Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil labile carbon fractions of freshwater marsh soil in Northeast China

During the past 50 years, the amount of agricultural fertilizer used in Northern China increased from about 7.5 kg ha^?1 in the 1950s to approximately 348 kg ha^?1 in the 1990s. Given that little is known about the effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil labile carbon fraction in Northern China, this paper evaluated such effects in terms of microbial biomass and dissolved organic carbon in the Sanjiang Plain located in Northeast China. Soils with different cultivation time and undisturbed marsh with Deyeuxia angustifolia were selected to study the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the soil labile organic fractions microbial C (biomass C, microbial quotient, and basal respiration) and to estimate the contributions of nitrogen input on the dynamics of soil labile carbon. Continuous nitrogen application decreased total organic and dissolved organic carbon concentrations significantly, leading to the lack of carbon source for microbes. Therefore, continuous nitrogen fertilizer application induced negative effects on measured soil microbiological properties. However, a moderate nitrogen application rate (60 kg N ha^?1) stimulated soil microbial activity in the short term (about 2 months), whereas a high nitrogen application rate (150 kg N ha^?1) inhibited measured soil microbiological properties in the same period.     

外源氮输入对草地土壤微生物特性影响的研究进展

大气氮沉降作为全球变化的重要现象之一,沉降量不断增加所带来的一系列生态问题日趋严重.草地作为陆地生态系统的主体类型之一,对大气氮沉降的响应不仅体现在地上植被生长和群落动态的变化,其地下各种生态过程的变化更加值得关注.此外,世界范围内的草地生态系统大部分面临不同程度的退化,草地施氮是寻求草地恢复的有益尝试.综述了大气氮沉降和人为施氮引起的外源氮输入变化对草地生态系统土壤微生物特性(微生物数量、微生物量、微生物呼吸、微生物多样性和土壤酶)影响的研究进展,研究表明:①施氮有利于细菌数量的增加,但对真菌数量的影响甚微或是降低真菌的数量.②长期施氮降低土壤微生物量,但短期施氮的影响效应具有不确定性.③施氮对草地土壤微生物呼吸的影响效应取决于微生物可获得的碳源的量.输入地下的植物碳量增加促进土壤微生物呼吸,输入地下的有机质减少则抑制微生物呼吸.④施氮改变了土壤微生物的群落结构组成和底物利用方式,对土壤微生物多样性的影响表现出负效应.⑤施氮提高了β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶和大部分糖苷酶的活性,降低了脲酶的活性.迄今为止,施氮对草地土壤微生物特性的影响效应仍存在很大的不确定性,今后的研究中应开展氮输入对草地生态系统影响的长期试验研究、加强对土壤微生物呼吸的影响研究以及合理确定我国草地生态系统可持续发展的氮饱和阈值,并进一步完善和发展测量土壤微生物多样性的新方法.     

森林土壤微生物与植物碳源的磷脂脂肪酸及其单体同位素研究

森林生态系统的土壤微生物群落组成和活性,是影响生物地球化学循环、有机质代谢和土壤质量的关键因素.磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)是一类可有效表征活体微生物群落结构的生物标志物,而其单体稳定碳同位素(δ13C)水平对土壤微生物植物碳代谢具有独特的指示作用.本次研究以土壤PLFA为对象,分析了我国位处纬度梯度带上(24°N～47°N...     

冻融交替对不同年代排水造林湿地土壤微生物活性及有机碳密度的影响

以小兴安岭湿地土壤为研究对象,基于室内分析和冻融实验,分析了冻融作用下不同年代排水造林湿地土壤微生物量、酶活性以及有机碳密度的变化趋势,探讨了不同年代排水造林湿地土壤微生物活性与有机碳密度之间的相关关系,以期为深入认识冻融期间高寒高纬度地区土壤碳循环过程提供参考依据。结果表明：（1）冻融次数对土壤微生物量碳、氮含量影响显著（P<0.05）,经历9次冻融循环后,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量比冻融前明显减少;在三种不同年代排水造林的湿地中,排水时间越短,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量下降幅度越大,表明长时间的反复冻融交替可能导致土壤微生物量的进一步减少。（2）冻融前后,土壤蔗糖酶和淀粉酶活性均表现为下降趋势,且多次冻融交替后,-25~5℃冻融处理比-5~5℃冻融处理酶活性更低,表明较大的冻融温差更能降低土壤酶的活性度。（3）随着冻融次数和冻融温度的变化,四种湿地的土壤有机碳密度基本保持稳定,但其与土壤微生物量、酶活性却存在着高度的正相关性,通过探究微生物活性所调控的土壤过程,可以直接或间接了解土壤有机碳密度的变化趋势,便于从本质上验证其响应机制。     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on the soil microbial activity

