Geologic constraints on the Harappa archaeological site,Punjab Province,Pakistan

The geologic setting of an urban environment affects the development of that particular urban culture. Human activities can involve devegetation, soil loosening, soil‐water and ground‐water changes, soil erosion, and changes in surface‐water hydrology. This article focuses on how the geologic resources and history of the Punjab region have greatly influenced the cultural development of the Bronze Age city of Harappa, located in northeast Pakistan. Archaeological deposits at this site date between at least 3300 B.C. and 1700 B.C. A geologic and geomorphic framework is provided which presents the relationships of the ancient Harappans with their local and regional environment, with these geologic processes affecting both the initial settlement and development of this ancient urban center. Buried soil elevation data, mapped soil distributions, and geomorphic models are used to construct an approximation of the preoccupation paleotopography beneath this site. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

考虑压缩模量深度效应的深厚软土桩基沉降计算

对于深厚软土桥梁桩基础的沉降计算,土层的压缩模量是一个极为重要的参数。针对京沪高速铁路桥梁桩基沉降,以DK152工点处的土工试验数据和现场测试成果为基础,通过拟合分析得到与土层深度有关的天然状态下压缩模量计算公式。在该基础上,进一步运用神经网络建立土层压缩模量与桩基沉降之间的映射关系,对不同土层在不同深度的压缩模量进行反演分析,相关反演结果与经验公式计算值基本一致,得到的桩基沉降量与现场监测位移吻合良好,说明文中提出的压缩模量计算公式的准确性和实用性,相关模型概化和反演计算方法也是合理的,对深厚软土地基下高速铁路桥梁深长桩基的沉降计算有一定的参考价值。     

OSL Age Determination of Archaeological Stone Structures Using Trapped Aeolian Sediments: A Case Study from the Negev Highlands,Israel

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is widely applied to sediments in paleoenvironmental sciences. However, there are only limited examples determining the age of archaeological stone structures by OSL using dust deposits. The age of dust deposits associated with ancient buildings may be used to date the onset of settlement (sediment below structures), settlement activity (occupation layer), or the time after a settlement had been abandoned or destroyed (sediment between collapsed roofs and walls). In this study, OSL dating is applied to establish numerical dates for settlement structures situated in the Negev Highlands, Israel. Two archaeological sites are investigated to identify their occupation history, by dating nine samples of aeolian dust trapped within the remains of ancient buildings. The OSL dating technique is applied using coarse grain quartz and a standard single‐aliquot regenerative‐dose (SAR) protocol. It was possible to date the onset of sedimentation in a later phase of the human occupation or shortly after the sites were abandoned, to 3.7 ± 0.3 ka (Intermediate Bronze Age) at the central site and to 2.7 ± 0.2 ka (Iron Age) at the ephemeral site. These results are supported by archaeological evidence gained from pottery finds and the architecture of the ancient buildings.     

金沙遗址古环境状况的综合探讨

史期时期，人类社会的生产力还十分低下，自然环境对古人类体质的进化、生产的发展，以及居住范围的变化都产生了重大的影响。通过孢粉分析和对其他植物遗存的研究复原古植被特征，同时结合广汉层古土壤地球化学行为、古河流的水动力等，来综合研究金沙遗址区古环境状况，以期能为古蜀文化研究提供环境背景。研究结果表明，文化期内总体上是热带和亚热带的温暖湿润气候，同时存在着温暖湿润与温暖干旱的气候交替。     

良渚遗址物质的Sr-Nd同位素特征、物源及其对古文化消亡的指示意义

良渚文化作为新石器时代晚期的重要文化之一,与中华文明的起源有着重要联系。位于杭州瓶窑镇的良渚古城遗址,则代表了良渚文化发展的巅峰。我们采集了良渚遗址剖面的文化层、上覆黄粉土的土壤样品以及遗址周边地区的河流和钱塘江的沉积物样品,测试分析了它们的Sr-Nd同位素组成。通过对比黄粉土和文化层的同位素组成变化,结合遗址周边环境和前人对长江沉积物、东海沉积物的研究,我们推测,良渚黄粉土物质来源可能是东海、长江沉积物和钱塘江沉积物的混合,良渚文化可能并非消亡于来自周边山体的山洪,而是与海侵或者长江下游洪水泛滥有关。     

