基于风云三号气象卫星微波亮温资料反演东北地区土壤湿度及其对比分析

土壤湿度在陆面过程中发挥着重要作用,是联系陆地水循环和能量循环的纽带和关键环节。遥感技术可以实时地对土壤湿度进行长期、大区域动态监测,已成为监测土壤湿度的有效手段。本文基于风云三号气象卫星（FY3B）微波亮温资料,利用基于微波能量辐射传输方程的陆面参数反演模型（LPRM）反演了中国东北地区的土壤湿度（FY3B_LPRM）。把反演获得的FY3BLRPM土壤湿度与中国气象局农业气象站土壤湿度观测资料、NCEP和ERA-Interim土壤湿度再分析资料、欧洲空间局多卫星融合ECV（Essential Climate Variable）土壤湿度产品和国家卫星气象中心FY3B官方土壤湿度产品（FY3B_offical）进行了对比分析。结果表明:（1）本文反演的FY3B土壤湿度与农业气象站观测资料有较高的一致性;卫星土壤湿度整体上呈现自西向东逐渐增加的空间变化,与农业气象站观测资料较为一致;在季节变化上,两者高度相关,在大部分地区的相关系数都达到0.7以上。（2）在大兴安岭和东北三省东部等地表相对湿润的地区,FY3B_LPRM土壤湿度与NCEP、ERA-Interim和FY3B_offical土壤湿度呈现较强的负相关;再分析资料和FY3B_offical土壤湿度均无法反映该地区土壤干湿状况的季节性变化,甚至与观测资料呈反位相变化特征。FY3B_LPRM土壤湿度与欧洲空间局研发的多卫星融合ECV土壤湿度产品在绝大多数地区有较好的一致性。本文基于风云三号极轨气象卫星微波亮温反演的土壤湿度资料,可用于干旱监测、数值同化与天气预报、水文水资源等领域。     

长江中下游地区1988—2010年遥感土壤湿度的时空变化

利用农业气象站观测资料对长江中下游地区1988-2010年遥感土壤湿度进行了验证,并与NCEP和ERA-Interim土壤湿度做了对比分析。研究表明,ECV遥感土壤湿度冬季平均土壤湿度最高,春季和秋季次之,夏季平均土壤湿度最低;这种季节性干湿变化与农业气象站观测资料一致。但是,NCEP和ERA-Interim土壤湿度再分析资料,则夏季平均土壤湿度高,春季和秋季次之,而冬季平均土壤湿度最低;这种季节性变化与ECV遥感土壤湿度和农业气象站观测资料呈反位相。就年际变化而言,ECV遥感土壤湿度与农业气象站观测资料和两套再分析资料均有较高的一致性,并在春季和秋季最高,尤其是在长江以北地区和长江以南洞庭湖、鄱阳湖两大湖区,相关系数达到0.7~0.9;而夏季一致性最低,相关系数仅为0.4左右。在研究时段,ECV土壤湿度在冬季明显增加,在夏季则有明显下降趋势。     

四套再分析土壤湿度资料在中国区域的适用性分析

利用国家气象信息中心提供的"中国农业气象土壤水分数据集(1981-2010年)(V1.0)"中150个农业气象站的土壤湿度观测资料,对2001-2010年CFSR、ERA-Interim、NCEP R-1和NCEP R-2四套再分析土壤湿度资料在中国区域的适用性进行了比较与评估。结果表明:(1)从空间分布来看,四套再分析资料都可以正确描述出中国区域土壤湿度的分布特征,但是NCEP R-1对于青藏高原土壤湿度的模拟存在一定的问题;(2)从时间变化来看,CFSR再分析资料能够较好地描述了土壤湿度的时间变化,而NCEP R-2再分析资料表现得较差;(3)从土壤湿度的季节循环看,在表层,CFSR和ERA-Interim再分析资料模拟地比较好,而NCEP R-1和NCEP R-2再分析资料出现了高估现象;而在深层,除NCEP R-1外,其他三种再分析资料都可以较好地模拟出土壤湿度的季节循环。     