The effects of heavy metals on soil microbial processes were investigated over a period of six weeks. Analytical grade (Sigma) sulphate salts of copper, zinc and nickel were added individually and in combinations to soil samples and incubated in different plastic pots. Samples were taken from the pots forthnightly and the rates of microbial carbon and nitrogen mineralization, microbial biomass carbon and respiration were measured. The results showed the effect of metals on the measured parameters were significant (P<0.05.). By the 6^th week postreatment, the rates of carbon accumulated were high in the copper (6.03 %) and copper:Zinc (5.80 %) treatments but low in the nickel and zinc (4.93 % and 5.02 % respectively). The rates of Nitrogen mineralization were 0.41 and 0.44 % in samples treated with copper and copper:zinc compared to 0.22 %–0.24 % obtained at the beginning of the experiments. Soil microbial biomass carbon declined from average value of 183.7–185.6 μg/g before treatment to as low as 100.8 and 124.6 μg/g in samples treated with copper:zinc and copper respectively.The rate of respiration of the soil microbial populations was equally inhibited by the metals. From an average rate of 2.51–2.56 μg of C/g respiration of the soil microbes declined to 0.98, 1.08 and 1.61 μg of C/g in the copper:zinc, copper and zinc treated soils by the end of the experiment. The results suggest additive or synergistic effects of the metals.     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture, microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration at stand scale of an arid scrubland

Studying the influence of plants on soil biological variables in an arid zone is important to the understanding of soil processes and relationships between above and below ground. The objective of this study was to quantify the pattern and degree of soil heterogeneity for soil moisture and its relationship with microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration using geostatistical techniques at stand scale of an arid scrubland. The experiment was conducted in a scrubland landscape using a 2 × 2 m grid within a 16 × 14 m plot in the lower reach of Sangong River watershed in Xinjiang, northwest China. The results revealed the following: (1) Soil moisture and soil microbial biomass carbon had moderate spatial variation, but soil respiration had strong variation. Spatial variability of soil moisture in the study plot decreased when soil moisture changed from wet in April to dry in June. In addition, correlations of soil moisture with microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration were positive and significant (p < 0.005). (2) Variation of soil microbial biomass carbon and soil moisture had a strong spatial autocorrelation in the study plot, mainly induced by structural factors, and the spatial autocorrelation of microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration was mainly determined by soil moisture. (3) The location of the high-value positions of soil moisture, soil microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration were clearly around the positions of scrubs in the study plot. Such information provided some insights to explain the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties at stand scale in an arid region.     

氮输入对陆地生态系统碳循环关键过程的影响

碳氮作为陆地生态系统最关键的两大生源要素,它们在自然界的循环过程中不仅各自对全球变暖做出重要贡献,而且两者的循环过程显著耦合,互相影响各自的作用和效果。从氮元素对植物光合作用、呼吸作用以及土壤呼吸作用影响的角度入手,综述了氮输入对陆地生态系统碳固定和碳排放这两个碳循环关键过程的影响特征和机理,分析了陆地生态系统碳源汇对氮素变化响应的不确定性,在此基础上对未来的相关重点研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

岩溶土壤的生态地球化学特征及其指示意义——以贵州贞丰—关岭岩溶石山地区为例

岩溶石山地区土壤退化与恢复的成因和机理一直是近年来土壤学和生态学研究的热点。以贵州西南部贞丰—关岭岩溶石山区为对象，选择了区内退化地、农用地、恢复地等生态样块以及与未退化地为对照，采集了其中的表层和亚表层土壤，分别进行了土壤的养分库量、微生物活性与功能和土壤酶活性等化学分析。研究表明土壤养分库是土壤中微生物活性基础，微生物量碳随土壤养分库容的退化或恢复而相应变化，退化岩溶地植被恢复3~6年后，主要养分总库容得到明显恢复(恢复程度55%~65%)，因而带动了微生物量碳的恢复（平均恢复程度60%以上），但养分的活性（有效磷）、微生物的功能（呼吸熵及土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性）并没有得到相应程度的恢复（平均恢复程度仅在25%~40%）。这些结果提示，限制性养分活性和微生物功能的恢复是植被恢复下生态系统健康水平的重要指示。因此，在分析岩溶土壤和生态系统退化过程的本质以及评价生态恢复的效应时，不仅应将微生物量碳和总养分库指标作为岩溶土壤退化恢复的指标，更应将微生物区系的质量和功能指标纳入关键评价内容。      

