哈密地区风沙天气特征分析

利用哈密地区6个气象观测站的资料，用地面资料多功能应用系统(SDMAS)，对1961～2000年共40年哈密风沙天气的天气气候特征和沙尘暴环流形势特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：风沙天气中扬沙最多，占61．6％；沙尘暴次多，占22．1％；风沙大多发生在春季，其次是夏季，冬季最少；60～70年代是风沙高发时段，80～90年代(1983～2000年)风沙日数明显减少；风沙主要发生在15～21时，中午到午后最为集中；沙尘暴产生在6种有利的环流背景条件下。     

榆林沙尘暴天气的气候特征及其对策

应用概率统计学方法和天气学理论，分析了榆林市各站自建站以来到2000年的沙尘暴气候特征和天气形势。结果表明：沙尘暴的空间分布与地理条件有很大关系，主要出现在榆林北部风沙滩形象长城沿线；沙尘暴的年际变率大，平均每年9.7d。其中50年代最多，90年代最少，50年间，除70年代相对偏多外，沙尘暴日数呈明显的减少趋势；沙尘暴天气有显的季节性，主要出现在春季的3月、4月、5月。提出了沙尘暴的防御措施。     

内蒙古中西部强和特强沙尘暴的气候学特征

使用1957－1996年40年内蒙古中西部74个地面测站沙尘暴观测资料，确定了不同范围强和特强沙尘暴标准，给出了强和特强沙尘暴过程的个例谱，对其地理分布、时间分布特征进行了详细的统计分析，结果表明：内蒙古中西部有三个强和特强沙尘暴多发中心；强和特强沙尘暴气代际变化、年际变化和日益变化显著，70年代和60年代次数最多，强度也最强，80年代开始减少，2000年，2001年又趋于增加，在一年内强和特强沙尘暴集中出现在春季的3－5月份，一天之中则主要出现在午后到傍晚，文中还对形成上述统计特征的气候学成因作了初步讨论。     

陕西沙尘天气的气候特征及影响分析

利用1971～2000年30年陕西94个气象站气象观测资料，根据中国气象局《沙尘天气预警业务服务暂行规定》中的有关规定对陕西沙尘天气及其所包含的沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘三种天气的时、空分布特点和变化特征分别进行了分析，并对其影响做简单论述。分析结果表明：陕西沙尘天气北部多南部少，沙尘暴主要出现在陕北；陕北北部沙尘天气以扬沙为最多，陕北南部、关中、陕南以浮尘为最多；陕西沙尘天气冬春季多，夏秋季较少，尤以4月最多，9月最少；陕西沙尘天气30年来呈减少趋势，其中，沙尘暴减少趋势最明显，浮尘减少趋势较小。     

青海省春季沙尘暴特征及其异常气候背景分析

主要分析了青海春季沙尘暴空间、时间演变特征及异常大气环流、海温对沙尘暴天气的影响。结果表明,青海沙尘暴高发区位于柴达木盆地、青海湖西北部、海南南部3地;20世纪60年代至本世纪初青海沙尘暴天气总体上是减少的。过程次数20世纪60年代青海北部较多、南部较少,70年代北部开始减少、南部回增,80年代开始整体减少,进入90年代后呈波动式减少趋势,且在80年代初大部分地区发生了一次由高向低的显著波动;青海沙尘暴天气与前期12～2月、同期3～5月500hPa高度场相关密切,尤其是同期3～5月,当乌拉尔山高压脊加强(减弱),蒙古低槽加深(减弱),冷空气活动频繁(减少),青海春季沙尘暴天气偏多(少),这种沙尘暴的时间变化趋势和异常天气形势与我国北方一致。青海春季沙尘暴与前期印度洋海温关系密切,当前期3～5月、6～8月印度洋中北部海温持续偏高(低),青海春季沙尘暴偏少(多)。     