CLM4.5模式对青藏高原土壤湿度的数值模拟及评估

本文利用1981～2016年的CRUNCEP资料（0.5°×0.5°）作为大气驱动数据,驱动CLM4.5（Community Land Model version 4.5）模式模拟了青藏高原地区1981～2016 年的土壤湿度时空变化。将模拟数据与台站观测资料、再分析资料（ERA-Interim和GLDAS-CLM）和微波遥感FY-3B/MWRI土壤湿度资料对比验证,表明了CLM4.5模拟资料可以合理再现青藏高原地区土壤湿度的空间分布和长期变化趋势。而且基于多种卫星遥感资料建立的较高分辨率（0.1°×0.1°）的青藏高原地表数据更加细致地刻画了土壤湿度的空间变化。对比结果表明:CLM4.5模拟土壤湿度与各个台站观测的时空变化一致,各层土壤湿度的模拟和观测均显著相关,且对浅层的模拟优于深层,但模拟结果比台站观测系统性偏大。模拟与再分析资料和微波遥感资料土壤湿度的空间分布具有一致性,均表现为从青藏高原的西北部向东南部逐渐增加的分布特点,三江源湿地和高原东南部为土壤湿度的高值区,柴达木盆地和新疆塔里木盆地的沙漠地区为低值区,土壤湿度由浅层向深层增加。土壤湿度的长期变化趋势基本表现为“变干—变湿”相间的带状分布,不同层次的土壤湿度变化趋势基本一致。模拟资料也合理地再现了夏季土壤湿度逐月的变化:高原西南地区的土壤湿度明显大范围增加,北部的柴达木盆地的干旱范围也明显的向北收缩,高原南部外围土壤湿度也明显增加,CLM4.5模拟土壤湿度比再分析资料和微波遥感资料更加细致地描述了夏季逐月土壤湿度空间分布及其变化特征。     

ERA-Interim地表温度资料在青藏高原多年冻土区的适用性

地表温度综合反映了大气和地表植被、土壤等局地因素相互作用的能量交换状况,是许多冻土分布模型和寒区陆面过程模式的上边界条件,对多年冻土分布和活动层厚度估算具有重要意义。为了检验ERA-Interim再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原(下称高原)多年冻土区的适用性,综合比较了2011年1月1日至2012年12月31日期间高原不同类型多年冻土区3个综合观测场的观测地表温度和ERA-Interim再分析资料之间的偏差、均方差、相关系数、解释方差、均方根误差和平均绝对误差。结果表明,ERA-Interim再分析资料能较好地再现高原多年冻土区3个综合观测场地表温度的基本特征,并能较好地描述高原地表温度的季节变化。但ERA-Interim再分析年平均地表温度比观测值偏低,西大滩、五道梁和唐古拉站依次偏低1.7,1.0和0.9℃;地表温度的再分析值和观测值之间的相关系数和解释方差都较高,均方差也相近。ERA-Interim再分析地表温度资料对观测站点相对稀少且空间分布不均匀的高原多年冻土区具有较好的适用性,可以作为地表温度的有效代用资料。     

三种再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原区域的适用性分析

利用气象台站观测地表温度,比较和分析了ERA-Interim、NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原的适用性.结果表明:三种再分析资料都揭示了青藏高原地表温度的基本特征,并较好地描述了高原地表温度的季节变化和年际变化特征;但三种再分析资料都比观测地表温度明显偏低,且对地表温度的长期变化趋势估计不足.比较而言,ERA-1nterim再分析地表温度产品在青藏高原的适用性最好,与观测地表温度的相关最显著,且能较好地反映高原地表温度的异常变化强度,可作为研究高原地表温度年际变化的代用资料;而NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE 再分析地表温度产品在青藏高原的适用性不佳,其适用时段和适用区域需要进一步考察.     

不同时间尺度下中国东部夏季最高温度观测与再分析资料的比较

利用中国气象局中国气象数据网提供的地面观测资料集及JRA-55、ERA-Interim、NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE四种再分析资料集的日最高温度资料,运用线性分析、方差分析、EOF分析和滤波等方法,对1979—2013年中国东部地区夏季不同再分析资料和观测资料日最高温度的多时间尺度特征进行对比分析。结果表明:夏季最高温度多年平均由南向北逐渐降低,长江以南在30℃以上,JRA-55对东部地区夏季日最高温度的多年平均特征的再现能力较优;近35年东部地区夏季日最高温度整体呈增长趋势,长江中下游以及内蒙古东部地区增长趋势明显;再分析资料对最高温度长期变化特征的再现能力在不同地区各有优劣,JRA-55略优于其他资料。夏季最高温度空间上以长江中下游以南与其以北地区反位相变化为其主要特征,其中ERA-Interim的空间分布特征与观测资料较为相似,其次为NCEP/DOE;时间变化则以年际变化为主,ERA-Interim的年际变化特征最接近观测资料。JRA-55、NCEP/NCAR以及NCEP/DOE在21世纪之后变化特征与观测资料较为相似,表现为振幅减弱而后回升的趋势;在季节内尺度上,夏季日最高温度主要周期为20~60天,其方差贡献在云贵、东北地区以及甘肃东部、陕西一带较大,再分析资料对季节内时间尺度的再现能力由高到低依次为JRA-55、ERA-Interim、NCEP/DOE、NCEP/NCAR。     

