical values4) Determining the category of importance for buildings and …     

乙类建筑抗震设计的建议

《建筑工程抗震设防分类标准》（GB50223-2008）和《关于学校、医院等人员密集场所建设工程抗震设防要求确定原则的通知》（中震防发49号）从不同角度对学校和医院等乙类建筑的抗震设防提出要求。通过抗震设计中地震作用计算的原理以及国内外规范抗震设计的方法的阐述,讨论在不同抗震设防烈度下何种方法对乙类建筑结构抗震能力的提高更为有效,并通过对混凝土框架和钢框架的实例分析和验证,提出设计建议。为规范的修订完善提供参考。     

建筑抗震工程设防"小震不坏"的研讨

根据地震现场建筑工程震害调查的实践经验,论述了《建筑抗震设计规范》GB50011-2001中的抗震设防“小震不坏”的指导思想,旨在通过大量建筑工程出现地震损坏的实例,达到提高建筑工程抗震设防质量的目的。     

Conceptual seismic design in performance-based earthquake engineering

A principal aspect of seismic design is the verification of performance limit states, which help ensure satisfactory behaviour within a performance-based earthquake engineering framework. However, it is increasingly acknowledged that while ensuring life safety is a suitable basic design requirement, more meaningful metrics of seismic performance exist. Expected annual loss (EAL) has gained attention in recent years but tends to be limited to seismic assessment. This article proposes a novel conceptual design framework that employs EAL as a design tool and requires very little building information at the design outset. This means that designers may commence from a definition of required EAL and arrive at a number of feasible structural solutions without the need for any detailed design calculations or numerical analysis. This works by transforming the building performance definition to a design solution space using a number of simplifying assumptions. A suitable structural response backbone is subsequently determined and used to identify feasible building typologies and associated structural geometries. The assumptions made to implement such a conceptual design framework are discussed and justified herein followed by a case study application. This proposed design framework is intended to form the first step in seismic design to identify suitable typologies and layouts before subsequent member detailing and design verification. This way, engineers, architects, and clients can make more informed decisions that target certain performance goals at the beginning of design before further refinement.     

Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components:The next frontier of earthquake engineering

With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.     

Large, moderate, small earthquakes and seismic fortification criterion

IntroductionAccordingtoEarthquakeResistanceandDisasterReductionLawforthePeoplesRepublicofChina,twomethodsareadoptedforseismicdesignoftheconstructionprojectsinChina.Forkeyprojectsandtheprojectseasytocauseserioussecondarydisasters,seismicsafetyevaluationsmustbecarriedout.Andbasedontheresults,seismicfortificationstandardsaredeterminedtomakeseismicdesign.Forgeneralindustrialandcivilbuildings,seismicdesignsarecarriedoutaccordingtotheseismicfortificationstandardsstipulatedbyseismiczonationmap(Ch…     

Formulation of risk-targeted seismic action for the force-based seismic design of structures

A risk-targeted design spectral acceleration and the corresponding seismic design action for the force-based design of structures is introduced by means of two formulations. The first one called direct formulation utilizes the seismic hazard function at the site of the structure. Because the seismic action defined in the codes is often associated with a designated return period, an indirect formulation is also introduced. It incorporates a risk-targeted safety factor that can be used to define a risk-targeted reduction factor. It is shown that the proposed formulations give analogical results and provide an insight into the concept of the reduction of seismic forces for the force-based seismic design of structures if the objective is defined by a target collapse risk. The introduced closed-form solution for the risk-targeted reduction factor can be used to investigate how the target collapse risk, the seismic hazard parameters, the randomness of the seismic action, and the conventional parameters (ie, the overstrength factor and the deformation and energy dissipation capacity) affect the seismic design forces in the case of force-based design. However, collaborative research is needed in order to develop appropriate models of these parameters. In the second part of the paper, the proposed formulations are demonstrated by estimating the risk-targeted seismic design action for a six-storey reinforced concrete building. By verifying the collapse risk of the designed structure, it is demonstrated that the risk-targeted seismic action, in conjunction with a conventional force-based design, provided structure with acceptable performance when measured in terms of collapse risk.     

抗震设防烈度的决策分析方法研究

研究了抗震设防烈度的决策分析方法，提出了“最优经济设防烈度”和“最优安全设防烈度”的两种决策分析模型，并引出了社会可接受死亡率的概念。通过算例分析可以发现，社会可接受死亡率的不同等级对最优设防烈度的确定具有决定作用，确定最优设防标准仅考虑经济效益是十分不全面的，还需要考虑人员伤亡的影响。     

Simplified seismic performance assessment and implications for seismic design

The last decade or so has seen the development of refined performance-based earthquake engineering(PBEE) approaches that now provide a framework for estimation of a range of important decision variables,such as repair costs,repair time and number of casualties. This paper reviews current tools for PBEE,including the PACT software,and examines the possibility of extending the innovative displacement-based assessment approach as a simplified structural analysis option for performance assessment. Details of the displacement-based s+eismic assessment method are reviewed and a simple means of quickly assessing multiple hazard levels is proposed. Furthermore,proposals for a simple definition of collapse fragility and relations between equivalent single-degree-of-freedom characteristics and multi-degree-of-freedom story drift and floor acceleration demands are discussed,highlighting needs for future research. To illustrate the potential of the methodology,performance measures obtained from the simplified method are compared with those computed using the results of incremental dynamic analyses within the PEER performance-based earthquake engineering framework,applied to a benchmark building. The comparison illustrates that the simplified method could be a very effective conceptual seismic design tool. The advantages and disadvantages of the simplified approach are discussed and potential implications of advanced seismic performance assessments for conceptual seismic design are highlighted through examination of different case study scenarios including different structural configurations.     

西藏高烈度区农牧民安居工程中的试验数据知识和抗震模糊集

通过振动台模拟地震试验,对5个模型结构的试验结果进行了分析。从大量的试验数据和图形信息中提取抗震知识,建立抗震设防三水准对应的试验地震动强度和模型破坏状态的模糊集,为西藏地震高烈度区农牧民安居工程中采用可经受住强烈地震的结构类型和抗震措施,提供了评估依据。