呼伦贝尔地区沙尘暴发生特点

选取呼伦贝尔市14个代表站,对1961—2000年的沙尘暴资料进行统计分析,结果表明:①40年中全市共出现119天沙尘暴,其中,牧区出现沙尘暴日数最多,占总日数的百分之百,林区占19%,农区占41%;②20世纪60年代全市发生沙尘暴的日数相对较多,进入90年代,全市的沙尘暴发生日数少于多年平均值;③从季节分布来看,春季发生沙尘暴的日数最多,4、5月沙尘暴日数占72%;④在一日中,下午发生的沙尘暴次数最多,夜间最少。     

中国近49年沙尘暴变化趋势的分析

利用1954～2002年的气象观测资料分析了我国沙尘暴的变化特点及趋势,并从大风天气变化的角度,初步探讨了沙尘暴变化的气候原因。分析结果表明,我国的沙尘暴总日数在20世纪80年代中期以后比50年代到60年代减少了73％;沙尘暴的下降趋势具有十分明显的空间一致性。比较发现,沙尘暴总日数和大风总日数的变化趋势有很好的一致性,两者的线性相关系数达到0．92。这表明,我国沙尘暴的变化趋势主要是随大风的变化而变化,风力条件的减弱是近半个世纪以来我国境内沙尘暴频数下降的主要原因。1997年后沙尘暴日数的回升也同样伴随着大风日数的增加。     

新疆大风的时空统计特征

统计了1961－1999年39a新疆90个气象观测站的气表－1资料，给出新疆大风的时空分布特征，结果表明：（1）年平均大风日数的高值区在北疆西北部，东疆和南疆西部，阿拉山口，达坂城大风最多，准噶尔盆地中心，塔里木盆地南缘最少。（2）大风年总日数的变化有明显的波动性，大部分地区80年代起大风日数有减少的趋势。（3）春，夏季大风最多，以5，6月最为频敏，大风主要出现在上年10时到午夜23时，半数以上的大风持续时间在1h以上，以0.5h以内最多。     

呼和浩特地区40a沙尘天气时空分布规律及演变趋势

文章利用呼和浩特地区1971—2010年扬沙、沙尘暴资料,采用线性倾向估计、多项式拟合、经验正交函数分解、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验、Yamamoto法等分析了1971—2010年呼和浩特地区扬沙、沙尘暴日数的时空分布特征及演变规律。结果表明：⑴呼和浩特各地区扬沙、沙尘暴日数空间分布具有高度的一致性,由西到东呈现出高—低分布特点。⑵春季（3—5月）是扬沙、沙尘暴天气现象最频发季节,不频发时段是秋季（9—10月）,沙尘暴的季节分布基本上是春多秋少。⑶从年际分布特征来讲,扬沙、沙尘暴日数总体呈现显著地下降趋势,但在总体下降的同时到21世纪初期又有所上升。⑷扬沙日数序列研究时段内显著存在着5~8a周期振荡;沙尘暴日数序列的周期特征不明显。⑸通过突变检测得知：沙尘天气在20世纪70年代末、80年代初开始突变减少,之后整体呈现波动减少的趋势。⑹20世纪70年代呼和浩特地区扬沙、沙尘暴发生最多,80年代沙尘天气在逐步减少,90年代达最少,到了21世纪前10年扬沙、沙尘暴发生日数均较20世纪90年代有所增多。     

贵南县近50年沙尘天气变化特征

贵南的沙尘天气主要是扬沙和沙尘暴天气,扬沙多于沙尘暴,浮尘很少。沙尘天气出现在11月至翌年5月。对近50年贵南11月至翌年5月影响沙尘天气的平均风速、月大风天数、月扬沙和沙尘暴天数、气温及其降水资料进行分析表明:20世纪60—70年代是沙尘天气较多期,年际间变幅也大。特别是70年代是沙尘天气最多期(地面月平均风速、大风、扬沙、沙尘暴的极端气候最大值都在70年代)。1985年以后扬沙,沙尘暴天气明显减小且变幅也小。年内1—3月沙尘天气较多,其中3月份为最多,随后逐月回落。沙尘天气的日变化:沙尘天气一般出现在午后,傍晚消退。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.