An analytical assessment on the impact of covers on the onset of air convection in mine wastes

If a mine waste pile is left open, an active chemical reaction of oxidation is often found due to the commonly high content of pyritic materials. The oxidation of pyrites is an exothermic process and the released heat will promote the flow of fresh oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere into the waste dump. As a result, oxidation reaction will accelerate and temperature within the dump can increase to as high as 60°C above the ambient temperature. The oxidation process also releases sulphuric acid and hydrogen ions into ground water to cause water contamination. Low‐permeability covers such as clay liners have been recently proposed to abate the oxidation process in mine wastes. The effectiveness of using low‐permeability materials to cover mine wastes in order to suppress the pyrite oxidation is examined. By conducting the theoretical analysis of the onset of convective air flow within waste rocks, the conditions under which soil gas flow is significant are identified. By comparing the results with previous field measurements and theoretical analysis for the uncovered conditions, it is shown that low‐permeability covers can effectively suppress soil gas flow and slow down the pyrite oxidation process in mine wastes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复杂管网中瓦斯爆炸冲击波与火焰波传播实验研究

为了进一步探究瓦斯爆炸冲击波火焰波的传播特性,在自行设计并搭建的复杂管网中进行瓦斯爆炸实验.实验中利用高精度压力传感器和温度传感器收集压力变化和温度峰值数据;使用火焰传感器采集爆炸过程中出现的火焰波信号,根据理论公式计算得出火焰波传播速度;利用Origin软件对实验数据进行综合处理,研究复杂管网中瓦斯爆炸时的冲击波、火...     

Development of a continuous measurement system and areal distribution of methane in some source areas

For the purpose of investigating the areal distribution of atmospheric methane, we have constructed a continuous measurement system using a flame ionization detector (FID). Since the FID has high sensitivity to almost all hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons in sample air were reduced by being passed through a heated column filled with Pt catalyst. Through this treatment, non-methane hydrocarbons were effectively reduced, and a low detection limit of 0.004 ppmv and short response time of about 10 s were attained. By using this system mounted on a vehicle, the areal distribution of atmospheric methane was measured in two typical source areas: rice paddies and a natural gas field. In the case of the gas field, we estimated the emission rate of methane based on the observed profile of methane plumes.     

Liquid and solution treatment by thermal plasma: a review

During two last decades, numerous technologies and approaches are presented for treating contaminants in liquids and solutions. Among them, thermal plasma has shown rapid kinetic and high destruction efficiencies due to very high temperature and highly active radicals. Hence, the use of thermal plasma for treatment of the contaminants in liquids and solutions has received a lot of attention in view of its low environmental impacts. This review focuses on thermal plasma, and it describes the current status of liquid and solution treatment using this technology. A comprehensive analysis of the available scientific and technical literature on liquid and solution plasma treatment is presented, including the treatment of a variety of contaminants in liquids and solutions via different kinds of thermal plasma. The principles of thermal plasma generation and the available plasma technologies with potential applications to generate valuable products from liquid waste are presented. In addition, the results of the thermal plasma processes for the treatment of specific contaminants are investigated. In light of the investigated literature, thermal plasma is found to have a significant potential to treat the liquid wastes.     

热力剥离破碎岩石试验

在莫斯科国立地质勘探大学实验室对热力剥离碎岩方法进行的试验研究表明,不同类型岩石(岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩)的抗拉强度均随加热温度的升高而降低,且降低幅度较大,因此钻进速度明显提高.岩石破碎的形式与温度有关,当温度为500～600 K时破碎是在组成岩石的矿物颗粒(晶粒)内部进行的;当温度超过600 K时,破碎是在矿物颗粒间进行的.技术比较先进并有发展前景的加热升温方法是火焰喷射法、电子束法、等离子法和激光法.影响热力钻进发展的主要问题是没有合适的加热升温装置和碎岩工具,建议对此进行研究和开发.     

