方解石-白云石-菱镁矿的中远红外光谱学特征研究

利用拉曼光谱和红外光谱研究了方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的光谱学特征,探究了影响三种矿物红外辐射性能的因素。三种矿物的拉曼光谱(Raman)、中红外吸收光谱(MIR)、远红外吸收光谱(FIR)显示随着矿物中镁含量的增大将会影响CO₃^2-的面外弯曲振动(ν₂)、反对称伸缩振动(ν₃)和平面内弯曲振动(ν₄),使各光谱特征峰均向高频端迁移。基于黑体辐射定律以及在80 ℃、400~2 000 cm^-1矿物的辐射能量谱,结果显示方解石、白云石、菱镁矿的发射率依次减少(0.951,0.938,0.895)。三种矿物的红外吸收光谱和发射光谱中的振动位置均受CO₃^2-基频的显著影响,在1 300~1 650 cm^-1均产生宽的低吸收带,该吸收带与CO₃^2-的反对称伸缩振动相关,且吸收带范围(202,236,272 cm^-1)与发射率之间呈负相关关系。因此,当最强化学键的振动出现在发射光谱窄的吸收带范围内会产生相对较高的辐射能和发射率。此外,矿物的晶体结构也会影响发射率,大的离子半径、键长和晶胞体积将降低辐射过程中能量的吸收,增强辐射特性。综上研究结果,方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的拉曼光谱和红外光谱揭示了金属原子的相对质量对光谱学特征的显著影响,其发射率可能受到C—O键的反伸缩振动范围、最强吸收带控制的最低发射率以及矿物晶体结构的共同影响。这项研究呈现了必要的光谱信息和热发射率数据以识别特定的碳酸盐矿物,为类似矿物的光谱特征研究奠定了基础;同时为进一步认识地壳中大量的碳酸盐矿物提供了研究方法,也为地外勘探的深入研究给予相关的理论基础。     

Peculiarities of polarized radio emission of solar active regions

Spectra of solar-flare active regions displaying peculiarities in their polarized radio emission observed on the RATAN-600 radio telescope at 2–16 GHz are considered. An appreciable dip of the circularly polarized emission (Stokes parameter V) in the middle of the microwave range (6–12 GHz), sometimes with a reversal of the sign of the polarization, is unusual. In some cases, the ordinary emission also dominates at long microwave wavelengths. Expected peculiarities of the frequency structure of microwave sources are calculated in simple models with loops in the form of hot and cool tori. Numerical calculations of these spectra show that the above features of the polarized emission can be explained by the presence of a hot region in the solar corona. It is shown that the parameters of the spectrum of the polarized emission can be used to determine the magnetic field in this hot region and the product of the relative magnetic-field gradient and the loop thickness.     

被动微波遥感反演地表温度研究进展

热红外遥感技术在地表温度反演中已经获得了丰厚的果实,反演精度可达到1 K,然而,大气中云雾和尘埃对热红外遥感探测地表温度影响很大,限制了热红外遥感反演地表温度的应用.相反,被动微波遥感受大气干扰小,可穿透云层获取地表辐射信息,并具有全天候、多极化等特点,在地表温度反演中具有独特的优越性.但是微波信号也受多种因素的影响,其反演地表温度的算法目前尚不成熟,有待进一步研究.根据不同微波辐射计特征,系统讨论并评估了被动微波反演地表温度的经验模型、物理模型以及半经验模型及其发展过程,指出目前研究的难点和缺点,为今后相关研究提供参考.     

The radio emission of anomalous pulsars

Previously developed methods for estimating the angle β between the spin axis of a neutron star and its magnetic moment together with observational data for anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) indicate that these objects are nearly aligned rotators, and that the drift model can be applied to them. The magnetospheres of aligned rotators are appreciably more extended than in pulsars with large values of β. With such extents for the magnetosphere, the conditions for the generation of transverse waves via the cyclotron instability are satisfied. The expected spectrum of the resulting radiation is very steep (its spectral index is α > 3), consistent with the observed radio spectra of known AXPs (α > 2). A large magnetosphere also favors the appearance of appreciable pitch angles for relativistic electrons, and therefore the generation of synchrotron emission. The maximum of this emission falls in the microwave range. This mechanism provides appreciable fluxes at frequencies of tens of gigahertz and can explain the observed enhanced AXP radiation in this range.     

