Use of geospatial information system based tool for renovation and rehabilitation of water distribution systems

Normally, decision makers use number of pipe broken in specific sections of water distribution systems to determine the pipes to be replaced. This index cannot solely evaluate hydraulic and quality parameters of the system and effects of pipe renovation on the system performance. In this study, a methodology is presented to manage the rehabilitation and replacement of water distribution network using hydraulic and geospatial information systems models. A preprocessor subroutine is developed to link geospatial information systems and hydraulic software. Hydraulic parameters together with the attribute data of pipes are used to determine the required renovation schemes based on several criteria. The proposed indices consist of pipe breaks and leakage analyses, hydraulic and quality performance and mechanical reliability of the network. A novel approach is also introduced to calculate leakage values throughout the network. Results of a real case study by the developed model introduced replacement of 4 km 40 mm galvanized pipes instead of 11 km 100 mm asbestos-cement pipes from conventional method. It is observed that the suggested geographic information system based model produces more realistic results with less cost for renovation schemes in comparison with conventional method which just consider number of bursts as a key criterion.     

基于Smith预估控制和组态技术的锅炉内胆温度控制

本文针对锅炉内胆的水温控制,设计了以单片机为控制器的控制系统,主要完成了铂电阻温度采集电路、可控硅加热电路以及过零检测等硬件电路的设计,采用了Smith预估控制算法,同时为增加系统受到的负荷干扰的补偿作用和减少对模型的依赖程度,对Smith预估器控制算法在结构上进行了改进。设计了系统的远程组态监控,在组态环境里对系统进行调试。MATLAB仿真和组态调试结果表明：控制性能指标明显优于普通PID控制,同时系统的抗干扰能力有了大幅度的提高,设计的效果较为理想。     

开发水源技术解决热泵发展的瓶颈问题

城市污水与江、河、湖、海等天然水体中蕴含着极大量的环境能源，大力开发他们将为国家乃至世界的能源结构带来革命性的变化。迄今为止障碍水源热泵推广应用的瓶颈是水源的匮乏，而实际上上述数量浩大的各类水体均可作为水源热泵的冷热源。说明利用这些水源的技术关键是克服不良水质对换热设备的堵塞、腐蚀与污染问题，给出克服这些问题的一些有效的方法。     

基于遇水膨胀橡胶的分层抽水管外止水新方法及其优化

分层抽水试验是水文地质勘探的重要技术内容。针对传统分层抽水管外止水方法效率低、可靠性及可控性差等难题,利用聚丙烯酸钠树脂的高吸水特性,开发了遇水膨胀橡胶,提出一种基于遇水膨胀橡胶的管外止水新方法,并采用响应面法对该新方法进行了优化研究。以吸水膨胀率为响应指标,通过Box-Behnken试验设计构建代理模型,探究不同工艺、工况参数及其交互作用对橡胶吸水膨胀性能的影响,达到优化工艺、预测工况的双重目的。结果表明:遇水膨胀橡胶的最佳工况和工艺参数组合为水溶液pH值7.0、吸水时间136 h、聚丙烯酸钠添加量61份、改性芳纶短纤维添加量4.5份。最后,研制了基于遇水膨胀橡胶的管外止水装置,经试验验证了所提方法的可行性,对地下水资源勘探利用具有工程应用价值。      

New approach to milling circuit control—robust inverse Nyquist array design

The aim of this paper is to present an application of robust inverse Nyquist array control design method to a milling circuit in Majdanpek Copper Mine. An existent model of a milling circuit was adopted to respond to robust inverse Nyquist array methodology demand by introducing model uncertainty, and optimal robust controller of milling circuit is designed. The proposed controller is robust for reference signals. The robustness of multivariable feedback systems with designed controller is tested and compared with different, previously designed multivariable controllers. Simulation results, in time domain, demonstrate the preferable performance of the designed robust controller in setpoint tracking. Implementation of the new controller without any investments in new equipment significantly improves performance of the milling process.     