Estimation of Cd,Pb and flame retardants in electric mosquito bat using EDXRF,ICP-OES,AAS and GC–MS

In the present study, investigated the concentrations of hazardous substances such as Pb, Cd and polybrominated flame retardants present in an electric mosquito bats, which are used for trapping the mosquitoes in the domestic areas. China has captured a big share of mosquito bat market in India and penetrated deep into rural areas also. The presence of hazardous substances is fatal to environment and human beings. Hence, the concentrations of hazardous substances present in the bats need to be estimated accurately. The dismantled homogeneous samples were subjected to estimate the toxic metals like cadmium and lead by using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy for comparison. The flame brominated retardants were tested using gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. The analytical data obtained from the power supply wires of the bat suggest that the concentration levels of cadmium found to be below the detection limits. Whereas the lead content has higher in the range of 3574–7575 ppm than the permissible limits set by the e-waste rule, i.e. 1000 ppm. Moreover, the high amount of lead (>80,000 ppm) was obtained in the printed circuit board apart from power supply wires of mosquito bat. The content of brominated flame retardants in mosquito bat was estimated to be within the limits of e-waste rule. Considering their significant high hazardous metals content, coupled with their large quantities of mosquito bats used in the country, there is a need to control the hazardous waste of mosquito bats.     

Experiments of methane gas solubility in formation water under high temperature and high pressure and their geological significance

The solubility of methane in formation water and water content in the coexisting gas phase were measured under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure, using an ultra-high-pressure fluid PVT system, where the experimental temperature reached up to 453 K and pressure reached up to 130 MPa. Experimental results show the following (1) The two phases of gas and liquid still exhibit an obvious interphase interface even under high temperatures and pressures. (2) When temperatures exceed 353 K, the solubility of methane in formation water increases as the temperature and pressure rise. The growth rate of solubility is faster under a relatively low temperature and pressure, and slower at a relatively high temperature and pressure, but the solubility will not increase without limit. In this experiment, the solubility of methane in formation water reached its peak when the temperature was at 453 K and the pressure at 130 MPa. (3) Water content in the coexisting gas phase increases as temperature rises, with a smaller increase at relatively low temperatures and a much greater increase at relatively high temperatures but decreases with the increasing pressure, more rapidly under low pressure and more slowly under high pressure. The solubility of methane in formation water and the water content in the coexisting gas phase are controlled by both temperature and pressure, but using classic calculation models, these two parameters under high temperatures and pressures are inconsistent with our experimental data. Therefore, the study is significant and highlights other possible effects on solubility and condensate water content. Additionally, an example from the Yinggehai Basin in the South China Sea, where the temperature and the pressure are high, demonstrates the influence of solubility and phase behaviour on natural gas migration, its formation and the distribution of gas reservoirs.     

Initial air pressure influence on in-vessel composting for the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco

This study aimed to determine the initial air pressure influence on the in-vessel composting for the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. For this purpose, representative composting mixture was prepared in which C/N ratio was 26 and moisture content was 70 %. The in-vessel bioreactor was designed and used specially to evaluate the initial air pressure effect on composting process in this study. Thus, daily changes of internal air pressure and temperature were monitored, and physicochemical properties of different composts obtained were also analyzed and compared. Experimental results showed a significant increase in internal pressure corresponding to the initial air pressure of 0.6 bar and a slight increase for the other initial air pressures. The initial air pressure which equal to 0.6 bar allowed maximum value of temperature and final composting product with good physicochemical properties as well as higher organic matter degradation and higher gas production. Composts obtained from experiments under 0.4 and 0.8 bar showed good maturity levels and may also be used for agricultural applications.     

具简单和复杂地质史样品中的大气捕获^36Ar的释气特征及其地质意义

本文通过用＾４０Ａｒ／＾３９Ａｒ法对具简单和复杂地质史样品中的大气捕获＾３６Ａｒ（用＾３６ＡｒＡ表示）的释气特征进行对比研究后指出，低温＾３６ＡｒＡ的保存性对判别Ｋ－Ａｒ计时体扰动与否和Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄值可信度具有指示意义。未受扰动的样品通常表现为低温高＾３６ＡｒＡ百分数释气，受扰动后的样品则表现为低温低＾３６ＡｒＡ百分数释气。     

Excess air during aquifer storage and recovery in an arid basin (Las Vegas Valley, USA)