苏格兰阿伯丁城市土壤的微生物特性研究

在重金属的胁迫下,阿伯丁城市土壤中微生物特征发生了显著的变化,与农村土相比,微生物基底呼吸作用明显增强,但微生物生物量却显著降低,微生物生理参数Ｃｍｉｎ／Ｃｏｒｇ、ｑＣＯ２值明显升高,Ｂｉｏｌｏｇ数据显示城市土壤对能源碳的消耗量和速度显著升高,而且对能源碳的利用方式发生了改变,但利用效率却明显降低,反映出微生物特性可作为城市土壤环境质量变异的有效指标。     

山东滨海盐碱地柽柳林下微生物量变化特征及其影响因素

以山东昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区内柽柳林下土壤微生物为研究对象, 测定了其微生物量变化. 结果表明: 研究区细菌、真菌及古菌基因平均拷贝数分别为8.24×10⁶ copies·g^-1、1.51×10⁴ copies·g^-1和2.85×10⁴ copies·g^-1, 微生物量碳、氮平均值分别为140.54 mg·kg^-1和29.19 mg·kg^-1. 自密集区经稀疏区到边缘区, 随植被盖度的降低, 微生物量呈现降低的趋势. 相关分析表明, 不同植被盖度所造成的有机质输入的差异是造成这种变化规律的主要因素.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus distribution and utilization bySpartina alterniflora in a Louisiana gulf coast marsh

Nitrogen and phosphorus content ofSpartina alterniflora Loisel and soil nitrogen were measured along a transect perpendicular to a stream in a Louisiana salt marsh in order to provide information on differences between the so-called streamside and inland regions. Total plant nitrogen and phosphorus levels in June and September tended to be greater at streamside than inland sites. Total soil nitrogen on a dry soil weight basis increased with distance inland from a natural stream toward an interdistributary basin in the marsh. Soil extractable ammonium-nitrogen levels measured in June were very low in vegetated streamside and inland areas, but they were much higher in inland areas devoid of plants. Nitrogen and phosphorus utilization byS. alterniflora was also investigated at an inland location in the salt marsh. Labelled ammonium-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus were added in May at a rate of 200 kg/ha to the soil of replicated plots. Added nitrogen significantly increased total above-ground plant biomass and plant height by 28 and 25%, respectively, 4 months after application. The ratio of belowground macro-organic matter to total aboveground biomass was decreased from 5.7 to 4.7 by the additional nitrogen. Added phosphorus did not significantly affect plant height and biomass. The use of¹⁵N-depleted nitrogen tracers showed that about half of the nitrogen in the aboveground portion ofS. alterniflora from 1 to 4 months after the nitrogen addition was derived from the added ammonium-nitrogen. After 4 months, 28 and 29% of the added labelled nitrogen was recovered in the aboverground and belowground biomass ofS. alterniflora, respectively. Recovery of added nitrogen was overestimated with a non-tracer method based on the difference in total nitrogen uptake between nitrogen-amended plots and untreated plots. Soil organic nitrogen comprised the majority of the nitrogen in the salt marsh. Nitrogen in the standing crop biomass ofS. alterniflora represented only about 2% of the total nitrogen in the plantsoil system of an inland marsh to a 20 cm soil depth.     

The degradation characteristics of microbial biomass in soil

Soil microbial biomass is a primary source of soil organic carbon (SOC) and therefore plays a fundamental role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. However, little is known about the fate and transformations of microbial biomass in soil. Here we employ HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy to monitor ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled soil microbial biomass and leachate degradation over time. As expected, there is a rapid loss of carbohydrate structures. However, diffusion edited HR-MAS NMR data reveals that macromolecular carbohydrates are more resistant to degradation and are found in the leachate. Aromatic components survive as dissolved species in the leachate while aliphatic components persist in both the biomass and leachate. Dissolved protein and peptidoglycan accumulate in the leachate and recalcitrant amide nitrogen and lipoprotein persists in both the degraded biomass and leachate. Cross-peaks that appear in ¹H-¹⁵N HR-MAS NMR spectra after degradation suggest that specific peptides are either selectively preserved or used for the synthesis of unknown structures. The overall degradation pathways reported here are similar to that of decomposing plant material degraded under similar conditions suggesting that the difference between recalcitrant carbon from different sources is negligible after decomposition.     