用焦化废水作补水的循环冷却水系统腐蚀控制实验研究

焦化废水的排放会带来严重的水污染问题,迫切需要将其资源化,用作循环冷却水的补水是其资源化的重要途径。为了防止给循环冷却水系统带来腐蚀,根据水质稳定理论,采用静态和动态实验相结合的方法,研究了焦化废水作补水的循环冷却水系统腐蚀特性及控制技术。结果表明,焦化废水中的污染物造成的系统腐蚀以点蚀为主,应优先使用磷系沉淀膜型缓蚀技术。通过实验优选出的HEDP+Zn2+复合配方,可在传热面上形成牢固的缓蚀膜,缓蚀率达到85.6%,普通碳钢的腐蚀速率为0.105mm/a,满足《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》(GB50050-95)的要求。实际循环冷却水系统应用证明,使用该复合配方能在循环水浓缩倍数为2~2.2时,经济有效地解决系统的腐蚀问题,为焦化废水的资源化开辟了一条可行的途径。     

中国大气臭氧探空仪的研制和应用

地球大气中的臭氧一直是全球气候和环境变化研究中的重要内容。大气臭氧探空系统是当前直接获得地球大气臭氧垂直结构资料的直接探测系统，同时也是为卫星臭氧探测和激光雷达臭氧探测等提供对比和定标的有力手段。中国大气臭氧探空仪的研制工作起步较晚且进展缓慢，这在一定程度上妨碍了中国大气臭氧高空探测业务化的进程。首次报道了中国大气臭氧高空探测业务化进展状况，重点报告中国自行研制的大气臭氧探空仪的结构和技术性能指标，讨论了中国大气臭氧探空仪主要技术性能指标与芬兰Vaisala臭氧探空仪的比对结果，并给出该系统在北京、南极等地区应用施放中所得到的部分探测结果。同时对中国大气臭氧高空探测业务化方面的近期任务提出了建议。     

Performance-based landfill design: development of a design component selection matrix using GIS and system simulation models

Designing environmentally safe and economically feasible landfills can be a challenging task due to complex interactions that need to be taken into account between landfill size, waste and site characteristics. The main focus of this study is, by interfacing the geographic information systems (GIS) with system simulation models (SSM), to develop a methodology and a landfill design component selection matrix that can enable the determination of landfill design components providing the desired performance with minimal design details. In this paper, the conceptual framework and applications of the developed methodology demonstrating the selection of landfill design components that are suitable for the existing site conditions are presented. The conceptual model defines design variables, performance criteria and design components of a landfill. GIS and SSM are used to handle the site-specific data and to evaluate the landfill performance, respectively. Results indicate that the landfills having the same design characteristics show different performance under different site conditions; therefore, a landfill design that is technically and economically feasible should be selected on the basis of performance.     

Optimal water and waste load allocation in reservoir–river systems: a case study

In this paper, a new methodology is developed for optimization of water and waste load allocation in reservoir–river systems considering the existing uncertainties in reservoir inflow, waste loads and water demands. A stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model is used to optimize reservoir operation considering the inflow uncertainty, and another model called PSO-SA is developed and linked with the SDP model for optimizing water and waste load allocation in downstream river. In the PSO-SA model, a particle swarm optimization technique with a dynamic penalty function for handling the constraints is used to optimize water and waste load allocation policies. Also, a simulated annealing technique is utilized for determining the upper and lower bounds of constraints and objective function considering the existing uncertainties. As the proposed water and waste load allocation model has a considerable run-time, some powerful soft computing techniques, namely, Regression tree Induction (named M5P), fuzzy K-nearest neighbor, Bayesian network, support vector regression and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, are trained and validated using the results of the proposed methodology to develop real-time water and waste load allocation rules. To examine the efficiency and applicability of the methodology, it is applied to the Dez reservoir–river system in the south-western part of Iran.     

Assessment of strut forces for braced excavation in clays from numerical analysis and field measurements

One important consideration in the design of a braced excavation system is to ensure that the structural bracing system is designed both safely and economically. The forces acting on the struts are often determined using empirical methods such as the Apparent Pressure Diagram (APD) method developed by Peck (1969). Most of these empirical methods that were developed from either numerical analysis or field studies have been for excavations with flexible wall types such as sheetpile walls. There have been only limited studies on the excavation performance for stiffer wall systems such as diaphragm walls and bored piles. In this paper, both 2D and 3D finite element analyses were carried out to study the forces acting on the struts for braced excavations in clays, with focus on the performance for the stiffer wall systems. Subsequently, based on this numerical study as well as field measurements from a number of reported case histories, empirical charts have been proposed for determining strut loads for excavations in stiff wall systems.     

