Effect of loading rate on the volume change behavior of unsaturated residual soil

Residual soils occur in most countries of the world but those that occur in greater area and depth are usually found in the tropical humid areas. This research examines the effects of loading rate of applied or net mean stress on the volume change behavior of an unsaturated granitic residual soil. Three loading rates were adopted: fast, slow and extra slow loading rate. It was observed that the loading rate of applied or net mean stress has a pronounced effect on the void ratio and degree of saturation but has an insignificant effect on the water content of residual soils subjected to constant matric suction.     

加载速度对岩样全部变形特征的影响

利用编制的计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比的FISH函数,采用FLAC模拟了加载速度对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响。在峰前及峰后,本构模型分别取为线弹性及莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。加载速度较低及适中时,岩样发生单剪切破坏,剪切带倾角及宽度不受加载速度影响,应力-轴向应变曲线及应力与侧向应变曲线软化段的斜率不依赖于加载速度;高加载速度使岩样发生X型剪切破坏,两种曲线软化段较平缓;在相同的轴向应变时,高加载速度使剪切带长度降低。随着加载速度的增加,岩样失稳破坏的前兆越来越明显,当加载速度较高时,前兆反而不明显,这是由于应力存在较大的波动,导致不正确地估计了应力峰值所对应的轴向应变。在应变软化阶段,高加载速度使侧向应变与轴向应变曲线、泊松比与轴向应变曲线及体积应变与轴向应变曲线变平缓,也使体积应变与轴向应变曲线的峰值及对应的轴向应变增加。     

尺寸和加载速率对冻结水泥土单轴压缩影响

为揭示尺寸效应和加载速率效应对冻结改良土力学特性的影响规律,以冻结水泥改良土为研究对象,开展了不同尺寸与加载速率条件下的单轴压缩试验,通过分析试验数据,讨论了高径比和加载速率对试样强度与变形特性的影响。研究结果表明,高径比影响试样的应力-应变曲线类型及峰值后的变形特性。高径比增加,应力-应变曲线出现明显弹性屈服点,峰后脆性增强,试样破坏形式由劈裂破坏变为单一剪切破坏。试样的抗压强度、切线模量、起始屈服模量、破坏应变随高径比变化均可用抛物线进行拟合,综合考虑,推荐试验宜采用高径比为1.62~2.02的试件。在试验设定的温度和加载速率条件下冻结水泥土的单轴压缩应力-应变关系均为应变软化型。与冻土类似,冻结水泥土的抗压强度与起始屈服强度同样随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大。不同温度下冻结水泥土抗压强度与加载速率的关系可用幂函数表示。温度越低,起始屈服强度受加载速率影响越大。温度和加载速率对冻结水泥土切线模量也有较大影响,不同加载速率条件下切线模量与温度呈线性关系。冻结水泥土的破坏应变随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大,在1.94%~6.94%之间变化,不同加载速率条件下破坏应变与温度呈幂函数关系。     

消泡压力对消泡率的影响及基于数值模拟的消泡器结构优化设计

在泡沫钻进过程中,现有的消泡器往往不能很好地达到消泡的目的。笔者建立了消泡器室内试验台,进行了消泡压力对消泡器消泡能力的影响试验,通过测试不同压力与不同泵转速确定了消泡压力与消泡率的关系,同时借助FLUENT软件对消泡器的扩散管和消泡管内部的压力分布,进行了数值模拟与分析。根据分析结果对消泡器进行了优化设计,将消泡管的长度从15cm增加至65cm。对改进后的消泡器进行室内试验,其消泡率达到80%左右。     

Experimental investigation on tensile strength and its loading rate effect of sandstone after high temperature treatment

High temperature damage of rock is a critical problem that must be well known for underground coal gasification, underground storage of nuclear waste, repairment of underground buildings after fire disaster. In order to study the influences of loading rate and high temperature on the tensile strength of sandstone, Brazilian splitting tests were conducted on sandstone disk samples treated with five different temperature levels between 25 and 800 °C at six different loading rates between 0.01 and 10 mm/min. Test results showed that tensile strength of disk samples increases gradually and reaches to the maximum at the temperature level of 400 °C, then drop sharply. The tensile strength of sandstone samples is characterized by obvious rate effect and it increases continuously with the increase of loading rate, meeting a Logarithmic Function. The lower limit tensile strength of sandstone ignoring the influence of rate effect was calculated, and it is helpful for providing some basis for the design of rock engineering.     