岩石疲劳损伤及破坏前兆研究现状与展望

疲劳是岩石的重要力学特性之一,与工程的安全稳定密切相关.在循环荷载作用下,岩石初始损伤不断累积、加剧,最终导致岩石的失稳破坏,从而诱发工程灾变.阐述了近年来基于声发射、红外辐射技术开展岩石疲劳损伤与破坏方面的研究进展.首先论述了研究人员采用声发射时域参数、声发射空间演化以及Felicity比开展岩石疲劳损伤特性的研究进展.进而,针对研究人员采用声发射时域参数、损伤变量、分形维值、Felicity比、加卸载响应比、RA以及b值等参数开展岩石疲劳破坏前兆的研究进展进行讨论.在此基础上,论述了研究人员采用红外辐射技术开展岩石疲劳损伤与破坏前兆的研究进展.最后,提出了今后岩石疲劳损伤与破坏前兆研究中需要进一步深入解决的几点问题.本文可对深入认识岩石疲劳损伤机理、破坏前兆特征起到积极的促进作用.      

不同应力路径下绢云母片岩粗粒料声发射特征

粗粒料在变形和颗粒破碎过程中伴随着明显的声发射（AE）,通过监测粗粒料在外力作用下的声发射信号特征可用来研究其力学机制。为探讨不同应力路径下绢云母片岩粗粒料声发射规律,采用改装设计的大型三轴试验机,对绢云母片岩粗粒料分别开展了常规三轴固结排水、等p（体应力）和等q（偏应力）应力路径试验,同时监测其声发射信号。研究表明,对于粗粒料的声发射必须考虑颗粒间的滑动摩擦、翻滚摩擦、颗粒破碎这3种细观机制。不同围压、不同应力水平对颗粒间的滑移、翻滚以及颗粒破碎活动影响较大,因此,在不同阶段,摩擦型AE与破碎型AE所占比例各不相同。在等p路径下,当累计声发射信号出现拐点时,可判断其为应变软化点。等q试验产生的累计AE计数与累计AE能量计数要比等p试验的累计AE计数和累计AE能量计数少一个量级,说明等p试验状态下的声发射要比等q试验活跃。等p试验中,随着体应力逐渐增大,累计AE参量增长率逐渐增大,而等q试验中,随着偏应力逐渐增大,累计AE参量增长率逐渐降低。     

Vibrational spectroscopy of aluminate spinels at 1 atm and of MgAl2O4 to over 200 kbar

Single-crystal Raman and infrared reflectivity data including high pressure results to over 200 kbar on a natural, probably fully ordered MgAl₂O₄ spinel reveal that many of the reported frequencies from spectra of synthetic spinels are affected by disorder at the cation sites. The spectra are interpreted in terms of factor group analysis and show that the high energy modes are due to the octahedral internal modes, in contrast to the behavior of silicate spinels, but in agreement with previous data based on isotopic and chemical cation substitutions and with new Raman data on gahnite (～ ZnAl₂O₄) and new IR reflectivity data on both gahnite and hercynite (～Fe_0.58Mg_0.42Al₂O₄). Therefore, aluminate spinels are inappropriate as elastic or thermodynamic analogs for silicate spinels. Fluorescence sideband spectra yield complementary information on the vibrational modes and provide valuable information on the acoustic modes at high pressure. The transverse acoustic modes are nearly pressure independent, which is similar to the behavior of the shear modes previously measured by ultrasonic techniques. The pressure derivative of all acoustic modes become negative above 110 kbar, indicating a lattice instability, in agreement with previous predictions. This lattice instability lies at approximately the same pressure as the disproportionation of spinel to MgO and Al₂O₃ reported in high temperature, high pressure work.     

