简化接触模型的月壤离散元数值分析

根据月壤其颗粒级配可归类于粉质砂土。针对真实月壤所处的环境（无水、低重力场、低气压等）,将Perko等2001年提出的月壤颗粒间的范德华力植入离散元分析软件PFC2D中,模拟了刚性边界下加入该模型与未加该模型试样的双轴压缩试验,研究了颗粒间范德华力对试样的宏观力学特性与微观颗粒接触的影响。结果表明,颗粒间的范德华力对试样的抗剪强度、体应变以及颗粒平均配位数都有显著的影响     

Structure of sediments of kaolinite

In an assembly of clay particles placed in a fluid, each particle is typically subjected to: (1) double-layer repulsive forces; (2) van der Waals attractive forces; and (3) contact mechanical forces. The study presented here concerns an approximate, quantitative analysis of clay suspensions, with considerations to the first two - the physico-chemical forces. Using recent theories to calculate the physico-chemical forces between two clay particles in an approximate model of an assembly, the equilibrium void ratio of a clay suspension is computed. The mechanical forces are ignored in the analysis. The results serve to verify the validity of physico-chemical theories employed and help interpret experimental data more fundamentally in terms of the system variables.     

Magnetic–hydrophobic coagulation of paramagnetic minerals: a correlation of theory with experiments

A simple theoretical model of magnetic–hydrophobic coagulation considering the total interaction potential energy between two spheres exposed to an external magnetic field as a sum of the van der Waals, electrostatic, magnetic, and hydrophobic components is proposed. The model was used to interpret experiments on coagulation of fine siderite particles in distilled water and 10⁻² M KCl, hydrophobized by sodium oleate. In the experiments, a relative extent of the coagulation/stability equilibrium of the siderite suspension was evaluated photoelectrically. To estimate the model parameters, the ζ-potential and hydrophobicity of siderite particles were measured.A qualitative agreement was obtained between the model predictions (energy maximum and secondary minimum) and the experimental results (voltage changes after a selected interval of sedimentation) of the siderite suspensions. Moreover, a statistically significant correlation was found between the experimental voltages and the calculated energy maximum (a crucial factor of theories on the fine particle coagulation kinetics), which can be represented by a linear regression equation with the correlation coefficient of 0.979.     

Pore-throat size distributions in Permo-Triassic sandstones from the United Kingdom and some implications for contaminant hydrogeology

Pore-throat size distributions (PSDs) from mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) tests have been used to characterise 153 samples of Permo-Triassic sandstones from the United Kingdom. The PSDs have been parameterised using the Brooks-Corey and van Genuchten functions. Pore-throat sizes are in the range 0.01–427 μm, and dominant pore-throat sizes range from about 0.1–90 μm. Values of λ, the Brooks-Corey pore-size distribution index, range from 0.002–2.27, and values of m, the van Genuchten pore-size distribution index, range from 0.03–0.92. A number of classes of sandstone can be recognised on the basis of trends in the fitted parameters. The van Genuchten function provides the most effective method for classifying different sandstones. Additionally, a cross-plot of gas permeability against displacement pressure (derived from the van Genuchten function) shows that the data fall into two distinct sub-populations. The frequency distribution of a larger population of sandstone permeabilities can be modelled using the mean and standard deviation of the two sub-populations identified in the MICP study, assuming that the sub-populations are approximated by log-normal distributions. The distribution of sandstones with small pore-throat sizes is critical to the fate of pathogens and immiscible phase contaminants in the aquifer. Electronic Publication     

Analogue study of particle segregation in pyroclastic density currents, with implications for the emplacement mechanisms of large ignimbrites