重塑黄土的加载速率效应研究

为了揭示不同加载速率条件下重塑土的变形与强度特性对工程实践的影响,通过不同围压、含水率条件下重塑土样在4种加载速率条件下的三轴CU试验,对重塑土在不同状态下的加载速率效应进行分析,并从土的结构性入手对其与原状土加载速率效应的差异进行讨论。基于重塑土样的三轴试验成果,得到了加载速率对重塑土变形与力学特性的影响规律:重塑土的应力-应变曲线在不同加载速率条件下均表现出应变硬化特性;破坏强度随着加载速率的增大而表现出先增大后减小的特性,存在临界加载速率;随着加载速率的增大,黏聚力c先增大后减小,也存在临界加载速率,而内摩擦角φ则保持了小幅减小的趋势。     

Creep and rate of loading effects on geogrid- reinforced sand

This paper presents the results of studies of creep and rate of loading effects on geogrid-reinforced dune sand. Model plate load tests were conducted on reinforced sand beds under displacement and load controls. Displacement controlled set of plate load tests were carried out in the range 1–0.001 mm/min. Load controlled set of plate load tests were carried out in which the staged pressure was held constant for 6000 min. Results indicate that rate of displacement (strain rate) is very significant for potential improvement of geogrid-reinforced sand. Both stiffness and bearing capacity of geogrid-reinforced sand increases logarithmically with rate of displacement. Geogrid reduces the creep of sand especially in the working pressure range. A simple stiffness degradation and creep relationships were obtained for geogrid-reinforced dune sand. The results of the tests are reported, and the significance of each control variable is assessed.     

加载速率对大尺寸试样破裂特性的影响规律

结合当前我国矿井高强度快速推采的现状,系统分析了双轴加载速率对大尺寸岩体破裂的影响规律。以山东能源济宁矿区深部岩体所处的复杂环境为背景,确定了与深部岩体力学特性相似的混合砂浆材料的最优配比。采用自主研发的岩石应力-渗流耦合真三轴试验系统和美国生产的PCI-2声发射系统,分析了双轴加载下加载速率对大尺寸试样破裂的影响规律,揭示了加载过程中单裂隙和双裂隙试样的破裂和声发射行为特征。研究表明：当加载速率为1.5 kN/s时,单裂隙试样在剪切作用下易起裂形成反翼裂隙;试样双裂隙的岩桥倾角越大,越有利于试样的加速破坏,产生的声发射事件数较少,表现出岩体破裂的突变性。     

坡缕石粘土固定辣根过氧化酶处理硝基酚废水

以坡缕石粘土、淀粉、水玻璃为原料,研究了固定化酶载体的制备工艺,探究了固定化酶载体在辣根过氧化酶(HRP)降解硝基酚废水中的作用,并探讨了反应时间、酶浓度、H2O2及硝基酚浓度对降解效果的影响。结果表明,固定化酶载体的最佳制备工艺为:水玻璃12%,淀粉20%,煅烧温度550℃,煅烧时间2 h;固定化酶对硝基酚的去除效果明显高于原酶;固定化酶去除水中硝基酚的最佳反应条件为:反应时间1.5 h,加酶量150 U,H2O2浓度0.12%,硝基酚浓度100 mg/L;固定化酶重复使用7次后对硝基酚的去除率仍高于60%。     

Experimental study of the influence of loading rate on tensile mechanical behavior of sandstone damaged by blasting