Laboratory and pilot testing of electrocoagulation for removing scale-forming species from industrial process waters

This study investigated the performance of electrocoagulation using iron and aluminum electrodes for removing silica, calcium and magnesium from cooling tower blowdown and reverse osmosis reject waters. Experiments were conducted at both the bench and pilot scales to determine the levels of target species removal as a function of the coagulant dose. At the bench scale, aluminum removed the target compounds from both cooling tower blowdown and reverse osmosis reject more efficiently than iron. A 2 mM aluminum dose removed 80 % of the silica and 20 to 40 % of the calcium and magnesium. The same iron dose removed only 60 % of the silica and 10 to 20 % of the calcium and magnesium. When operated with iron electrodes, pilot unit performance was comparable to that of the bench unit, which suggests that such systems can be scaled-up on the basis of coagulant dose. However, when operated with aluminum electrodes the pilot unit underperformed the bench unit due to fouling of the electrode surfaces after a few hours of operation. This result was completely unexpected based on the short-term experiments performed using the bench unit.     

An extended STIRPAT model-based methodology for evaluating the driving forces affecting carbon emissions in existing public building sector: evidence from China in 2000–2015

In recent decades, population growth associated with unplanned urban occupation has increased the vulnerability of the Brazilian population to natural disasters. In susceptible regions, early flood forecasting is essential for risk management. Still, in Brazil, most flood forecast and warning systems are based either on simplified models of flood wave propagation through the drainage network or on stochastic models. This paper presents a methodology for flood forecasting aiming to an operational warning system that proposes to increase the lead time of a warning through the use of an ensemble of meteorological forecasts. The chosen configuration was chosen so it would be feasible for an operational flood forecast and risk management. The methodology was applied to the flood forecast for the Itajaí-Açu River basin, a region which comprises a drainage area of approximately 15,500 km² in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, historically affected by floods. Ensemble weather forecasts were used as input to the MHD-INPE hydrological model, and the performance of the methodology was assessed through statistical indicators. Results suggest that flood warnings can be issued up to 48 h in advance, with a low rate of false warnings. Streamflow forecasting through the use of hydrological ensemble prediction systems is still scarce in Brazil. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time this methodology aiming to an operational flood risk management system has been tested in Brazil.     

基于GIS的矿井水害防治辅助决策支持系统

为提高矿井水害防治数字化管理水平,辅助矿井防治水决策,从矿区集团公司及其所属煤矿两级防治水管理与决策角度,提出了矿井水害防治信息系统的设计原则,分析了系统信息流程,设计了系统数据库和功能模块,分析了系统的关键技术并给出了在系统中的实现方法,即矿井突水水源判别技术,顶板和底板突水危险性评价方法。系统C/S部分利用GIS组件开发,较好地实现了图件管理,信息提取与分析和模型计算,并通过B/S模式实现图件与数据的网络发布。      

人工快渗污水处理系统水力负荷周期的设计

人工快渗(CRI系统)源自快速渗滤污水土地处理系统(RI系统),并沿用了其中的干湿交替工作方式,因此, 水力负荷周期同样也成为CRI系统的重要设计参数,也是系统设计的一大难点。目前CRI系统水力负荷周期的设计,不仅需要根据已有的经验,而且还要通过一段调试运行才能确定,设计过程中缺乏理论依据和设计原则。为此,笔者研究了CRI与RI系统两者之间的差异,充分考虑水力负荷周期调整对CRI系统运行的各方面影响,分别从防止NH4 N穿透和保证系统NH4 N充分硝化两个角度,提出了水力负荷周期中淹水时间和落干时间确定新方法,并通过松岗试验实例进行了初步验证,为今后CRI系统水力负荷周期的设计提供了有效的理论依据和设计原则。     

水库对河流水温影响的评价指标

水库对其下游河道水温影响是目前水电工程环境影响评价的重要内容之一。在分析水库干扰后的河流水温波动特征的基础上,构建了水库对其下游河道水温影响的评价指标:基线偏离指标、相位偏移指标和极值变幅指标。对各指标含义进行界定并建立其函数表达式,提出水库对河流水温影响的指标评价方法。选取黄河上游已开发梯级水库为例,应用提出的指标评价了该梯级水库对河流水温的时空影响。研究表明:对于不同调节类型的水库,指标能够敏感地辨析水库对河流水温季节性波动、水温滞迟和均化作用等影响;也可判别其对水温影响的主要特征。此外,针对受影响河段的不同位置分析各指标的波动趋势,可揭示梯级水库对其下游河道水温累积影响的变化程度。提出的指标具有通用性,可为其它流域开展水库水温影响研究提供科学参考。     

A successful transformation of conventional SBR to MBR at Indian casino and facility: a case study of Chumash Casino and Resort Water Reclamation Facility (WRF), water reuse perspectives