Abstract Analogue flume experiments were conducted to investigate the transport and sedimentation behaviour of turbulent pyroclastic density currents. The experimental currents were scaled approximately to the natural environment in three ways: (1) they were fully turbulent; (2) they had a very wide range of particle sizes and associated Rouse numbers (the ratio of particle settling velocity to effective turbulent eddy velocity in the current); and (3) they contained particles of two different densities. Two sets of surge‐type experiments were conducted in a 5 m long, water‐filled lock‐exchange flume at five different volumetric particle concentrations from 0·6% to 23%. In one set (one‐component experiments), the currents contained just dense particles; in the other set (two‐component experiments), they contained both light and dense particles in equal volume proportions. In both sets of experiments, the population of each component had a log‐normal size distribution. In the two‐component experiments, the size range of the light particle population was selected in order to be in hydrodynamic equivalence with that of the dense particles. Dense particles were normally graded, both vertically and downstream, in the deposits from both sets of experiments. The mass loading (normalized to the initial mass of the suspension) and grain size of the dense component in the deposits decreased with distance from the reservoir and were insensitive to initial total particle concentration in the currents. On the other hand, in the two‐component experiments, the light particles were extremely sensitive to concentration. They were deposited in hydrodynamic equivalence with the dense particles from dilute currents, but were segregated efficiently at concentrations higher than a few per cent. With increasing particle concentration, the large, light particles were carried progressively further down the flume because of buoyancy effects. Deposits from the high‐concentration currents exhibited reverse vertical grading of the large, light particles. Efficient segregation of the light component was observed even if the bulk density of the current was less than that of the light particles. In both sets of experiments, marked inflexions in the rate of downstream decline in mass loading and maximum grain size of the dense component can be attributed to the presence of two different particle settling regimes in the flow: (1) particles with Rouse numbers >2·5, which did not respond to the turbulence and settled rapidly; and (2) particles with Rouse numbers <2·5, which followed the turbulent eddies and settled slowly. The results are applied to the transport and sedimentation dynamics of pyroclastic density currents that generate large, widespread ignimbrites. Field data fail to reveal significant departures from aerodynamic equivalence between pumice and lithic clasts in three such ignimbrites: the particulate loads of some large ignimbrites are transported principally in turbulent suspensions of low concentration. In some ignimbrites, the well‐developed inflexions in curves of maximum lithic (ML) size vs. distance can be attributed to the existence of distinct high and low Rouse number particle settling regimes that mark the transition from an overcharged state to one in which the residual particulate load is transported more effectively by turbulence.     

Magnetic and coagulation forces on a suspension of magnetic particles

It is shown that the magnetic force on a highly-magnetic particle in a slurry is a strong function of the particle shape and the concentration density of the magnetic particles in the suspension. An expression is derived for the coagulation forces between magnetized particles as a function of magnetic moment, size, and concentration.     

有机坡缕石黏土对活性染料的吸附性能

由阴、阳离子表面活性剂对坡缕石黏土改性,通过静态吸附实验研究了有机坡缕石黏土对活性红的吸附性能,探讨了吸附平衡和吸附机理。结果表明,表面活性剂改性可增强坡缕石黏土表面的疏水性,影响ζ电位,适当配比的阴阳离子表面活性剂改性坡缕石黏土对活性红有协同吸附作用,吸附等温线呈非线性,符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程,ΔH为-12.23 k J/mol,吸附不存在强化学作用,是分配作用和氢键力、偶极间力及范德华力等多种作用的结果。     

A simple model for the prediction of the deflation threshold shear velocity of dry loose particles

A very important parameter in aeolian equations is the deflation threshold shear velocity, which quantifies the instant of particle motion. In this paper, a simple model is presented for the prediction of the threshold shear velocity of dry loose particles. It has the same functional form as the widely used models of Bagnold (1941) and Greeley & Iversen (1985), but differs in its treatment of the so‐called threshold parameter. As the new expression was based on the moment balance equation used by Greeley & Iversen, it includes a function for the aerodynamic forces, including the drag force, the lift force and the aerodynamic moment force, and a function for the interparticle forces. The effect of gravitation is incorporated in both functions. However, rather than using an implicit function for the effect of the aerodynamic forces as in the Greeley & Iversen model, a constant aerodynamic coefficient was introduced. From consideration of the van der Waals' force between two particles, it was also shown that the function for the interparticle cohesion force is inversely proportional to the particle diameter squared. The model was calibrated on data reported by Iversen & White (1982). The new expression compared, at least for terrestrial conditions, very well with the Greeley & Iversen model, although it is much simpler. It was finally validated with data from wind‐tunnel experiments on different fractions of dune sand and sandy loam soil aggregates. The soil aggregates were treated as individual particles with a density equal to their bulk density. The good agreement between observations and predictions means that, when predicting mass transport of particles above a given soil, minimally dispersed particle‐size distributions should be considered rather than the granulometric composition of the soil.     