水库渗流影响文物遗址安全发掘研究——以湖南里耶秦代古城遗址为例

与古遗址相邻的江、河由于后期的工程活动,如水库、大坝的修建和蓄水,水位上升,将对遗址区地下水的运动规律及渗流场产生较大影响。在其影响下,古遗址可能产生各种环境地质灾害并对其发掘安全产生不利影响。论文以国家重点文物——湖南里耶秦代古城遗址安全发掘深度研究为例,在分析水库蓄水诱发的环境地质灾害的基础上,对遗址在不同库水位下的安全发掘深度及发掘方案进行了研究,提出了保障发掘安全的工程措施。研究成果为国家重点文物的保护和进一步发掘提供了科学依据。对类似文物工程的保护和发掘具有借鉴意义。     

城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场沉降变形分析

城市生活垃圾填埋场地基沉降和垃圾堆体沉降受到的影响因素多,现行规范的计算方法直接采用与实际相差较大,为减少不均匀沉降对垃圾防渗层的影响、准确确定垃圾储量和保证垃圾堆体的稳定,开展垃圾填埋场沉降研究具有重要意义。垃圾填埋场沉降变形包括地基沉降和垃圾堆体沉降,垃圾堆体沉降又分为主沉降和次沉降,主沉降完成时间短于次沉降。通过对陕西省宝鸡市垃圾填埋场地基土进行沉降计算,最大沉降差超过100 mm,对垃圾防渗层不利影响较大;而对垃圾堆体沉降计算,修正后的计算值与沉降观测值非常接近。考虑不同地区地层差异和垃圾成分差异,积累沉降观测资料具有重要意义。     

史前生业模式的环境考古学观察——以新疆温泉阿敦乔鲁遗址为例

新疆地处欧亚大陆的中部,是古代东西方文化交流的重要通道。新疆西部的温泉县阿敦乔鲁遗址的发现为早期东西方文化交流研究提供了重要的证据,其中多隔间的长方形房址和几个不规则形扩间的构造十分特殊。这种房址不同于以往发现的以农业经济为主的史前居址的构造。阿敦乔鲁遗址位于准噶尔盆地的西南缘,自然环境干旱,少雨,海拔相对较高。草场分布远多于可耕作土地。通过对阿敦乔鲁周围的环境科学的宏观分析,包括对古环境与现代环境的比较后发现,3600年前的阿敦乔鲁遗址的环境资源与现代十分相近。新疆温泉的现代居民的传统生业多以牧业为主,从事季节性转场的游牧经济。阿敦乔鲁的房址的隔间、扩间的特点与当地牧民的季节性居址,以及欧亚大陆的现代牧民的居址都很相近。根据阿敦乔鲁房址的地理位置及其出土物,并参考现代牧民居址的构造,确定了阿敦乔鲁遗址的人们当是以牧业为主。这一推论为今后其他科技考古对阿敦乔鲁遗存的微观分析提供了重要的参考。     

Radiocarbon chronology of occupation of the site Chicha and Bayesian statistics for the assessment of a discontinuous transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron Age (West Siberia)