Soil quality changes in land degradation as indicated by soil chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties in a karst area of southwest Guizhou, China

Not only the nutritional status and biological activity but also the soil ecological functioning or soil health has been impacted profoundly by land degradation in the karst area of southwest China where the karst ecosystems are generally considered as extremely vulnerable to land degradation under intensified land-use changes. The objectives of this study are to elucidate the changes in overall soil quality by a holistic approach of soil nutritional, biological activity, and soil health indicators in the karst area as impacted by intense cultivation and vegetation degradation. Topsoil samples were collected on selected eco-tesserae in a sequence of land degradation in a karst area of southwest Guizhou in 2004. The soil nutrient pools of organic carbon (C_org), extractable extracellular carbon (C_ext), total soil nitrogen (N_t), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (N_ah), total phosphorus (P_t), available phosphorus (P_a) were analyzed by wet soil chemistry. The soil biological properties were studied by means of measurements of microbial biomass carbon (both by fumigation–extraction, FE-C_mic, and by calculation from substrate-incubation respiration, SIR-C_mic) of respiration [respiration without addition of substrates, basal respiration (BR), and potential respiration (PR) with substrate-incubation] and of soil enzyme activities (invertase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase). Soil health status was assessed by simple indices of C_mic/C_org and BR/C_mic in conjunction with bacterial community structures determined by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. While the nutritional pool parameters, such as C_org and C_ext, described basically the changes in soil life-supporting capacity with cultivation interference and vegetation declined, those parameters of biological activity such as FE-C_mic, SIR, and SIR-C_mic as well as bacterial community structures measured by molecular method evidenced well the changes in soil functioning for ecosystem health with the land degradation.     

不同碳酸盐岩和土层厚度下土壤微生物数量及生物量的研究——以贵阳市花溪区为例

碳酸盐岩发育土壤的厚度变幅大,通过野外挖掘调查,在贵阳市花溪区分薄土、中土及厚土3种土层类型研究喀斯特地区不同土层厚度下微生物数量及生物量,结果表明:随着土层厚度的增加,土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌及微生物总数逐渐增加;细菌在土壤微生物中占据了绝对优势,在石灰岩及白云岩发育土壤的各土层中分别占88.13%、85.71%、87.36%、85.00%及77.78%;石灰岩发育的土壤从薄土到厚土微生物量碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）的含量逐渐增加,分别增加15.15 mg·kg-1、2.82 mg·kg-1、0.18 mg·kg-1,白云岩从薄土到中土微生物量C、N、P的含量分别增加5.13 mg·kg-1、0.39 mg·kg-1、0.10 mg·kg-1;在同等厚度下石灰岩发育的土壤微生物量N、P含量明显低于白云岩发育的土壤,中土中差异最大,分别相差0.90 mg·kg-1和0.21 mg·kg-1,而石灰岩发育土壤的中土中微生物量C的含量则高于白云岩发育的土壤,高17.31 mg·kg-1;探讨相关性,pH值对微生物量C、P有显著影响（p<0.05）,全P含量对微生物量P有极显著影响（p<0.01）。      

Soil organic carbon fractions and microbial community and functions under changes in vegetation: a case of vegetation succession in karst forest

The vegetation community succession influences soil nutrient cycling, and this process is mediated by soil microorganisms in the forest ecosystem. A degraded succession series of karst forests were chosen in which vegetation community changed from deciduous broadleaved trees (FO) toward shrubs (SH), and shrubs–grasses (SHG) in the southwest China. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), labile organic carbon (LOC), water extractable organic matter (WEOM), microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN), bacterial and fungal diversity, as well as soil enzyme activities were tested. The results showed that SOC, LOC, MBC, MBN, and enzyme activities declined with vegetation succession, with the relatively stronger decrease of microbial biomass and functions, whereas WEOM was higher in SHG than in other systems. In addition, soil bacterial and fungal composition in FO was different from both SH and SHG. Despite positive relationship with SOC, LOC, and TN (p < 0.01), MBC, MBN appeared to be more significantly correlated to LOC than to SOC. It suggested that vegetation conversion resulted in significant changes in carbon fractions and bioavailability, furthermore, caused the change in soil microbial community and function in the forest ecosystem.     

