卫星云迹风资料对中尺度数值模式初始风场改进试验

应用GMS-5静止气象卫星云图导出的风场产品-云迹风资料对中尺度η坐标有限区域数值模式(REM)的初始风场进行改进处理．模拟了2001年7月27-28日、28-29日的降水过程，并且与没有云迹风改进的数值模拟的降水结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明．卫星云图导出的云迹风场资料同化到数值模式．从而改善因测站稀疏造成的中小尺度系统漏报的不足．提高降水的预报精度．     

天津城市热岛效应对海风(锋)环流影响的数值模拟试验

利用中尺度数值天气模式TJ-WRF,通过对发生在天津城区的局地雷暴天气个例进行模拟,重点通过改变模式中下垫面土地利用类型进行敏感性模拟试验,研究天津城市热岛对海风(锋)环流强度及移动速度等的影响。结果表明:不同土地利用类型城市下垫面造成的城市热岛效应不同,当城市周边郊区下垫面土地类型改为城市建筑用地时,城市热岛效应更加明显且影响范围明显扩大;当城市下垫面改为旱作农地和牧场时,天津城区附近没有出现城市热岛效应。当海风(锋)环流向城区方向移动还未到城区附近时,城市热岛对其有明显加强和加速作用,城市热岛效应越明显其对海风(锋)环流的加强和加速作用越明显,海风(锋)环流移动加快的速度比没有城市热岛时快9.3km·h~(-1)。当海风(锋)环流移动到城区附近时与城市热岛环流相遇,海风(锋)环流受到城市热岛环流阻挡其移速又迅速减慢,其后侧气流南、北分支绕流和向上爬升现象变得明显,两环流相遇叠加后辐合上升运动也明显加强;城市热岛效应越明显其对海风(锋)环流的阻挡作用越明显,海风(锋)环流的移动速度减慢得越多,两环流相遇叠加后的辐合上升运动就越强。另外在向城区移动过程中,海风(锋)环流会使其经过地区低层空气增湿降温,但其后侧湿空气层厚度会因城市热岛效应的存在而明显减小;城市热岛效应越明显,海风(锋)环流后侧湿空气层厚度减小得越明显。     

初始场结构对台风路径影响的数值试验

设计了一个套网格的准地转正压模式，对模式的可用性进行了检验。用该模式实施了两组不同初始场的试验，分析了初始场结构对台风路径的影响，指出台风移动具有内在随机性的特征。     

不同初始场对一次西北地区暴雨影响的数值模拟研究

利用WRF3.8.1模式研究了 GRAPES_GFS、FNL和ERA-interim三种资料形成的不同初始场对2017年8月6-7日西北地区一次暴雨过程模拟结果的影响.此次暴雨是由于南亚高压和高空急流的加强,副热带高压西伸北抬,偏东风低空急流和低空切变线的发生发展造成;三种资料中只有GRAPES_GFS资料中可以分析出...     

一次东移西南涡对初始扰动的伴随敏感性试验

初始条件能否包含有足够的中尺度信息对西南涡的模拟至关重要,采用中尺度模式MM5对我国长江流域一次东移西南涡进行模拟试验,并结合一个伴随模式MAMS对这次西南涡进行敏感性试验,分析预报变量对初始条件的敏感性分布,根据敏感性分析结果对初始条件追加一个适当的扰动进行模拟对比,结果表明:追加扰动后的初始条件较成功地模拟出了本次西南涡的形成和移动情况,而原来的试验模拟的低涡与实况相比要落后十几小时;伴随模式MAMS较好地模拟出了本次西南涡的敏感性场分布,本次西南涡对西风扰动的大敏感性区域主要位于400hPa以下的西南地区,对南风扰动的大敏感性区域主要位于500hPa以下的西南地区,对温度扰动的大敏感性区域则主要位于500hPa与900hPa之间的西南地区;追加的风场扰动在中低层的西南地区表现为一个气旋性环流,在这个气旋性环流的西南方存在另一个反气旋性环流;在此基础上增加初始场水汽扰动则在一定程度上加强了模拟低涡的强度和移动速度。     