The Late Bronze to Iron Age transition in West Siberia involved significant cultural and political changes, which were reflected in the emergence of protourban settlements in the forest-steppe zone. The transition is roughly dated to the turn from the 2nd to the 1st mil. BC, mainly based on archaeological artefacts and on the general sociocultural development. A more precise radiocarbon dating for this transition was problematic mainly because of the general lack of data for West Siberia. This paper analyzes the chronology of the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition at Chicha, a reference site in the region for this period. The assessment of a possible hiatus between the Late Bronze Age and the following transitional period at Chicha is the key issue of our paper, as its presence may have far reaching cultural implications. To increase the precision of the radiocarbon chronology with focus on the possible hiatus, the samples from well-defined stratigraphic contexts were analyzed using Bayesian modeling incorporating stratigraphic information. The performed chronological modeling supports existing archaeological hypothesis of a hiatus at the very end of the 2nd mil. BC, just before the regular emergence of a new protourban settlement at the site of an abandoned Late Bronze settlement. A sensitivity analysis including the simulated hiatus confirms the reliability of the model. A complete population change seems to be plausible. The protourban settlement of Chicha, typical of the Transitional period, did not exist very long. With the emergence of the early nomadic cultures in the South Siberian steppes at the beginning of the 1st mil. BC, it most probably stopped functioning. The cultural development of that time, former believed to be continuous, was deeply interrupted several times.     

云南北衙铁金矿区小波多尺度分析综合解释方法应用效果

通过模型磁异常分解,结合功率谱分析及异常振幅计算场源深度并判断场源分布平面位置,表明小波多尺度分析在位场分离中的有效性.将该方法应用于北衙铁金矿区磁异常分析解释,通过功率谱分析估算了各阶细节及四阶逼近的场源深度,结合不同深度异常振幅推断了磁源空间展布关系特征.分析表明,区内北部和西部强磁异常主要由矿体引起,且矿体在中深部产状发生改变;而东部大范围磁异常区主要为二叠系玄武岩所致.     

海洋可控源电磁法几类偶极源探测海底高阻薄层的分辨率分析

针对海洋可控源中几类典型偶极源发射装置,建立各向异性地层高阻油气藏模型,采用基于格林函数的海洋一维地层解析方法,借助电磁场的互易性质,计算得到不同偶极源激发的电磁响应曲线。分析了不同偶极源的电磁响应特征,比较了各电磁场分量振幅和相位归一化曲线幅值。结果表明:垂直电偶极子源的各场的振幅归一化曲线对异常的反应最大,水平电偶极源对高阻层的分辨率高于垂直磁偶极源,水平电偶极源的轴向观测模式和水平磁偶极子源的赤道观测模式均有较好的分辨率,这两种模式下测量的与测线平行的电场和与测线垂直的磁场的分辨率最佳,且存在着最佳收发距,相位也有着近似相同的变化规律。      

Electrical resistivity mapping of landscape modifications at the Talgua site,Olancho, Honduras

Geophysical reconnaissance in 1995 provided information useful in developing a successful strategy for the 1996 field season in resistivity mapping of subsurface cultural features at Talgua Village, an archaeological site in eastern Honduras. Ground truth excavations confirmed that high-resistivity anomalies detected by modified dipole–dipole apparent resistivity pseudosections correlate with a layer of small cobbles imported to fill low spots of this prehistoric settlement. Resistivity measurements reveal that mounds on this site were erected on normal subsoil, while at least one plaza was originally a topographic low that has been filled. The volume of imported stones is at least 500 m³, which represents a significant public improvement effort. Similar imported fill under the rest of Talgua Village could be mapped by similar means, and other prehistoric sites of the region could be geophysically tested for similar features. Resistivity profiles provide archaeologists with a quick, inexpensive, accurate, and noninvasive method of determining the extent of landscape modification at Talgua Village. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