The Las Vegas Valley Water District in Nevada, USA, has operated an artificial recharge (AR) program since 1989. In summer 2001, observations of gas exsolving from tap water prompted a study that revealed total dissolved gas (TDG) pressures approaching 2?atm with a gas composition that it is predominantly air. Measurements of TDG pressure at well heads and in the distribution system indicated two potential mechanisms for elevated TDG pressures: (1) air entrainment during AR operations, and (2) temperature changes between the winter recharge season and the summer withdrawal season. Air entrainment during pumping was investigated by intentionally allowing the forebay (upstream reservoir) of a large pumping station to drawdown to the point of vortex formation. This resulted in up to a 0.7?atm increase in TDG pressure. In general, the solubility of gases in water decreases as the temperature increases. In the Las Vegas Valley, water that acquired a modest amount of dissolved gas during winter artificial recharge operations experienced an increase in dissolved gas pressure (0.04?atm/°C) as the water warmed in the subsurface. A combination of air entrainment during AR operations and its amplification by temperature increase after recharge can account for most of the observed amounts of excess gas at this site.     

Carbon dioxide stripping from anaerobic digestate of food waste using two types of aerators

Anaerobic digestate of organic wastes often contains high concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia can be removed from digestate by air stripping at elevated pH. However, it is difficult to increase pH of the digestate because dissolved carbon dioxide transforms into bicarbonate and carbonate ions. Thus, carbon dioxide in digestate needs to be removed to reduce alkali consumption in ammonia stripping process. This study aimed to optimize and compare the performances of diffused and packed tower aerators for anaerobic digestate of food waste. The diffused aerator removed 82.1% of dissolved carbon dioxide and 13.7% of total inorganic carbon, and increased pH of digestate from pH 7.87 to pH 8.53, under the following optimized conditions; digestate temperature of 45 °C, air flow rate of three volumes of air added to a unit volume of liquid per minute, aspect ratio of 2, agitation speed of 500 rpm with a turbine impeller, and retention time of 10 min. Operating conditions of the packed tower aerator were also optimized, and it was found that the packed tower aerator removed 15% and 44% less dissolved carbon dioxide and total inorganic carbon, respectively, than the diffused aerator. It was also found that overall coefficients of carbon dioxide mass transfer from liquid to gas phase determined the final pH of digestate and removal efficiencies of carbon species.     

废弃水基钻井液低温干燥处理实验研究及经济性评价

废弃水基钻井液是石油钻井工程作业过程中的废弃物,若直接排放,不但会使钻井液成本居高不下,而且还会对环境造成极为不利的影响。对废弃水基钻井液进行低温干燥处理后再利用,是既经济又符合现代发展趋势的处理方法之一。通过对聚合物钻井液体系、磺化钻井液体系及四川2口页岩气井钻井液体系低温干燥技术实验研究及经济性评价,结果表明:聚合物钻井液体系在120℃条件下干燥处理后性能恶化严重,降低干燥温度能降低其恶化程度;磺化钻井液体系及四川2口页岩气井钻井液体系在120℃条件下干燥处理后性能基本保持不变。这说明低温干燥处理技术能够实现废弃水基钻井液回收再利用,且处理成本低,处理后固体物质便于储存与运输,能够大幅降低钻井液成本。同时,还能够减少废弃钻井液排放量,降低石油钻井工程污染环境的风险。      

Heating experiments relevant to the depletion of Na,K and Mn in the Earth and other planetary bodies