Aspects of the Clay/Electrolyte/Water System with Special Reference to the Geotechnical Properties of Clays

The solid phase of the clay/electrolyte/water system is composed of platy clay particles (of variable thickness, δ, and variable specific surface, S) and of crystal phase (hygroscopic) water, wherefrom δ and S may be estimated. Diffuse layer water between parallel particles and other structural elements at the mutual distance 2d, W_d = d S ρ_w, and macropore water form the liquid phase. Particles are arranged in domains and and clusters, these in aggregates in an “aggregate lattice” with vacancies (macropores) and further superstructures are formed. Contact bonds may develop and long-range forces exist between structural elements, which govern the clay geotechnical behaviour. Cohesion is usually due to van der Waals attraction, friction component–to contact bonds and particle delamination, swelling and suction–to diffuse layer repulsion. Most phenomena may be explained in terms of the equilibrium condition between attraction and repulsion. Heat dissipation must be considered in mechanical processes. The angle of effective stress env envelope is correlated with particle thickness, thus therefrom clay strength may be estimated.     

Coagulation and transport of sediments in the Gironde Estuary

The distribution of suspended particle size and concentration were measured along the Gironde Estuary, France, from the river seaward to the ocean. The suspended particle size and volume concentration were measured using in situ holography and onboard optical techniques utilizing special procedures in order to avoid floc breakage. Sediments discharged by the rivers coagulate upon encountering the very low salinities (0.2‰ of the upper estuary (confirmed with laboratory experiments), and are then transported and deposited by currents in the remainder of the estuary. This coagulation, coupled with estuarine circulation, produces a turbidity maximum which is offset between the surface and bottom waters. The floc size maximum is oceanward of the turbidity maximum and is, likewise, offset along the estuary by about 30 km. The estuary can be subdivided into the following zones: (1) coagulation; (2) hydrodynamic, landward of the null point; and (3) hydrodynamic, seaward of the null point. Initial coagulation appears to be completed in coagulation zone (1), and particles are transported and settled (with very little floc breakage and recoagulation) in zones (2) and (3) only. The floc settling velocities, coupled with estuarine circulation, control the concentration and size distributions of flocs in the water column, and eventually control the deposition of sediments.     

Size distribution of iron and manganese species in freshwaters

A recently established technique for size fractionation of particulate matter in freshwaters, based on low volume filtration through Nuclepore filters in the field, has been applied to the study of Fe and Mn species in 3 freshwater lakes and a stream feeding one of the lakes. The technique has also been used in a series of laboratory experiments to provide further insight into the process of particle formation. The results are complemented with scanning electron microscope examination of the particles.The raw data are transformed into mass size distributions, which are generally unimodal, with the major part of the mass confined to a single log unit size range. These size distributions are compared and contrasted with a theoretical model of particle behaviour in a lake. The results suggest that particulate Fe and Mn behave according to particle theory. The observed size distributions represent a balance between hydraulic input/output, aggregation, and gravitational settling, as well as chemical precipitation and dissolution processes. Overall particle aggregation is shown to be a slow process in the waters examined, with a time constant of the order of days. There is evidence for a fairly stable particle regime in the 0.05–0.4 μm size range.Deviations from the unimodal distribution in the epilimnion of the lakes indicate the association of Fe, but not Mn, with phytoplankton. In the waters examined Mn was most frequently found in solution, while Fe was predominantly particulate. These findings are interpreted in terms of the differing redox behaviour of the metals.     

湿度影响下莫高窟壁画地仗层吸附水及吸力变化特征研究

莫高窟气候干燥,窟内壁画地仗层常处于低含水率、高吸力的状态,受到洞窟环境湿度波动的影响较大。为了进一步了解湿度影响下地仗层土体中吸附水以及吸力变化特征,本文通过蒸汽吸附法测试莫高窟不同地仗层高吸力段内的土水特征曲线,并且根据测试结果分析土体中由于范德华力与毛细凝聚作用产生的不同吸力的变化特征;同时进一步利用蒸汽吸附法测试了含NaCl地仗层土水特征曲线并探讨水汽吸附过程中渗透吸力特征;此外利用热重分析方法测试地仗层土体中在范德华力与毛细凝聚作用下所吸附水分的特征。结果表明:地仗层水汽吸附过程中土体内大部分基质吸力来自于毛细凝聚作用,土颗粒分子间范德华力仅在含水率极低的情况下为土体提供比较明显的吸力,湿度影响下地仗层水汽吸附过程中土体内渗透吸力仅在外界环境湿度大于地仗层中盐分的潮解临界湿度时才比较明显;地仗层土体所吸附的水分大部分以弱结合水形式存在,并且地仗层中澄板土含量越高,弱结合水临界含水率越大。结论可以为湿度影响下的壁画病害机理以及地仗层中水汽运移等问题的研究提供理论基础。     

