静力凝聚技术对输电铁塔整体模态的影响研究

输电塔体系是典型的高柔体系,其整体动力响应与破坏主要由低阶模态控制。如果恰当地判定并忽略某些次要动力自由度而不显著改变输电塔体系的整体低阶模态,就可在保证整体精度和安全性的前提下,大大提高输电塔体系动力响应分析的计算效率。应用静力凝聚技术,对用ANSYS软件建立的输电铁塔原始有限元模型的次要动力自由度进行减缩,得到相应的简化模型。利用ANSYS软件和MATLAB语言编程,对简化前后输电铁塔结构模型分别进行了模态分析和数字地震响应分析。结果表明,采用静力凝聚技术对输电铁塔的原始有限元模型的次要动力自由度进行减缩得到的简化模型是有效的,可用于输电铁塔的动力分析。简化前后输电铁塔模型的前3阶整体模态和顶点位移响应峰值均具有良好的一致性。     

简支界面模态综合法

本文提出了一个新的模态综合法—简支界面模态综合法。该法的基本思想是将了结构的公共界面取为简支,计算简支界面子结构的主模态、约束模态,对子结构进行模态坐标变换,得到模态坐标下的子结构运动方程,再根据子结构间的位移协调条件进行综合,得到减缩了自由度的系统运动方程。由于在系统运动方程中,仅保留简支条件约束的界面自由度,对应于不受简支条件约束的界面自由度被消去,这样与固定界面法相比提高了系统的综合效率。本文以薄板弯曲问题为例,对简支界面模态综合法进行了考证,验证了该方法的可靠性和优越性。     

基于复模态的有限元模型修正算法

针对地下结构地震响应分析中无限地基辐射阻尼问题，引入复模态情况下的具有非简化的堆积阻尼矩阵的阻尼模型，并针对具有集中质量阵的阻尼模型提出了合并与质量有关的阻尼和堆积阻尼的思想，并据此提出了一种修正此类有限元模型的两步法，首先从复模态参数中提取实模态参数，采用基于模态残余力的识别算法修正刚度矩阵，然后根据复模态参数和已得的刚度矩阵来识别阻尼模型中的刚度参与系数和质量阻尼堆积阻尼联合矩阵。     

多模型结构识别方法及在混凝土连续梁的应用

本文介绍了结构识别的基本概念,针对传统的单模型识别忽视模型正确性而片面强调参数识别的精度问题,阐述了多模型结构识别的概念,即利用多个有限元模型来预测结构的测试结果,其研究重点在于如何从众多待选的模型群中,挑选出最符合实际并反映结构特性的模型簇。对一根实验室中的钢筋混凝土连续梁进行了分级静力加载试验,获得各级载荷下结构的位移和应变。对每一级加载后结构进行多参考点脉冲锤击法试验,获得各级损伤工况下的结构模态参数。利用Strand7-Matlab的交互访问技术,针对4个模型碎片进行了灵敏度分析,基于最大熵原理对连续梁进行了参数敏感位置的排序。最后分别运用模态数据进行基于误差界限阈值的多模型甄选研究,通过筛选得到11个候选模型,结果表明候选模型能够进一步用来预测连续梁结构在静载下的性能。     

基于模态转换的降阶模型在风与膜结构耦合分析的应用研究

传统的不变流行降阶技术通过增加状态空间的方式将外荷载看成是附加状态,这种方法只适用于非线性较弱的结构。考虑到膜结构的较强非线性的特点,本文基于中心流形理论,通过模态转换的方式对风和膜结构形成的耦合体系进行降阶处理,将膜结构的模态分为主模态和次模态,将膜结构的风振状态表示为主模态的非线性函数,并将次模态表达为主模态的随时间变化的非线性函数,这里的不变流形依赖于主模态和风荷载,最后通过扩展不变流形方程获得体系的降阶模型。将该降阶模型用于计算膜结构的风振耦合响应,得到了膜结构风压系数、风振响应和功率谱等重要参数,结果与全阶模型计算结果符合良好。同时对比了本文降阶模型的计算效率,由此可见本文降阶模型耗费机时比全阶模型平均减少约55%,耦合迭代次数比全阶模型平均减少约60%。由此可见,基于模态转换的降阶模型适用于膜结构的风振耦合分析,且具有较高的准确性和计算效率。     

基于相似度权重算子和f-x域经验模态分解的随机噪声衰减方法（英文）

传统的f-x域经验模态分解法(Empirical mode decomposition,EMD)能够有效地对主要由水平同相轴构成的地震记录进行随机噪声衰减。然而,当同相轴倾斜时,f-x域经验模态分解法在衰减随机噪声的同时去除大部分有效信号。本文提出了一种基于f-x域经验模态分解法的改进算法。我们通过局部相似度对所去除的噪声信号中的有效信号进行提取。局部相似度可以用来检测噪声信号中的有效信号点并用来构造一权重算子进行信号提取。新方法与f-x域经验模态分解法、f-x域预测滤波法以及f-x域经验模态分解预测滤波法相比能够在衰减随机噪声的同时保留更多的有用信号。数值模拟实验以及实际地震资料处理结果均表明该方法能更为有效地去噪。     