We have studied the evaporation of Na, K and Mn from Al-Na-K- and Mn-rich silicates at various conditions. Total alkali oxide contents ranged from 5 to 20%. The evaporation rate of Na increases with temperature and decreasing oxygen fugacity and decreases with duration of heating. The loss of K is in all cases less pronounced than for Na. Heating in an evacuated vacuum furnace is more effective in removing Na and K from melt droplets than in furnaces with one atm gas flow of air or gas mixtures controlling the oxygen fugacity. The strong pumping required to keep the vacuum removes Na and K atoms very effectively. In all experiments, the rate of evaporation is determined by quasi-equilibrium between a thin layer of Na and K rich gas above the molten silicates. The results of the experiments are in agreement with several other studies.In experiments with more than one sample in the furnace, equilibration of Na- and K-rich samples with Na- and K-poor samples occurred rapidly, mediated by the ambient gas phase.The results of experiments with Mn in starting compositions showed much stronger losses of Na than Mn under a variety of conditions.Thus the nearly chondritic Mn/Na ratios in the Earth cannot be the result of evaporation of Na and Mn in Earth-making materials, as the Mn/Na ratios in evaporation residues would be much higher than chondritic ratios. Such evaporation processes may have occurred in the parent material of Moon, Vesta and Mars.The data suggest, in agreement with earlier hypotheses, that the high and variable contents of Na and K in chondrules require a gas phase high in Na and K equilibrating with chondrule melts. The volume of nebular gas parental to a certain type of chondrites was heated and Na and K were lost from the chondrule precursors to the gas phase. Subsequently the nebular parcel was compressed leading to higher partial pressures of Na and K. Flash heating then produced chondrule melts which incorporated some of the gaseous Na and K and then cooled rapidly. The large range of Na and K contents in chondrule melts reflects very local enrichments of Na and K in the gas phase. Despite these variations bulk chondritic meteorites have well defined bulk Na and K contents, implying a closed system during formation of chondrules and matrix.     

溶液除湿空调系统模拟方法及应用

溶液除湿空调系统由于在改善室内空气品质、利用低温余热、高效蓄能和可实现温、湿度独立控制等方面的突出优点，已经引起广泛的关注，并逐渐应用于工程实践中。本文以上海某生态示范建筑中采用的热泵驱动的溶液除湿空调系统为例，介绍了这种系统的工作原理，并建立了系统模拟的数学模型。通过模拟结果与实测结果的比较，验证了数学模型的可靠性，并应用系统模型对溶液除湿新凤机和再生器的性能进行了深入分析。     

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of compressed air in high-pressure air injection wells

High-pressure air injection (HPAI) is a significant enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology of light oils especially in deep, thin, low-permeability reservoirs. The flow and heat transfer behaviors of compressed air in wellbore is essential to maximize performance of air in EOR. Due to strong compressibility of air and high injection pressure, wellbore temperature and pressure are greatly affected by friction and gas compression. However, the available models of wellbore flow and heat transfer are only accurate for thermal fluid, such as saturated steam and superheated steam, injected at relatively low pressure and high temperature. In this paper, a novel model is proposed to characterize wellbore pressure and temperature distribution for HPAI wells with consideration of dynamic behaviors of injected air. Flow and heat transfer in depth direction are coupled with air properties by iterative technique, and heat transfer in radial direction is treated as steady state in wellbore and transient state in formation. The mathematical model is solved by employing finite difference method and it is validated by field data. Then, integrated analyses of flowing pressure, heat transfer mechanism, and interaction between pressure and temperature are conducted. Results indicate that (1) as well depth increases, temperature difference between formation and air tends to become constant, and the radial heat transfer tends to reach an equilibrium state. The higher the flow rate is, the deeper the equilibrium depth is. (2) Air temperature is dominated by heat transmission from formation at low flow rates and dominated by frictional heat and gas compression effect at high flow rates. Fictional heat begins to affect air temperature at an injection rate beyond the critical value, while gas compression effect can increase air temperature in the whole calculated injection rate range. (3) Interaction between wellbore temperature and pressure is mainly achieved by altering air density. The effect of injection pressure on air temperature can be negligible, while the influence of injection temperature shows strong dependency on injection rate.     