A conventional sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was successfully transformed to a membrane bioreactor (MBR) at an Indian casino resort and hotel, Santa Ynez, California. The technical difficulties from the existing process at the site including a 3-mm screening unit, SBR biological tanks, and sand filtration were relieved of by new biological membrane technology. As the hotel and its vicinity expanded, the existing SBR was not able to treat an increased flow, which was major driving force for such membrane-upgraded project. In addition, as the area was in a high drought zone, without meeting the purpose of water reuse, new hotel expansion was not permitted. New membrane process was designed and built with new 2-mm screening unit, pre-anoxic, oxic (or aerobic), post-anoxic, and MBR tanks along with UV disinfection. The retrofitting work was conducted, minimizing a major revision on the existing SBR structure and its civil work. Therefore, the new packaged system has brought a number of benefits to the customer, thereby utilizing reclaimed water highly meeting the California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 22 requirements. The reclaimed water goes to toilet water, cooling tower, and irrigation. This study details how such process transformation was technically finished and would help other similar cases in terms of retrofitting exiting biological process to a membrane application without a major civil construction. The cost analysis including capital, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs was included so that it will be practical to ones who will conduct future similar projects.     

A Bayesian vulnerability assessment tool for drinking water mains under extreme events

Drinking water security is a life safety issue as an adequate supply of safe water is essential for economic, social and sanitary reasons. Damage to any element of a water system, as well as corruption of resource quality, may have significant effects on the population it serves and on all other dependent resources and activities. As well as an analysis of the reliability of water distribution systems in ordinary conditions, it is also crucial to assess system vulnerability in the event of natural disasters and of malicious or accidental anthropogenic acts. The present work summarizes the initial results of research activities that are underway with the intention of developing a vulnerability assessment methodology for drinking water infrastructures subject to hazardous events. The main aim of the work was therefore to provide decision makers with an effective operational tool which could support them mainly to increase risk awareness and preparedness and, possibly, to ease emergency management. The proposed tool is based on Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN), a probabilistic methodology which has demonstrated outstanding potential to integrate a range of sources of knowledge, a great flexibility and the ability to handle in a mathematically sound way uncertainty due to data scarcity and/or limited knowledge of the system to be managed. The tool was implemented to analyze the vulnerability of two of the most important water supply systems in the Apulia region (southern Italy) which have been damaged in the past by natural hazards. As well as being useful for testing and improving the predictive capabilities of the methodology and for possibly modifying its structure and features, the case studies have also helped to underline its strengths and weaknesses. Particularly, the experiences carried out demonstrated how the use of BBN was consistent with the lack of data reliability, quality and accessibility which are typical of complex infrastructures, such as the water distribution networks. The potential applications and future developments of the proposed tool have been also discussed accordingly.     

Regional flood risk assessment via coupled fuzzy <Emphasis Type="Italic">c</Emphasis>-means clustering methods: an empirical analysis from China’s Huaihe River Basin

Airports are one of the critical infrastructures that play an essential role in managing natural disasters through receiving or sending aid and supplies. Air traffic control (ATC) towers are an inseparable part of each airport as the performance of airports depends on the functionality of their ATC towers. Many ATC towers have been designed and constructed based on older versions of modern seismic codes in which seismic design has followed a force-based design approach. This study addresses the seismic vulnerability of three in-service ATC towers which have been designed and constructed according to a force-based design concept. The height of the towers ranges from 24 to 52 m. Fragility curves have been used for the seismic vulnerability study of these towers. For the derivation of seismic fragility curves, 45 earthquake records were selected and classified into low, medium and high classes based on their ratio of peak ground acceleration (PGA) to peak ground velocity (PGV). It was observed that records with a low PGA/PGV ratio imposed the highest level of damage to the towers. However, when towers were subjected to the records with a high PGA/PGV ratio, the damage intensity was not significant. Results indicated that the intensity of seismic-induced damage to the tallest tower was significantly more than that of the shortest tower. It was concluded that only the shortest tower could satisfy the expected seismic performance objectives.     

复杂环境下35 m倒锥壳水塔定向爆破

上海市闵行区曹行双柏路一座要拆除的高35 m锥壳式钢筋混凝土结构水塔,其周边有创意园、架空管线等,爆破区域周边环境较为复杂,倒塌方向单一,精准控制水塔的倒塌方向及爆破飞石和爆破振动难度较大。结合水塔的结构特点和周边环境因素,通过采取等腰梯形爆破缺口,预开设三角形定向窗的方式,对定向的准确性起到了决定性的作用;采用铺设黄砂和草袋的被动防护方法,竹笆和安全网的主动防护方法相结合的防护方法,可以有效控制爆破振动、飞石对周围的影响。爆破取得了较好的效果。