郑州织机洞遗址MIS 3阶段古人类活动的环境背景

MIS3阶段,即深海氧同位素第3阶段,是末次冰期中气候比较温暖湿润的时期。大量的考古调查资料表明,这个阶段也是末次冰期中人类活动最活跃的时期,当时不仅人类遗址的数量明显增多,而且石制品也较前也有较大的进步和发展。人类活动与气候环境之间的耦合关系似乎暗示着两者之间存在着某种内在的联系,适宜的气候环境可能是导致人类活动活跃的重要原因。河南郑州织机洞遗址是我国北方重要的旧石器文化中-晚期洞穴遗址,包括上、中、下3个文化层,其中,下文化层距今5.0～3.5万年,属MIS3阶段。本文试以织机洞遗址下文化层为主要研究对象,结合洞外黄土-古土壤剖面的研究,就我国中原地区MIS3阶段人类活动的环境背景做一初步的分析。分析结果表明,在这一阶段,中原地区属于暖温带草原-森林草原环境,气候比较温暖湿润,适宜于人类生活。其中,距今5.0万年前后的MIS3阶段早期,是MIS3阶段中气候最为适宜的时期,也是人类活动最为活跃的时期,当时生长有落叶阔叶树的暖温带森林草原环境,为MIS3阶段旧石器文化的繁荣和发展提供了重要的环境背景。     

Assessing human impact on alluvial fan development: a multidisciplinary case-study from Lower Khuzestan (SW Iran)

This paper presents a multidisciplinary approach for studying the evolution of an alluvial fan system in Lower Khuzestan (SW Iran). The study draws on previously collected data from geological and archaeological field campaigns and new data derived from the interpretation of satellite imagery and historical textual sources. Three alluvial fans were identified, successively deposited by the Jarrahi river in progressively downstream/westward direction. Judging from archaeological and historical evidence, the successive phases appear to coincide with a relocation of settlement and irrigation activities. The distributary system of the present-day fan developed over a period of less than four centuries. It is suggested that management of levee breaks by man played a key role in such rapid fan development and in maintaining extremely low gradients. Judging from the extensive patterns of ancient irrigation canals, human activity also played an important role in the formation of the earlier fans.     

里耶地下秦代古城护城河空间位置低损探查

文物遗址勘察在工程地质勘察领域具有特殊性。根据前期对遗址的部分发掘,考古专家推断里耶秦代古城墙遗址周围是被埋入地下的古护城河,且河底可能埋藏有珍贵文物。古护城河空间位置的精确测定对该遗址保护、继续发掘和开发利用具有重要意义。古护城河被地表沉积物掩埋、部分古河段与近代池塘重叠、常规勘探可能破坏珍贵文物、电磁干扰较严重等给古护城河空间精确定位带来了很大困难。本文针对这些难题采用切合实际的高密度电法和改进的轻便取芯触探相结合的综合探查方法实现了精确定位,实践证明该方法在文物遗址勘察方面具有许多传统勘探方法无法比拟的优点。     

Characterization and provenance of the slabs of the Puigseslloses Megalith,Barcelona, Spain

The Puigseslloses megalith tomb (Barcelona, Spain) is located on the summit of a hill in the Vic Plain where the sedimentary rocks that were used in its construction do not crop out. A sedimentological and petrological characterization of the monument's slabs and a multidisciplinary analysis of the outcropping materials in nearby areas has allowed the identification of three possible source areas associated with the Paleogene Banyoles Marls Formation and the Folgueroles Sandstone Formation and allows us to propose possible routes by which the slabs were transported from the catchment site to the place where the monument was built. In addition, the lithology and position of different slabs within the megalith denote the intention to separate the chamber from the corridor by using different types of slab. The position of the monument also reveals that tomb location was more of a priority than proximity to the slab sources. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The bluestones of Stonehenge

How and why the bluestones arrived at Stonehenge, the UK's most revered ancient monument, has long held people's imagination. The key to understanding these questions relies heavily on the location of their sources. Following early studies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which proposed various places but in particular south‐west England, H.H. Thomas, in 1923, suggested that they came from the Mynydd Preseli, in north Pembrokeshire, Wales. Thomas proposed a number of key locations for the geographical origin of the stones. However, recent investigations have called those locations into question, identifying different sources albeit from the same broad area in north Pembrokeshire. Identification of these proposed new sites has led to archaeological excavations and important new discoveries including new suggested routes for the transport of the bluestones from the Preseli Hills to Stonehenge some 230 km away.     