利用三维荧光技术判识油气属性

芳烃是原油和生油岩中重要的组成部分,芳烃化合物较为复杂、稳定,可用来进行油源对比及油气属性的鉴别,是油气化探指示油气存在及油气属性的主要指标.三维荧光图谱具有“指纹图”的特征,不同性质的样品,其三维荧光光谱的各特征参量存在明显的差异,而同源样品,其参量又存在着较大程度的共性.通过对某探区近地表土壤样品的三维荧光分析表明,三维荧光光谱对油气属性具有较好的指示作用,据其可推断下覆圈闭的含油气性质,是地面化探研究油气运移及指示油气属性的有效指标.     

Multivariate analysis of ATR-FTIR spectra for assessment of oil shale organic geochemical properties

In this study, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was coupled with partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis to relate spectral data to parameters from total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and programmed pyrolysis to assess the feasibility of developing predictive models to estimate important organic geochemical parameters. The advantage of ATR-FTIR over traditional analytical methods is that source rocks can be analyzed in the laboratory or field in seconds, facilitating more rapid and thorough screening than would be possible using other tools. ATR-FTIR spectra, TOC concentrations and Rock–Eval parameters were measured for a set of oil shales from deposits around the world and several pyrolyzed oil shale samples. PLSR models were developed to predict the measured geochemical parameters from infrared spectra. Application of the resulting models to a set of test spectra excluded from the training set generated accurate predictions of TOC and most Rock–Eval parameters. The critical region of the infrared spectrum for assessing S1, S2, Hydrogen Index and TOC consisted of aliphatic organic moieties (2800–3000 cm⁻¹) and the models generated a better correlation with measured values of TOC and S2 than did integrated aliphatic peak areas. The results suggest that combining ATR-FTIR with PLSR is a reliable approach for estimating useful geochemical parameters of oil shales that is faster and requires less sample preparation than current screening methods.     

东疆红山Cu-Au矿床氧化带硫酸盐矿物穆斯堡尔谱特征及其意义

穆斯堡尔谱对确定铁离子占位、核外环境及氧化态方面有着独特的优势。在红山铜金矿床氧化带硫酸盐矿物的XRD、TA、湿法化学分析和红外光谱测试的基础上,测定了板铁矾、针绿矾等8种硫酸盐矿物的室温57Fe穆斯堡尔谱,并根据常温下硫酸盐矿物穆斯堡尔谱参数和其晶体结构中Fe3+和Fe2+的占据位置对其谱峰进行了指派。结果表明本矿床氧化带硫酸盐矿物的穆斯堡尔谱的同质异能位移较小、四级矩分裂值分布范围较大、无磁超精细分裂等特征,且硫酸盐矿物结构中存在着共价键。通过与青海锡铁山铅锌矿氧化带硫酸盐矿物的穆斯堡尔谱相比较,两者在近地表风化及氧化过程中所处的物理化学条件基本相同,酸性和氧化性的环境为硫酸盐矿物的产生和保存提供了良好条件,但红山矿床更为干旱少雨,导致两者硫酸盐的穆斯堡尔谱参数略有不同。     

含水砂岩在破坏过程中的频谱特性分析

通过对含水砂岩进行单轴加载声发射试验,获取声发射信号。对整个加载过程声发射信号进行FFT变换,发现随着加载地进行,声发射信号的峰值频率由60 kHz下降到40 kHz,平均主频比自然状态下的砂岩平均主频降低了1 kHz;通过分析能量和岩石声发射事件数之间的关系,发现能量与对应声发射事件数之间的比值越大,说明能量是由较大的破裂导致的,而能量值与对应声发射事件数之间的比值越小（数量级在104以下）,说明能量是由多个小破裂同时产生积聚而成的;用Welch法做功率谱估计,发现得到的声发射信号其功率谱大致分为A、B两种,B类功率谱对应信号的相位突变性强。选取一些较大能量信号,计算这些信号出现之前的B类型功率谱出现的几率,发现越接近破裂出现B类型功率谱的几率越大。研究结果为分析岩石破裂全过程的声发射特性提供了一条新的思路,也为声发射应用于岩石破裂失稳预报奠定了一定的工作基础。     