Grain size variations in ignimbrites and implications for the transport of pyroclastic flows

Ignimbrite flow units commonly show reverse grading of large pumice clasts and normal grading of large lithic clasts. Ignimbrites show coarse-tail grading, in which particles beneath a critical diameter, ranging from 64 to 2 mm, are ungraded. Above this size the larger the clast diameter the more pronounced the segregation. The grading is consistent with the theoretical settling rates of particles in a dispersion with a high particle concentration. Ignimbrite flow units show a reversely graded, fine grained basal layer which is attributed to the action of boundary forces during flow. Ignimbrites are commonly associated with cross-stratified pyroclastic surge deposits and fine ash fall deposits formed in the same eruption. The fine ash fall deposit is depleted in crystals and is thought to be the deposit of the fine turbulent cloud observed making up the upper parts of nuées ardentes. Pyroclastic flows are postulated to be dense, poorly expanded partly fluidized debris flows. Only its fine grained components can be fluidized by gas. Pyroclastic flows are believed to behave as a dispersion of larger clasts in a medium of fluidized fines, which acts as a lubricant similar to water in mud-flows. Poor sorting in ignimbrites is attributed to high particle concentrations not turbulence. Many pyroclastic flows may be laminar in their movement with apparent viscosities, deduced from the lateral grading of large lithic clasts, in the range 10¹?10³ poise.     

Sorption characteristics of ethyl <Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-butyl ether to Chinese reference soils

As a gasoline additive, ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) has great market potential and its utilization might cause groundwater contamination problem. However, little research has been done on its sorption in soil. In this study, the sorption characteristics of ETBE to Chinese reference soils were studied in batch experiments. The results showed that the ETBE sorption to six soils can be described by linear sorption isotherm. The temperature influences the sorption process of ETBE to soils. The negative sorption enthalpy (ΔH < 0) indicated that the sorption process was exothermic. Furthermore, ΔH is in a range from −8 to −32 kJ/mol. This showed that van der Waals forces and other specific interactions happened simultaneously in the sorption process. With the increasing ionic strength, content of ETBE sorption to all soils decreased, which is probably also an indication of other sorption mechanisms besides ETBE partitioning into soil organic carbon.     

使用颗粒流方法研究单轴压缩条件下石灰岩中的荷载传递机理

研究荷载在岩石中的传递机理对岩石工程性质研究具有重要意义。本文以石灰岩试样为例,使用颗粒流方法来研究这一传递机理。研究试样大小为50 mm× 50 mm,岩石成分使用圆盘颗粒集合体来表征,颗粒间的接触模型采用平行连接模型,岩石的弹性模量、峰值应力和泊松比分别为44.24 GPa、101.05 MPa和0.267;将大于平均接触力的力链作为强力链,得到了外部荷载下试样中的强力链分布情况,研究了试样局部孔隙率、配位数等细观参数对接触力大小的影响,探讨了颗粒摩擦系数不同时外荷达到峰值应力后颗粒的接触力分布情况。结果表明,在全部颗粒接触点中,只有19.8%接触点的接触力大于平均接触力,但这些接触点应变能却占总应变能的75%;当法向接触力与切向接触力比值大于3.5时,试样峰后应力主要由法向接触力控制;与样品破坏前相比,破坏后样品中的局部孔隙率变化不大,只减少了0.002。     

The electrokinetic properties and flotation behaviour of apatite and calcite in the presence of dodecylamine chloride

Electrokinetic and flotation studies on apatites and calcite show that under certain conditions these minerals are floatable with dodecylamine chloride (DDACl) and the possible mode of DDACl adsorption is due to Coulombic and Van der Waals forces. The results indicate hemi-micelle formation of dodecylamine ions and suggest involvement of neutral molecular amine in the hemi-micelle structure, the critical hemi-micelle concentration being influenced by the nature of charge at the mineral surface.     

Size-sorting during suspension transportation—lognormality and other characteristics

Grain size distributions of the suspended loads above a bed of bimodal size distribution (size range 2-00-0.04 mm) were studied in a laboratory flume at water velocities varying from 42 to 160 cm/s. With increase of velocity the phi (logarithmic) size distribution of the suspended particles (at 5-20 cm above the bed) changed from a strongly skewed to a nearly symmetrical, unimodal form (nearly lognormal) through an intermediate bimodal stage. At low velocity the skewness of the distribution changed from positive to negative with increase of height. The experiments indicate that lognormality of‘weight frequency’ distribution of grain sizes is a transitional feature, attained through size sorting within a critical range of velocity and height above a sand bed of a given composition. The observed changes in the size distribution patterns were effected by a differential rate of increase in weight in the different size classes in suspension with increase of flow velocity. The phenomenon could be explained by the equation of relative suspension concentration which relates the relative concentration of a suspended particle of a particular diameter to the flow velocity of the turbulent fluid and the height of suspension above the bed.     