The drill and blast method (D&B) is perhaps the most common excavation method for rock mass, and intense blasting vibrations would induce an excavation damage zone (EDZ) around the excavated space. The tensile failure of rock mass in EDZ at diverse rupture velocities results in various geological disasters in engineering practices. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of blasting on the tensile strength of sandstone rock and the influence of loading rate on the disk specimens affected by blasting. We firstly performed a D&B exercise on a sandstone block with a size of 600 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm. Then, a total number of 49 standard disk specimens were prepared from large fragments of this blasting sandstone block and an undamaged block. A series of Brazilian split tests was carried out using these specimens to determine their indirect tensile strength, and to assess the effects of the distance from the blasting source and loading rate (varying from 1.67 × 10^?5 to 8.33 × 10^?2 mm s^?1). The results show that the tensile strength of specimens exhibits an upward trend with increasing distance from the blasting source, to approach that of undamaged rock, following a power function with a positive exponent (0~1). The loading rate affects the tensile mechanical behaviors of disks, in terms of the convergence of microscopic defects, the main load-bearing area, and the absorbed energy at the fracture moment of specimens. Both the tensile strength and absorbed energy have positive linear correlations with the natural logarithm of the loading rate. In addition, the fragmentation degree of disk specimens also increases due to an increasing brittleness of sandstone with the loading rate.     

天然与改性膨润土组合处理难生物降解垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

以北京市阿苏卫垃圾填埋场中晚期渗滤液为研究对象,通过正交实验的方法分析了改性土、原土、明矾、改性土加明矾等的用量及搅拌速度、搅拌时间、静置时间等因素对垃圾渗滤液CODcr去除率的影响。通过对改性土、原土、明矾处理垃圾渗滤液的机理进行分析后,将改性土、原土分别用来处理垃圾渗滤液中可溶性物质中的疏水性物质和亲水性物质,并结合明矾的絮凝作用组合处理垃圾渗滤液。处理后垃圾渗滤液CODcr值从4700mg/L明显下降到839mg/L,CODcr去除率为82.15%,BOD5从700mg/L下降到263mg/L,BOD5去除率为62.43%。有机改性膨润土、明矾、原土组合处理是一种有效的处理垃圾渗滤液方法。     

流量对水力压裂破裂压力和增压率的影响研究

水力压裂现场原位测试试验的破裂压力是计算构造地应力的重要参数。为了探究流量对水力压裂破裂压力和增压率的影响,设计4种不同恒定流量情况的低渗透硬脆灰岩室内大型水力压裂试验,结合声发射监测技术分析不同流量下水力裂缝破裂压力、破坏模式和缝网复杂程度的规律以及流量与增压率的内在关系。试验结果表明：流量越大,破裂压力越高,缝网复杂程度越低;典型压力?时间曲线分为缓慢增压段、急速增压段、稳定增压段和突然下降段;稳定增压段增压率保持不变,压力随时间线性增长,其增压率的大小和流量存在明显的线性关系;基于流量与稳定增压段增压率的线性关系,考虑流量因素的Ito理论可以很好地定量解释流量对破裂压力的影响,试验结果与理论预测吻合度较高。     

生石灰对理化复合法处理淤泥浆效率的影响研究

改性淤泥固化土应用于填方工程既能弥补砂石填料供应短缺的困境,还能解决大宗疏浚淤泥的弃置难题。但当淤泥含水率超高（＞300%）时,纯水泥固化法处理效果极差,而采用絮凝调理联合化学固化的理化复合法可有效解决此类问题。鉴于生石灰具有絮凝和固化双重功效,采用生石灰替代部分水泥可能会进一步提高淤泥浆的理化复合法处理效率。通过十字板剪切试验研究了生石灰替代比对高含水率淤泥浆理化复合法处理效率的影响规律,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）和场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）试验从微观层面揭示了其固化机制。结果表明：生石灰对淤泥浆理化复合法处理效率会产生较大影响,且存在一个最优生石灰替代比,在最优替代比条件下生石灰能显著发挥絮凝和固化双重功效,并有效提高处理后淤泥的早期和晚期强度;从微观试验分析,最优替代比下处理后的淤泥样生成的CSH/CAH/CASH凝胶和钙矾石等水化产物数量最多,孔隙间隙也最小。因此,实际工程中运用理化复合法处理高含水率淤泥浆时,可采用生石灰替代部分水泥以提高处理效率。     