岩石破裂声发射关键特征信号优选方法

岩石破裂过程的声发射中大量的低能常规信号易将少量的高能关键信号特征规律淹没,不利于前兆特征分析和灾变预警。从岩石破裂失稳预警角度出发,以提取影响岩石结构稳定的关键破裂事件声发射信号为目标,提出了岩石破裂失稳关键特征信号的识别准则及其定义。构建了基于信号能量贡献率的岩石破裂关键事件声发射信号的优选方法,并针对花岗岩、大理岩、煤岩和粉砂岩进行了岩石破坏失稳的声发射监测试验验证。试验结果表明,新方法能有效提取岩石破裂过程中影响岩石整体稳定的关键声发射信号,具有一定的普适性。着重从声发射事件率突降、相对平静期和累计能量急升跃阶等前兆特征对优选后岩石破裂关键特征信号进行了一致性检验。检验结果表明,优选后的关键特征信号与上述前兆特征高度一致,并能够有效地提高后期声发射特征参数计算效率,方法有效可行。     

孔洞-裂隙缺陷岩石力学及声发射特征分析

基于数值模拟软件PFC2D建立不同形式的缺陷岩石,探究完整岩石、含单孔洞缺陷岩石、含单裂隙缺陷岩石以及单孔洞+单裂隙缺陷岩石的力学性质及声发射特征。研究结果表明: 不同缺陷岩石的力学性质不同,当岩石的缺陷面积相同时,裂隙对岩石力学性质的影响远大于孔洞的影响; 与无孔洞、无裂隙的岩石声发射特征相比较,孔洞、裂隙的存在使岩石的声发射特征发生了变化,具体表现为岩石声发射的最大撞击强度、撞击峰值数目以及应变范围的变化; 在相同缺陷面积条件下,单裂隙缺陷较单孔洞缺陷对于岩石声发射特征的影响更大。     

基于ASTER数据的内蒙古东乌珠穆沁北部地区遥感蚀变信息提取

ASTER数据在短波红外和热红外波段光谱信息明显优于ETM,使得在ASTER波段范围内能够更为详尽地刻画地物波谱,尤其是具有特征谱带的岩石和矿物.选择内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗北部地区为工作区域,设计了用光谱角制图法提取矿化蚀变信息的技术方案.通过波段组合和增强处理,ASTER数据对含Fe-OH(如黄钾铁矾,含铁白云母)、Al-OH(如粘土类矿物、明矾石、绿泥石、绢云母)和Fe~(3+) (如褐铁矿,赤铁矿)3种类型蚀变信息的刻画能力明显比ETM更好.野外查证了提取结果的可靠性.     

不同产地琥珀有机元素组成及光谱学特征

利用Elementar vario PYRO cube 型元素分析仪器对不同产地琥珀中的元素质量分数完成了高精度测试,分析不同产地琥珀的构成变化规律,并利用IRAffinity-1型傅立叶变换红外光谱仪采用透射法对不同产地琥珀的吸收光谱进行了比较和分析,结果表明石化时琥珀中氢元素和周围环境氢元素并未发生比较明显的交换反应,红外吸收光谱可作为鉴别不同产地琥珀的重要依据.     

孔洞-裂隙缺陷岩石力学及声发射特征分析

基于数值模拟软件PFC2D建立不同形式的缺陷岩石,探究完整岩石、含单孔洞缺陷岩石、含单裂隙缺陷岩石以及单孔洞+单裂隙缺陷岩石的力学性质及声发射特征。研究结果表明: 不同缺陷岩石的力学性质不同,当岩石的缺陷面积相同时,裂隙对岩石力学性质的影响远大于孔洞的影响; 与无孔洞、无裂隙的岩石声发射特征相比较,孔洞、裂隙的存在使岩石的声发射特征发生了变化,具体表现为岩石声发射的最大撞击强度、撞击峰值数目以及应变范围的变化; 在相同缺陷面积条件下,单裂隙缺陷较单孔洞缺陷对于岩石声发射特征的影响更大。     

Transformation of the spectrum of wave geophysical signals in nonlinear media

The nonlinear behavior of acoustic and electromagnetic impulses in structurally heterogeneous and heterophase media is considered. The example of a signal amplitude spectrum shift to the low-frequencies is studied. The laboratory results of ultrasonic measurements and georadar field data are presented.     