Micromechanical approach to swelling behavior of capillary-porous media with coupled physics

A detailed multiscale analysis is presented of the swelling phenomenon in unsaturated clay-rich materials in the linear regime through homogenization. Herein, the structural complexity of the material is formulated as a three-scale, triple porosity medium within which microstructural information is transmitted across the various scales, leading ultimately to an enriched stress-deformation relation at the macroscopic scale. As a side note, such derived relationship leads to a tensorial stress partitioning that is reminiscent of a Terzaghi-like effective stress measure. Otherwise, a major result that stands out from previous works is the explicit expression of swelling stress and capillary stress in terms of micromechanical interactions at the very fine scale down to the clay platelet level, along with capillary stress emerging due to interactions between fluid phases at the different scales, including surface tension, pore size, and morphology. More importantly, the swelling stress is correlated with the disjoining forces due to electrochemical effects of charged ions on clay minerals and van der Waals forces at the nanoscale. The resulting analytical expressions also elucidate the role of the various physics in the deformational behavior of clayey material. Finally, the capability of the proposed formulation in capturing salient behaviors of unsaturated expansive clays is illustrated through some numerical examples.     

Statistical analysis of seismic processes on the basis of the diffusion approach

On the basis of the diffusion approach, statistical analysis of seismicity is carried out in order to reveal the peculiarities characteristic of random walk processes. In accordance with the hypothesis on connectivity of earthquakes and energetic criterion, the expansion of the seismic process into a set of sequences is made; each sequence is a Brownian process with specific spatial, temporal, and energetic scales. The statistical distributions of sequences by the number of links, total energies, distances, time, and flight velocities between events are built.     

Biodegradation of forest floor organic matter bound to minerals via different binding mechanisms

Mineral-associated organic matter (OM) represents a large reservoir of organic carbon (OC) in natural environments. The factors controlling the extent of the mineral-mediated OC stabilization, however, are poorly understood. The protection of OM against biodegradation upon sorption to mineral phases is assumed to result from the formation of strong bonds that limit desorption. To test this, we studied the biodegradation of OM bound to goethite (α-FeOOH), pyrophyllite, and vermiculite via specific mechanisms as estimated from OC uptake in different background electrolytes and operationally defined as ‘ligand exchange’, ‘Ca²⁺ bridging’, and ‘van der Waals forces’. Organic matter extracted from an Oa forest floor horizon under Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) was reacted with minerals at dissolved OC concentrations of ∼5-130 mg/L at pH 4. Goethite retained up to 30.1 mg OC/g predominantly by ‘ligand exchange’; pyrophyllite sorbed maximally 12.5 mg OC/g, largely via ‘van der Waals forces’ and ‘Ca²⁺ bridging’, while sorption of OM to vermiculite was 7.3 mg OC/g, mainly due to the formation of ‘Ca²⁺ bridges’. Aromatic OM components were selectively sorbed by all minerals (goethite ? phyllosilicates). The sorption of OM was strongly hysteretic with the desorption into 0.01 M NaCl being larger for OM held by ‘Ca²⁺ bridges’ and ‘van der Waals forces’ than by ‘ligand exchange’. Incubation experiments under aerobic conditions (initial pH 4; 90 days) revealed that OM mainly bound to minerals by ‘ligand exchange’ was more resistant against mineralization than OM held by non-columbic interactions (‘van der Waals forces’). Calcium bridges enhanced the stability of sorbed OM, especially for vermiculite, but less than the binding via ‘ligand exchange’. Combined evidence suggests that the extent and rate of mineralization of mineral-associated OM are governed by desorption. The intrinsic stability of sorbed OM as related to the presence of resistant, lignin-derived aromatic components appears less decisive for the sorptive stabilization of OM than the involved binding mechanisms. In a given environment, the type of minerals present and the solution chemistry determine the operating binding mechanisms, thereby the extent of OM sorption and desorption, and thus ultimately the bioavailability of mineral-associated OM.