重力坝抗震安全评价中有限元梁杆体系新模型的适用性

传统的材料力学法静动力分析一直是我国重力坝规范规定的重力坝抗震安全评价的基本依据。但为了简化传统经典的重力坝材料力学法模型在动力分析中的复杂度,近年来,随着有限元分析技术的日益推广,许多重力坝有限元梁杆体系新模型在工程界开始得到应用,部分替代了传统材料力学法模型的作用,并在考虑多向地震耦合问题方面体现了一定的优势。从材料力学法的基本定义出发,提出了一种合理的坝面载荷处理模式,并从模态、抗侧力刚度、坝顶位移、内力结果等方面建立适用度指标,对这些有限元新模型进行细致对比,建议了一种最优的有限元梁杆模型,由该模型得到的结果与传统材料力学法的结果吻合,因此可供工程借鉴。     

基于神经网络的大型空间网架结构的有限元模型修正

本文提出了依据神经网络方法完成大型空间网架结构节点固结系数的识别，实现空间网架结构有限元模型修正的方法。文中，通过有效独立法优化配置有限数量传感器的安放位置。在此基础上，利用从优化位置处的结构时程响应中获取的结构自振频率和局部位移模态信息，本文建立了基于径向基神经网络的空间网架结构有限元模型修正的计算方法。数值仿真的计算结果表明，该方法能有效地用于空间网架结构的有限元模型修正。     

平板网架结构固有振动的ANSYS有限元分析

把平板网架结构简化为空间桁架体系，利用大型数值仿真计算软件ANSYS对其进行模态分析。文中介绍了平板网架结构ANSYS分析的方法与相关命令流，讨论了质量分布模型对分析结果的影响，并采用拟夹层板法来验证了模态分析的正确性。     

基于环境激励的大跨结构动力特性识别

本文以广州国际会展中心一期在环境激励下获得的屋盖5处位置加速度响应时程数据为基础,分别采用随机减量法(RDT)、峰值拾取法(PP)以及频域分解法(FDD)识别结构的前4阶竖向振动模态频率;并采用随机减量法(RDT)获得了前2阶阻尼比。基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立结构三维有限元模型,获得了结构前16阶模态频率,并将前4阶整体竖向模态频率与实测结果进行对比。研究表明:(1)RDT法、PP法以及FDD法具有很好的识别结构振动模态频率的功能,且RDT法能有效地识别结构整体阻尼比;(2)有限元数值计算在结构设计初期对识别动力特性上具有较高的精度。     

Statistical assessment of air quality interventions

This paper presents a general spatio-temporal model for assessing the air quality impact of environmental policies which are introduced as abrupt changes. The estimation method is based on the EM algorithm and the model allows to estimate the impact on air quality over a region and the reduction of human exposure following the considered environmental policy. Moreover, impact testing is proposed as a likelihood ratio test and the number of observations after intervention is computed in order to achieve a certain power for a minimal reduction. An extensive case study is related to the introduction of the congestion charge in Milan city. The consequent estimated reduction of airborne particulate matters and total nitrogen oxides motivates the methods introduced while its derivation illustrates both implementation and inferential issues.     

Modal equations of linear structures with viscoelastic dampers

Several types of energy dissipation devices using viscoelastic materials have been proposed to reduce vibration in structures subjected to wind and earthquake excitations. At constant temperature and small strain levels, the mechanical behaviour of Viscoelastic (VE) materials can be described using linear operators. In general, the stiffness and damping matrices of structures using VE devices are frequency dependent; this implies that the classical second-order differential equations for the modal co-ordinates are not a complete model for this type of structures. In this paper, the concept of modal coupling in the frequency domain is addressed, expressions for diagonalizable frequency-dependent stiffness and damping matrices are given, and an iterative technique for the computation of the response of viscoelastic structures is studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence of the technique are given and numerical examples are developed to illustrate the application of the method.     

A GLE-based model for seismic displacement analysis of slopes including strength degradation and geometry rearrangement

Seismic performance of natural slopes, earth structures and solid-waste landfills can be evaluated through displacement-based methods in which permanent displacements induced by earthquake loading are assumed to progressively develop along the critical sliding surface as a result of transient activation of plastic mechanisms within the soil mass. For sliding mechanisms of general shape the earthquake-induced displacements should be computed using a model that provides a closer approximation of sliding surface. When large permanent displacement are induced by seismic actions, due to substantial shear strength reduction, and significant changes in ground surface occur, an improved estimate of permanent displacement can be obtained using a model which accounts for shear strength reduction and mass transfer between adjacent portions of the slope resulting from geometry changes of ground surface during the seismic event.In this paper, a GLE-based model is proposed for seismic displacement analysis of slopes that accounts for shear strength degradation and for geometry rearrangement. Model accuracy is validated against experimental results obtained from shaking table tests carried out on small scale model slopes. Comparison of computed and experimental results demonstrates the capability of the proposed approach in capturing the main features of the observed seismic response of the model slopes.     

