船舶转向避让碰撞距离模型的确定

船舶碰撞距离直接影响船舶碰撞危险度的大小。分析了影响船舶碰撞距离的因素:会遇 态势、船舶的操纵性能、船舶尺度、船舶速度等;给出目标船静止不动时和目标船有运动速度时的 船舶转向避让时碰撞距离数学模型,为研究船舶碰撞危险度和船舶自动避碰决策系统提供理论依 据。     

北天山东段康古尔塔格碰撞构造

塔里木板块和准噶尔板块间的康古尔塔格带是发育在北天山东部地区的晚古生代碰撞构造，本文对该碰撞造山带在形成和地质演化过程中的构造变动、岩浆作用和沉积作用做了较详细的论述，并对该碰撞构造的碰撞时代、碰撞单元和碰撞标志进行了探讨，尝试性提出了其碰撞的４个阶段．     

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation in the Dongsha Islands and Adjacent Sea Area

Dongsha Island and the adjacent sea area locate at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS), and is connected to the east by the Manila Trench. Analyses of seismic stratigraphy and gravity, magnetic and drilling wells data led to the discovery of three post-fault sequences (Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ). Extensive tectonic uplift, magma activity and erosion occurred in Dongsha Island and the adjacent area, where most of the faults in the northeastern SCS were still active during Pliocene and Quaternary. Two groups of faults trending NEE and NW were developed during Late Cenozoic. We conclude that three important tectonic movements, especially Dongsha movement(4.4 - 5.2 Ma) and Liuhua movement (1.4 - 1.89 Ma), controlled the structural framework in the Dongsha rise; whose deformation in the east is stronger than that in the west and whose stress field variation suggests that the tectonic uplift in the study area contributed to magmato-tectonic events correlated to the main collision phases between the East China and Taiwan 5 - 3 and 3 - 0 Ma ago.     

关于地壳板块成因的猜想

地壳板块的形成,是由于外来星球的撞击而造成的。太平洋就是巨大的撞击坑,大西洋则是撞击产生的地球背面的S形裂谷。地球上的水,也很有可能主要来源于这次撞击。     

大陆碰撞造山与成矿过程:扎格罗斯和喜马拉雅造山带对比

大陆碰撞造山过程对理解板块构造登陆具有重要启示意义,但相关研究还存在较多问题。例如,几乎每个造山带都存在初始碰撞时限的争议,碰撞造山阶段存在多种划分方案,碰撞成矿作用的地球动力学机制不清楚等。通过综合对比研究扎格罗斯和喜马拉雅造山带构造-岩浆-成矿作用,发现碰撞造成的强烈挤压变形明显滞后于大陆初始碰撞时间。同时,碰撞过程还会出现滞后型弧岩浆作用。将这些碰撞初期出现的滞后型构造岩浆事件单独划分成一个碰撞造山阶段,称之为软碰撞阶段。由此,碰撞造山过程由软碰撞、硬碰撞和后碰撞3个阶段组成。其中,软碰撞阶段主要发育与低速率应变有关的变形构造和与俯冲大洋板片有关的岩浆事件;硬碰撞阶段主要为高速率应变的变形构造和大陆岩石圈俯冲诱发的岩浆事件;后碰撞阶段则会出现大量伸展构造来调节挤压应变,同时发育与大陆岩石圈拆沉、断离和撕裂有关的岩浆作用。软碰撞和硬碰撞阶段的挤压作用会造成铅锌矿床就位在褶皱逆冲带内,硬碰撞和后碰撞阶段发育的大型走滑断层控制斑岩型铜矿床的产出,后碰撞阶段出现的伸展构造赋存有金锑多金属热液矿床。碰撞造山带内保存有早期俯冲和后期碰撞阶段的新生地壳,为碰撞造山带金属成矿提供了物质来源。     

船舶转向避让时机与行动的确定及估算误差的影响

从船舶运动数学模型出发,用曲线图的方式给出了确定船舶转向避让时机与行动的方法,以及估算误差对它们的影响。避让时机用最简单的到目标船的距离表示,避让行动是指转向角度的大小。对避碰规则中的"早、大、宽"给出了明确的定量,根据该定量可避免无谓的精神紧张和航程浪费,使驾驶员在采取避让行动前就能够预计避让结果。     

Origin of the regional stress field along the Liquine-Ofqui Fault Zone （LOFZ）, Southern Chilean Andes by means of FE Simulation

The Liquine-Ofqui Fault Zone （LOFZ） of southern Chilean Andes is one of the largest active strike-slip fault zones. There is an ongoing debate regarding the origin of the stress field along the LOFZ due to its complex geometry. This paper represents a study of the origins of the LOFZ regional stress field. Stress fields are calculated by finite element （FE） analysis. The two possible stress origins, i.e., oblique plate convergence and ridge collision/indenter tectonics of Chile ridge against Peru-Chile trench, have been emphasized in the present study. Three types of boundary conditions for the three particular models have been applied to calculate stress fields. Models are assumed to be elastic and plane stress condition. Modeling results are presented in terms of four parameters, i. e., orientation of maximum horizontal stress （σHmax）, displacement vector, strain distribution, and maximum shear stress （ τmax ） contour line within the model. The results of the first model with oblique plate convergence show inconsistency between the geometric shape of the LOFZ and the distribution of the four parameters. Although more realistic results are obtained from the second model with normal ridge collision, there are few coincident in the LOFZ geometry and regional stress field. The third model with normal and oblique ridge collision is reasonable in understanding the origin of stress field and geometrical condition in the lithosphere of the LOFZ.     