高温矿井综采工作区通风条件温度场的数值模拟

以高温矿井综采工作区为研究对象,对采空回填区、煤体-空气换热系统进行了二维数值模拟。计算结果表明,在空气初始温度为295.95 K,煤体、采空回填材料初始温度为313.15 K情况下,顺槽、工作面空气温度低于304.52 K,顺槽、工作面内空气与煤体、采空回填材料温差最小值为0.5 K。煤体、采空回填区的温度由初始值313.15 K降至299～314 K。进风顺槽、工作面、回风顺槽内的空气经过对流换热后的热量值在76.17～83.10 kJ/kg。在不考虑冲淡、排除顺槽、工作面有毒有害气体和粉尘,仅从降低顺槽、工作面内温度情况下考虑,采用雷诺数为13 808～276 170均能满足要求。以较小的动力损耗方面考虑采用雷诺数为69 040值以下为宜。从获得排除高温气体情况下考虑,采用雷诺数为69 040以上的条件。以上结论为矿井热害的综合治理提供了重要依据。      

页岩气高压吸附特征及其对储采规律的影响

针对目前页岩吸附等温线测试温度、压力通常未达到储层温压条件这一问题,设计了页岩高温高压吸附等温线测试方法,研究了储层温度、压力条件下页岩吸附等温线特征,以实际页岩岩心为例计算了游离气和吸附气随压力的变化规律,并采用全直径页岩氦气和甲烷控压生产实验研究了吸附气对产气特征的影响。结果表明：视吸附量先随压力增大而增大,到达峰值之后视吸附量随压力的增大而减小;在低压条件下,采用Langmuir外推计算的吸附气量与高压实验计算的吸附气量相差不大;而在高压条件下,采用低压Langmuir理论推算总含气量高估9.2%;低于临界解吸压力时,吸附气解吸附使得单位压差产气量增加;高于临界解吸压力时,吸附气对单位压差产气量几乎没有影响;开发初期,低于临界解吸压力范围较小,吸附气对产气量贡献较小,尽可能动用游离气是高效开发的关键。     

Decomposition of benzene by non-thermal plasma processing: Photocatalyst and ozone effect

Plasma technology has some shortcomings, such as higher energy consumption and byproducts produced in the reaction process. However non-thermal plasma associated with catalyst can resolve these problems. Therefore this kind of technology was paied more and more attention to treat waste gas. A hybrid system comprising a non-thermal plasma reactor and nanometer titanium dioxide catalyst was used for benzene removal in the air. The paper described the synergistic effect of ozone and photocatalyst in the plasma reactor. Except of electric field strength, humidity and flow velocity, the synergistic behavior of ozone and photocatalyst was tested. The removal efficiency of benzene reaches nearly 99% when benzene concentration is 600 mg/m³, and the removal efficiency of benzene also reaches above 90% when benzene concentration is 1500 mg/m³. The plasma reactor packed with photocatalyst shows a better selectivity of carbon dioxide than that without photocatalyst. The final products is mostly carbon dioxide, water and a small quantity of carbon monoxide.     

孔隙气压对核废物地质处置热-流-固耦合影响的有限元分析

为考察孔隙气体压力对高放废物地质处置中的热-流-固耦合过程的影响,借用Leiws等建立的可变形孔隙介质中非等温空气流和水流模型,在其水连续性方程中加入了温度梯度引起的水分扩散项,研制出相应的热-水-气-应力耦合弹塑性二维有限元程序。针对一个假定的高放废物地质处置库模型,在相同的初始温度、孔隙水压力和岩体应力条件下,取3种缓冲层中的初始孔隙气体压力,通过数值模拟考察了处置库近场的主应力、饱和度、气和水的流速、温度和孔隙压力的分布与变化。结果显示,当缓冲层中的初始孔隙气压力较高时,其对围岩中应力影响较大。     

Vertical temperature structure in a cave environment

Investigations have been made into the vertical temperature gradients in Poole's Cavern, Derbyshire, U. K. Temperatures were recorded onto a data logger every 10 minutes at 10 sites in the cave and sampled for eight monthly periods during 1989/90. It was found that, in summer, cave temperatures were almost isothermal with a strong outflow of cool air at the cave entrance. In winter, cold air flowed into the cave whenever outside temperatures fell below those of the cave, to produce a strong inversion of temperature. Highest temperatures were found in the highest parts of the main chamber. When winds forced air into the cave entrance, the temperature gradient depended upon the relative temperature differences between outside and inside. Cluster analysis demonstrated distinct areas of similar temperature variation. In summer there were no real differences, while in winter the entrance tunnel and lower parts of the cave were markedly different from the higher parts. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.