城市抗震防灾规划中建筑物易损性评价方法的研究

基于功能和后果的抗震设防理念,提出了城市建筑物的分类方法并根据不同类别采取不同抗震易损性评价方法,其中包括应用能力谱的理论易损性分析方法和快速群体震害预测方法等。根据这些方法和泉州市规划区内的房屋调查资料,对泉州市的房屋进行了震害预测,并通过泉州市建筑物地震易损性分析的结果,提出了针对性的抗震减灾策略。所发展的易损性评价方法和对策措施对其他城市编制抗震防灾规划也具有一定参考价值。     

Discuss on Plain Strain Model for Seismic Response of Underground Structure

采用平面应变模型对地下结构进行地震反应分析时,其核心问题是中柱的二维等效简化。常用的简化方法是将中柱的材料性质（如弹性模量和密度）进行折减。在此基础上,进一步引入空间约束影响系数和三维还原系数,提出新的中柱二维等效简化方法。针对不同简化方法,分别建立对应的地下结构地震反应分析平面应变模型,计算各模型的地震反应。通过与三维模型计算结果进行对比分析,研究不同简化方法的合理性。计算结果表明,本研究建议的方法可有效提高地下结构平面应变模型的计算精度。     

AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY FOR NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF SEISMIC WAVEFORMS1

A common example of a large-scale non-linear inverse problem is the inversion of seismic waveforms. Techniques used to solve this type of problem usually involve finding the minimum of some misfit function between observations and theoretical predictions. As the size of the problem increases, techniques requiring the inversion of large matrices become very cumbersome. Considerable storage and computational effort are required to perform the inversion and to avoid stability problems. Consequently methods which do not require any large-scale matrix inversion have proved to be very popular. Currently, descent type algorithms are in widespread use. Usually at each iteration a descent direction is derived from the gradient of the misfit function and an improvement is made to an existing model based on this, and perhaps previous descent directions. A common feature in nearly all geophysically relevant problems is the existence of separate parameter types in the inversion, i.e. unknowns of different dimension and character. However, this fundamental difference in parameter types is not reflected in the inversion algorithms used. Usually gradient methods either mix parameter types together and take little notice of the individual character or assume some knowledge of their relative importance within the inversion process. We propose a new strategy for the non-linear inversion of multi-offset reflection data. The paper is entirely theoretical and its aim is to show how a technique which has been applied in reflection tomography and to the inversion of arrival times for 3D structure, may be used in the waveform case. Specifically we show how to extend the algorithm presented by Tarantola to incorporate the subspace scheme. The proposed strategy involves no large-scale matrix inversion but pays particular attention to different parameter types in the inversion. We use the formulae of Tarantola to state the problem as one of optimization and derive the same descent vectors. The new technique splits the descent vector so that each part depends on a different parameter type, and proceeds to minimize the misfit function within the sub-space defined by these individual descent vectors. In this way, optimal use is made of the descent vector components, i.e. one finds the combination which produces the greatest reduction in the misfit function based on a local linearization of the problem within the subspace. This is not the case with other gradient methods. By solving a linearized problem in the chosen subspace, at each iteration one need only invert a small well-conditioned matrix (the projection of the full Hessian on to the subspace). The method is a hybrid between gradient and matrix inversion methods. The proposed algorithm requires the same gradient vectors to be determined as in the algorithm of Tarantola, although its primary aim is to make better use of those calculations in minimizing the objective function.     

A RECONCILIATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SPONTANEOUS MINERALIZATION POTENTIALS1

Two methods for computing spontaneous mineralization potentials in the region external to the source body are reviewed. The first of these is a long-established technique in which the causation is assumed to be a distribution of simple current source on the boundary of the mineralization. The second is a more recent technique which assumes a surface distribution of current dipole moment (double layer) along the boundary of the source body. The former technique is a special case of a more general spontaneous potential (SP) model in which the source is a density of current dipole moment (current polarization) distributed throughout the mineralization. As far as the potentials in the region external to the source body are concerned this current polarization can be simply related to an equivalent double layer source function, i.e. the potential discontinuity produced over the boundary of the mineralization by an equivalent double layer model. This simple relationship suggests an integral equation technique for the exact numerical solution of boundary value problems appropriate to the polarization model for spontaneous mineralization potentials. The technique is applied to exploring the justification of interpreting mineralization self-potentials by the traditional approach.     

基于ArcGIS的山东省地震监测台网分布图的编制研究

利用ArcGIS平台编绘完成了山东省地震监测台网分布图,阐述了其编制过程及详细的技术流程,对空间数据库建立的主要技术方法进行了深入的探讨。