康古尔塔格缝合带的变形机制

北天山东段康古尔塔格带是晚古生代塔里木板块和准噶尔板块碰撞的结果。它是一条复杂的、强烈的高应变带．并具有独特的变形机制、应变序列以及构造变形。本文运用构造－地层研究方法对该碰撞带的构造特征加以分析和研究。     

鲁苏碱性岩套特征及其形成的构造背景

鲁苏碱性岩套是指分布于胶莱盆地内的富钾火山岩系和鲁苏混杂岩带中的富钠侵入岩系 ,它们形成于中生代晚期至新生代早期大陆碰撞造山作用之后的伸展构造背景 ,是拉张作用下上地幔部分熔融与陆壳隆升作用的产物     

西秦岭与东昆仑的侧向碰撞与造山

东昆仑和西秦岭两造山带间的关系历来存有争议。笔者认为在全面分析两造山带间由平行造山带走向的侧向运动所造成的基本地质构造现象的基础上,两造山带间是以侧向运动形式为主,这种侧向运动于古生代早期就已发生,至三叠纪末期因发生侧向碰撞造山而结束,鄂拉山次级造山带并由此而产生,同时也完成了秦昆两造山带结合,并进一步指出:西秦岭和东昆仑两造山带并非是在统一造山机制下所形成的同一造山带。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE TECTONICS AND EVOLUTION OF THE FUJIAN COAST CHANGLE-NANAO METAMORPHISM ZONE

The Fujian coast Changle-Nanao metamorphism zone rocks are composed of gneiss, schist andhornblendite which had gone through metamorphism of amphilbolite facies, and followed the large-scaleintrusive mass of gneissic granite. The zone was orginally composed of Early Palaeozoiccontinental margin and island arc volcanic and sedimentary rocks. In 180-150 Ma, the zone undermentductile shear deformation and amphibolite facies metamorphism; and in 130-80 Ma, rose rap1dly andco1lided with the Southeastem China continen1al rnargln volonic rocks a10ng the NE trending ductileshear belt. The above geologic setting laid the present Fujian coast tectonic foundation whose formationand evolution are known to be interrlatal with the sueduction and collision of the Taiwan CentralRange.     

论双侧造山带——以桐柏—大别造山带为例

从双侧造山带的几何学和力学模式出发,详细地讨论了桐柏—大别造山带的构造特征。在综合地质和地球物理资料基础上,提出一个解释桐柏—大别造山带漂浮体及花状构造的运动学模式。强调指出,具有两个不同变形楔状体的桐柏—大别造山带,是由华北及扬子克拉通间在印支—燕山期斜向碰撞造成的。     

BOLTZMANN方程与碰撞矩阵元的计算

作者用Ｂｕｒｎｅｔｔ函数作为展开基底表示分子速度分布函数和Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ方程，并由此证明，Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ碰撞矩阵元的计算归结为约化积分、Ｃｌｅｂｓｃｈ－Ｇｏｒｄａｎ系数和Ｂｒｏｄｙ－Ｍｏｓｈｉｎｓｋｙ系数的计算。为了提高计算效率，作者将这些系数用超几何函数予以表示，并由此提出了高效的计算方法。     

A preliminary study on the tectonics and evolution of the Fujian Coast Changle—Nanao metamorphism zone

The Fujian coast Changle—Nanao metamorphism zone rocks are composed of gneiss, schist and hornblendite which had gone through metamorphism of amphilbolite facies, and followed the large-scale intrusive mass of gneissic granite. The zone was originally composed of Early Palaeozoic continental margin and island arc volcanic and sedimentary rocks. In 180-150 Ma, the zone underwent ductile shear deformation and amphibolite facies metamorphism; and in 130-80 Ma, rose rapidly and collided with the Southeastern China continental margin volcanic rocks along the NE trending ductile shear belt. The above geologic setting laid the present Fujian coast tectonic foundation whose formation and evolution are known to be interrelated with the subduction and collision of the Taiwan. Central Range. Contribution No. 2589 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The project was supported by NSFC (No. 49472148).     