碱提取法分析海洋沉积物生物硅方法中碎屑组分污染的评估及校正

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱 (ICP- MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱 (ICP- AES)方法分析了常规碱液提取海洋沉积物中的生物硅所获取的溶液中的 Si、 Al和 Ti含量.分析结果显示 , 碱液提取法获取的溶液中 Si和 Al明显地由两种来源混合而成,其中, Si有较大比例的陆源碎屑成分的贡献,并不能直接代表沉积物中的生物硅含量,而需要对其中的陆源碎屑贡献进行扣除.通常使用 Al来代表陆源碎屑进行扣除的方法无法给出正确结果,因为碱提取液中 Al存在明显的非碎屑组分.对数个土壤及水系沉积物标准样品物质的试验发现,碱提取可以优先溶解其中的 Si和 Al,而提取液中的 SiO2/TiO2比值相对于土壤和沉积物全样的 SiO2/TiO2比值有一个比较固定的富集系数 (约 14左右 ).对南海沉积物而言,根据这个富集系数和区域的碎屑物质的化学组成算得碱提取液中碎屑组分 SiO2/TiO2比值约为 748,这与根据二端员混合估计的比值相当.这样,根据提取液中的 Ti含量可以较好地扣除出碎屑组分对生物硅的污染,对于更准确测定海洋沉积物中低含量的生物硅具有重要意义.     

Effect of the water/cement ratio on concrete behavior under extreme loading

This study focuses on identifying concrete behavior under severe triaxial loadings (near field detonation or ballistic impacts). In order to reproduce high stress levels with well‐controlled loading paths, static tests have been carried out on concrete samples by mean of a very high‐capacity triaxial press (stress levels on the order of 1 GPa). It is a longstanding fact that the water/cement ratio (W/C), upon entering the concrete composition, is a major parameter affecting the porosity and strength of the cement matrix of hardened concrete. The objective of this article is to quantify the effect of this ratio on concrete behavior under conditions of high confinement. From the composition of a reference ‘ordinary’ concrete (i.e. W/C=0.6), two other concretes have been produced with W/C ratios equal to 0.4 and 0.8, respectively. This article presents experimental results and their analysis regarding the effect of water/cement ratio (W/C) on concrete behavior under high confinement. It shows that when placed under high confinement, concrete behaves like a granular stacking composed of concrete without any influence from the level of cement matrix strength. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下水更新能力评价指标问题刍议——更新周期和补给速率的适用性

地下水更新能力是近些年地下水科学与工程领域的一个研究热点,其定义目前尚未统一,评价指标也较多,其中较常用的有地下水更新周期、补给速率、年龄和滞留时间等。尽管这些参数间大都存在一定的数量关系,但由于它们代表的物理意义不同,所以得到的地下水更新能力的结论也会不同。以北京市平原区地下水为例验证了这种不同,并对更新周期和补给速率这两个存在密切数量关系的参数作为地下水更新能力评价指标的适用性进行了对比分析。结果表明:① 分别用更新周期和补给速率作为评价指标,得到的各地区(北京市平原区各区、县)之间地下水更新能力相对强弱的结论是不同的;② 与更新周期相比,由补给速率得到的评价结论具有较好的稳定性;③ 在作为地下水更新能力评价指标时,补给速率比更新周期具有更重要的实际意义。     

Effect of alcohol and polyglycol ether frothers on foam stability,bubble size and coal flotation

The frothers of alcohol family (MIBC and Alpha-terpineol) were compared with polyglycol ethers (DF-1012) in terms of two phase characterization parameters like foamability, foam stability, surface activity and bubble size distribution. In this research, fundamental two phase frother characterization parameters were linked with three phase coal flotation behavior.