Effects of nitrogen addition and salt grass (Distichlis spicata) upon high salt marsh vegetation in Northern California, USA

In the salt marshes of Tomales Bay, California, where grazing by cattle increases the input of nitrogen to the marsh (either directly or indirectly as runoff from within the salt marsh watershed), high salt marsh vegetation is dominated byDistichlis spicata and is less diverse than marshes without excess nutrients. Using a field experiment, I investigated the role of soil fertility on the plant community of the high salt marsh. I hypothesized that when soil fertility is increased by nitrogen addition plant productivity will increase, as indicated by height, biomass, and cover, and competitive exclusion, byD. spicata, will lead to a reduction in species richness and evenness, especially where the initial density ofDistichlis is high (from transplanting). After two growing seasons, biweekly nitrogen addition to the high salt marsh led to increased plant biomass and cover. Diversity was not reduced, and space preemption byDistichlis-transplants did not confer a competitive advantage. Although the dominant species thrived (e.g.,Salicornia virginica, D. spicata, Triglochin concinna) they did not displace subdominant species and decrease diversity. The vegetation response in this high salt marsh system does not support the hypothesis that as biomass and cover (indicators of productivity) increase in response to increased nitrogen, competitive exclusion will occur and diversity will decrease.     

祁连山中部亚高山草地土壤呼吸及其组分研究

草地碳通量组分的区分及其与环境因子的关系是了解生态系统碳循环的重要环节。于2013年6-8月在祁连山中部亚高山草地开展了土壤呼吸及其组分研究,利用根去除法区分根系自养呼吸和土壤微生物异养呼吸。采用LI-8100土壤碳通量系统测定生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸及土壤微生物呼吸速率,同时测定10cm处土壤温度和5cm处土壤湿度。分析呼吸速率和环境因子的昼夜变化动态,自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率占土壤呼吸速率的比例,呼吸速率与土壤温湿度及与生物量的关系。结果表明：生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸速率的日变化趋势均呈单峰型曲线,具体表现为生态系统呼吸（11.07μmol · m^-2 ·s^-1）>土壤呼吸（6.31μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>异养呼吸（4.92μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1）>自养呼吸（1.39μmol·m^-2·s^-1）;自养和异养呼吸速率分别占土壤呼吸速率的22.03%和77.97%;呼吸速率与10cm处土壤温度呈指数相关,Q₁₀值排序为：土壤微生物呼吸（Q₁₀=3.74）>土壤呼吸（Q₁₀=2.76）>生态系统呼吸（Q₁₀=2.49）,呼吸速率与5cm处土壤湿度呈显著线性负相关关系,双因素模型明显提高了呼吸速率与温湿度的相关性,能够分别解释土壤微生物呼吸,土壤呼吸和生态系统呼吸速率变异的89%,79%和62%;地上生物量和呼吸速率之间存在显著线性正相关关系,地下生物量与呼吸速率之间呈二次回归关系（P=0.01）,未刈割草地呼吸速率大于刈割草地土壤呼吸速率,刈割一年的土壤呼吸速率大于刈割两年的土壤呼吸速率。     

青藏高原冻土土壤呼吸温度敏感性和不同活性有机碳组分研究

对采自青藏高原的4个高海拔冻土样品在5、15、25和35℃4个温度下进行了为期90d的实验室培养。结果发现,随着温度升高,土壤呼吸强度和有机碳累积分解量呈现出不断增大的趋势;在时间变化上,培养初期土壤呼吸强度达到最高值随后不断下降,15d左右以后达到稳定。同样的温度下,土壤呼吸强度呈现如下顺序：沱沱河（草甸沼泽土）〉乌...     

干旱半干旱区CO2浓度升高对生态系统的影响及碳氮耦合研究进展

大气CO2浓度升高已成为全球备受关注的环境问题.CO2排放量的增加加剧了地球表层的温室效应,也对生态系统的结构和功能产生了重要影响.生态系统对CO2浓度升高的响应是一个长期的过程.在干旱半干旱区,CO2浓度的升高对生态系统生产力、植物、土壤和微生物等都有影响,尤其改变了生态系统中的碳循环,并加剧了生态系统对氮的需求.碳...     

土壤呼吸中根系与微生物呼吸的区分方法与应用

土壤呼吸中根系呼吸和微生物呼吸的区分在研究生态系统碳循环和土壤碳储量时具有重要意义。较系统地介绍了各种区分方法,主要包括成分综合法、生物量外推法、根去除法、同位素标记法等。现国内研究中使用生物量外推法较多,但其相关性较差。根去除法又可分为根移除法、挖沟隔离法和林隙法,由于是就地测定,其数据可信度较高。同位素标记法包括脉冲标记法和连续标记法,该方法避免了大的干扰,数据较准确,缺点在于设备复杂、操作困难、分析费用高。同时对各种方法的原理和应用进行了介绍。