不同围压下致密砂岩破裂过程声发射特征研究

揭示致密砂岩的破裂机制对致密油气储层压裂设计和压裂缝网改造具有重要的指导意义。本文采用鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6储层致密砂岩试样,开展了不同围压下的常规三轴压缩试验,分析了围压对岩石力学性质的影响。采用声发射定位技术研究了试样破裂过程,分析了不同围压下声发射定位事件的信号特征及其时空演化序列。此外,对破裂后试样进行了CT扫描,基于CT切片图像观测了试样内部破裂特征。得到以下几点认识:（1）不同围压下,声发射时空演化差异主要表现在压密阶段。随着围压的增加,声发射事件主要发生时段后移。（2）围压对声发射特征参数累计振铃计数的影响主要表现在压密阶段,其他阶段累计振铃计数呈相似变化趋势。不同围压下均可将累计振铃计数快速增加的瞬间作为岩石即将破裂的标志。（3）随着围压的增加,岩石破裂形态趋于简单化,由拉张破裂为主的复杂形态逐渐转变为单一的剪切破裂形态。（4）CT扫描切片直观地反映了试样的破裂形态,与声发射定位所得试样整体破裂形态相吻合,并且在声发射定位的基础上进一步刻画了裂纹分布情况与各裂纹相互作用过程。采用声发射定位技术与CT扫描双重方法,研究试样破裂过程,对于深入研究岩石破裂机制具有一定的意义。     

Chlorine in the stratosphere

This paper reviews the various aspects of chlorine compounds in the stratosphere, both their roles as reactants and as tracers of dynamical processes. In the stratosphere, reactive chlorine is released from chlorofluorocarbons and other chlorine-containing organic source gases. To a large extent reactive chlorine is then sequestered in reservoir species ClONO₂ and HCl. Re-activation of chlorine happens predominantly in polar winter vortices by heterogeneous reaction in combination with sunlight. Catalytic cycles involving Cl, ClO, BrO, Cl₂O₂, ClO₂, and others like NO, NO₂, OH, and HO₂ remove odd oxygen (ozone and atomic oxygen) from the atmosphere. Under an ozone hole condition, the ClO dimer cycle is particularly important, while in mid-latitudes the short-lived reservoir HOC1 has some importance. Solar proton events can also affect stratospheric chlorine chemistry, but whether solar protons effectively activate or deactivate chlorine was shown to depend on illumination conditions. The lifetime of chlorofluorocarbons has an impact on the availability of ozone destructing substances in the stratosphere and depends on the Brewer-Dobson circulation which controls at which altitudes and how long an air parcel is exposed to photochemistry. In turn, the chlorine-containing source gases can be used as tracers to constrain the age of stratospheric air and thus to diagnose the Brewer-Dobson circulation. The use of complementary measurement systems was essential to extend our knowledge on chlorine-containing compounds in the stratosphere. ClO is best measured by remote sensing in its rotational bands in the far infrared and microwave region. For HOC1 the far infrared bands are ideal, but some substantial information was also gained with microwave and mid-infrared measurements. ClONO₂ is only measured in the thermal infrared, while HCl has a measurable signal in the microwave, far infrared and mid-infrared regions. The mid-infrared HCl lines, however, are situated at wavelengths where blackbody emission at terrestrial temperatures is so low that infrared measurements of HCl are possible only in solar absorption geometry, but not in thermal emission. Chlorine source gases are most accurately measured by air sampling techniques, while global coverage can only be achieved by satellite-borne thermal infrared measurements. In epistemological terms, research on stratospheric chemistry and particularly the role of chlorine compounds used various scientific concepts from deductive reasoning, falsificationism, abductive reasoning and so-called “puzzle-solving within normal science”. The structuralist theory of science with the concept of non-statement view of theories, however, seems to be best applicable to stratospheric chlorine research of the recent decades.