多种土壤湿度资料在中国地区的对比分析

利用1992—2012年中国区域土壤湿度观测资料对目前使用较为广泛的5套土壤湿度资料(ERA-Interim、NCEP再分析资料、GLDAS同化资料、CPC模式资料和AMSR-E卫星反演资料)的适用性进行检验,分析5套资料对中国区域土壤湿度的时空分布特征和变化趋势的描述能力。结果表明:5套资料都能大体反映暖季中国区域土壤湿度东南湿、西北干,自东南向西北递减的分布格局以及西北干旱区和半干旱区变湿、长江流域部分地方变干的变化趋势,其中CPC资料最接近观测事实,并能较好地表现局地特征;在描述土壤湿度的季节变化和年际变化方面,GLDAS和NCEP资料与观测数据的相关性较好,能较好反映土壤湿度的时间演变特征。进一步利用检验效果较好的GLDAS、NCEP和CPC资料分别对中国区域土壤湿度时间和空间的长期变化趋势分析发现:中国区域标准化年平均土壤湿度在1948—1996年处在相对湿润期,而1996—2012年处在相对干旱期;中国区域年平均土壤湿度的空间变化特征是东部变干、西部变湿,自东北、华北至西南呈现一个干旱化带。     

基于再分析资料与观测资料的中国低温阈值变化特征研究

采用1979—2013年中国192站逐日最低温度观测资料和NCEP/NCAR、NCEP/DOE、JRA-55、ERA-Interim再分析资料及1979—2004年均一化资料,分别计算低温阈值并对比分析其气候态、年际和年代际变化、长期趋势等特征。结果表明:与观测结果相比,均一化资料阈值在东北、内蒙古西部和两广等地偏低,在青藏高原东侧、新疆北部和黄河中下游偏高,线性趋势则相反;再分析资料阈值在南方偏低、东北偏高,在东部的可信度高于西部;再分析资料能显示内蒙古中西部的降温趋势和青藏高原的增温趋势,但在数值和范围上有差异,且均低估了观测资料反映的华北地区的显著升温现象;再分析资料能体现观测资料阈值的全区一致性、东北与其他地区反相的空间分布及其年际变化特征,仅JRA-55和ERA-Interim可再现低温阈值的年代际变化特征。     

三套再分析资料在青藏高原湖泊模拟研究中的适用性分析

湖泊模式为青藏高原湖-气相互作用研究提供了有效方法,而驱动数据对模拟结果影响显著,但目前用来驱动模式的再分析资料对高原不同地区湖泊的适用性依然不够清楚。利用野外观测数据、M ODIS地表温度数据和WRF耦合的一维湖泊模式,对比分析了中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集(简称ITPCAS)、ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR三套再分析资料在青藏高原地区纳木错、班公错和鄂陵湖三个不同深度湖泊的适用性,并对三套再分析资料的准确性进行了初步验证,进一步分析了不同校正方式后的再分析资料对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,用三套不同再分析资料作为模式驱动数据时,WRF耦合的一维湖泊模型均能够较好地模拟出高原湖泊表面温度的变化,但仍然与MODIS观测结果存在偏差。三套再分析资料中ITPCAS数据集的各气象要素与站点观测更为接近,ERA-Interim数据的向下长波和短波辐射比观测值偏大,NCEP/NCAR数据中的向下长波较观测值偏小而风速偏大。利用站点观测对再分析资料进行校正,ITPCAS数据进行全要素校正前后模拟结果差别不大,ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR进行全要素校正后模拟结果准确性显著提高;对于实地观测资料匮乏的地区,单独对ERA-Interim向下短波辐射数据进行校正以及同时对NCEP/NCAR气温和向下长波辐射数据进行校正均能优化湖表面温度的模拟结果。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;