海南及邻区现今地壳三维运动特征及地球动力学环境分析

利用海南及邻区1999年以来GNSS资料及1970年以来水准数据获取三维运动速度场，分析地壳运动特征，结合东南亚水平运动背景场分析周缘板块对海南地块及华南地块陆缘速度场的影响。结果表明，海南岛三维运动以白沙断裂为界，岛北部以海口-屯昌为界。华南地块各观测点E向运动速率自西向东逐渐减小，至陆缘区域速率最小，各观测站间运动速率差异性小；S向运动速率自西向东逐渐增大；位于23°～26°N区域观测点的速度场与其南北两侧存在差异。华南地块运动受印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞和挤压影响，陆缘地带还受太平洋板块、菲律宾海板块活动及南海扩张运动影响，澳大利亚板块对区域运动影响较小。     

台湾海峡及其两岸的地球动力学环境

本文根据断层的力学性质、活动习性、褶皱、断陷盆地、平原、海湾的形成机理,火山活动、水系分布格局,震源机制解、地壳形变场、ＧＰＳ观测成果和ＥＤＭ（光电测距）资料等,对比研究了台湾海峡及其两岸现今的地球动力学环境。结果表明：台湾海峡处在北西方向引张的应力环境;台湾地区受到来自太平洋菲律宾海板块向北西方向的挤压和因台湾海峡下降而产生的向南东方向的挤压;福建沿海则受到印度板块向北向东的挤压和太平洋菲律宾海板块向北西方向的挤压以及台湾海峡下降而产生的向北西方向的挤压。     

地形对台风影响的数值模拟研究——以台风“泰利”为例

为研究台湾岛地形对台风移动路径及结构的影响,利用高分辨率中尺度MM5V3模式,设计3组敏感性试验,对“0513”号台风“泰利”在2005年8月31日00：06到9月1日18：00（世界时）影响台湾岛的过程进行数值模拟研究。主要就台湾岛地形对台风移动路径、气压场、散度场、涡度场和降水场进行分析。试验结果表明：台湾岛地形对台风“泰利”的移动路径和中心气压的影响不显著;地形的强迫作用对台风涡度场的中心强度和非对称结构有明显的影响;台湾岛地形是形成迎风坡诱生低压和背风坡诱生高压的主要因子;地形是台风外围降水加强的主要原因。     

On the Taiwan Warm Current Water

With the use of historical data from their 1982-1985 special observation at the source area of the Taiwan Warm Current the authors conducted studies to clarify the temperature and salinity characteristics, variability, and origin of the Taiwan warm Current Water, and its influence on the expanding direction of the Changjiang Diluted Water.The main results are given below.(1)The Taiwan Warm Current Water can be divided into the "Surface Water of the Taiwan Warm Current" formed due to the mixing of the Kuroshio Surface Water flowing northward along the east coast of Taiwan with the Taiwan Strait Water, and the "Deep Water of the Taiwan Warm Current" originated from Kuroshio Subsurface Water to the east of Taiwan. It is characterized by stable low temperature and stable high salinity in summer. The maximum seasonal variation and maximum secular variation of temperature and salinity are 1.87℃, 0.26‰ and 2.96℃, 0.37‰, respectively.(2)The variation in strength of the Taiwan Warm Current is the main influe     

Spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwest of Taiwan Strait

This study was conducted on the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of current data obtained by two high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) systems. The analysis shows that the tidal current pattern in the southwestern Taiwan Strait is primarily semi-diurnal and influenced significantly by shallow water constituents. The spatial distribution of tidal current ellipses of M₂ is probably affected by the interaction between two different systems of tide wave, one from the northern mouth of Taiwan Strait and the other from the Bashi Channel. The directions of the major axes of M₂ tidal current ellipses coincide roughly with the axis of the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution of the magnitudes of the probable maximum current velocity (PMCS) shows gradual increase of the velocity from northeast to southwest, which is in accordance with the spatial distribution of the measured maximum current velocity (MMCS). The directions of the residual currents are in accordance with the direction of the prevailing monsoon wind at the Taiwan Strait and the direction of the Taiwan warm current during summer. The bathymetry also shows a significant effect on the spatial distribution characteristics of tidal currents.     

海上主航迹带边界统计推断与海西航路警戒区布局优化分析

台湾海峡是东北亚各国与东南亚、印度洋沿岸各国间的海上捷径,其交通主流是通行海峡的南北向航次,然而海峡两岸启动大三通后,穿越海峡的客货运船舶日益增多,导致闽台直航航次与台湾海峡南北干线主交通流交叉现象凸显,台湾海峡西侧水域冲突日益加剧。本文根据船舶轨迹观测数据,抽样出通行海峡南北及横穿海峡的航次样本,应用轨迹栅格化方法建立统计推断模型,以概率形式表达南北干线、两岸直航的海运利用分布,推断出2种交通流的主航迹带,识别南北向交通主流与两岸直航交通支流的显著冲突区,以此调整现有警戒区设置方案。研究结果表明：轨迹统计推断法能定量化分析海西现有交通流模式,易于辨识横越海峡的船舶与通行海峡在航船舶的冲突区中心,为优化警戒区布局提供有效的方法支撑;调整后的海西警戒区中心可与台湾本岛西岸港口外侧的直航船舶通过点对接,形成海峡两岸直航的固定航线,可降低台湾海峡船舶冲突隐患,规范台湾海峡的船舶交通秩序。