基于多源信息融合的路堤沉降预测方法

准确预测路堤沉降对于规避风险和减小成本至关重要。传统的仅基于场地勘察数据的路堤沉降预测方法的预测值常偏离监测值。提出了基于贝叶斯理论的多源信息融合方法进行路堤沉降预测,采用有限元法模拟多层土体的固结沉降,并结合高效的马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛模拟法更新土体参数得到高维后验分布。以新南威尔士州的Ballina地区试验路堤数据为例说明了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,基于贝叶斯理论的多源信息融合方法可以有效融合勘察和监测数据,通过多源数据融合能够较准确地预测路堤沉降。对于Ballina路堤,总体上随着监测数据量的增加,路堤沉降预测预测精度逐渐提高。使用0～116 d监测数据可以准确地预测地表沉降;基于0～496 d监测数据可同时准确预测所有监测点的沉降。对于Ballina路堤,先验信息对沉降预测具有一定影响,但观测误差对预测准度影响微弱。     

秦始皇帝陵遗址考古重磁力场特征

为了查清秦始皇帝陵区地下文物分布情况, 筛选适合于探测秦始皇帝陵区文物赋存特征的地球物理探测方法技术, 利用高精度重力、磁法测量在陵区已知陪葬墓、陪葬坑、建筑基址上进行了方法有效性试验, 结果证明: 应用高精度重力测量, 能够探测建筑遗存基址的范围及推测其在地下的分布特征, 高精度磁力测量探测火烧过的陪葬坑方法有效, 也能够应用高精度磁力测量寻找陪葬幕.试验结果为今后在秦始皇帝陵区探测类似文物提供了方法选择依据.      

关中地区的新石器古文化发展与古环境变化的关系

气候环境变化作为影响或制约古文化发展、演化的重要因素,虽然经常受到质疑,但依然被越来越多的考古工作者,包括一些古气候学者所接受。关中地区是我国古代文明重要的发源地之一,为探讨气候环境变化与古文化演化之间可能存在的联系提供了条件。本文对已有很好研究基础的渭南全新世黄土剖面的孢粉、植硅体、蜗牛化石及磁化率和粒度记录进行综合分析,研究得出该区全新世以来有3次突出的气候温暖湿润期（9000～7300aB.P.,6800～5500aB.P.和4500～4300aB.P.）和3次明显而短暂的寒冷干旱期（7300～6800aB.P.,5500～5000aB.P.和约4000aB.P.）。温暖湿润气候期与关中地区的老官台（8000～7000aB.P.）、仰韶（7000～5000aB.P.）、龙山（5000～4000aB.P.）等文化繁盛期几乎是同步的,而发生在7300～6800aB.P.,5500～5000aB.P.及4000aB.P.前后的寒冷干旱气候环境,不是简单的气候冷暖变化,而是影响了生物、水、大气等表生地球系统的气候变化事件,改变了该区的植被类型和生物群落的变迁,这3次气候变化事件时间上大致对应了老官台-仰韶-龙山-夏商文化交替的时间。然而,根据目前的气候记录及时间分辨率还难以判断更次一级的气候环境变化与各文化期不同文化类型变化之间的关系。对关中地区泉护遗址植硅体的分析显示,4500aB.P.以来水稻含量的增加与气候变干的趋势并不一致,推测可能与古人利用渭河水资源种植水稻有关。研究认为关中地区气候环境变化与文化发展之间的关系,有一定的规律可寻,但是由于目前对古气候-古环境变化的幅度、详细的考古文化性质的认识不足,以及时间分辨率和年代学的限制,还无法确切说明什么程度的气候环境变化对哪些文化类型通过什么机制产生了何种程度的影响。