大气辐射交换对海风模拟结果的影响

建立一个二维的中尺度静力模式，考虑太阳短波辐射，大气中水汽，地表面粗糙度，反射率和土壤层温度等物理因子，讨论大气辐射交换对海风结构的影响，发现如果忽略辐射因素，海风只能局限在较小的范围内，不能向内陆纵深发展。     

一种数值模式初始场垂直插值方案的误差分析

本文对数值模式计算中的初始场进行了误差分析。采用了反复多次利用Lagrange插值和反插值的逐步订正方案,使得等压面上的原始资料插值到等σ面上后形成的初始场具有最小误差。结果表明,所采用的初值化方案收敛较快,形成的初始场精度较高。     

海风环流的数值模拟

本文建立了一个适用于中小尺度的非静力、完全弹性的二维中β（ｒ）模式，利用该模式对海风环流进行了数值试验，模拟成功地模拟了海风环流的形成，发展消亡过程，并探讨了大气层结稳定性对海风环流的影响，该模式的建立对于中小尺度的强对流天气如暴雨，冰雹等天气过程均有较好的模拟结果。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE IMPACTS OF SEA SPRAY ON TROPICAL CYCLONES

The latest version of sea spray flux parameterization scheme developed by Andreas is coupled with the PSU/NCAR model MM5 in this paper. A western Pacific tropical cyclone named Nabi in 2005 is simulated using this coupled air-sea spray modeling system to study the impacts of sea spray evaporation on the evolution of tropical cyclones. The results demonstrate that sea spray can lead to a significant increase of heat fluxes in the air-sea interface, especially the latent heat flux, the maximum of which can increase by up to about 35% - 80% The latent heat flux seems to be more important than the sensible heat flux for the evolution of tropical cyclones. Regardless of whether sea spray fluxes have been considered, the model can always simulate the track of Nabi well, which seems to indicate that sea spray has little impact on the movement of tropical cyclones. However, with sea spray fluxes taken into account in the model, the intensity of a simulated tropical cyclone can have significant increase. Due to the enhancement of water vapor and heat from the sea surface to the air caused by sea spray, the warm core structure is better-defined, the minimum sea level pressure decreases and the vertical speed is stronger around the eye in the experiments, which is propitious to the development and evolution of tropical cyclones.     

初始扰动对冰雹云发展影响的数值研究

在水平均一的初始场中触发对流的发生可采用热力扰动和强迫抬升两种方法,但扰动的方式、强度和范围的不同对模拟的对流云的发展有着重要的影响。本文利用一次冰雹云发展前期的实测探空资料,对热力扰动的强度、范围进行了数值试验,结果表明：在同样的层结条件下,随着扰动强度、厚度的增加,所模拟的冰雹云的强度也增加,且以湿热泡扰动触发的冰雹云最强,其次是湿泡,而热泡扰动最弱。但无论以何种方式启动,只要模拟的冰雹云的云顶高度相当,云体的宏微观特征差异就不大。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET BASED ON GRAPES MODEL AND EXPERIMENTS ON INITIAL MODEL FIELDS

The Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES), a limited-area regional model, was used to simulate the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon. In view of the relatively insufficient information about the initial field in simulation predictions, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) data from a NOAA satellite were introduced to improve the initial values. By directly using the 3-dimensional variational data assimilation system of GRAPES, two schemes for assimilation tests were designed. In the design, Test 1 (T1) assimilates both sounding and AMSU-B data, and Test 2 (T2) assimilates only the conventional sounding data, before applying the model in simulation forecasts. Comparative experiments showed that the model was very sensitive to initial fields and successful in reproducing the monsoon onset, allocation of high- and low-level wind fields during the pentad of onset, and the northward advancement of the monsoon and monsoon rain bands. The scheme, however, simulated rainfall and the location of the subtropical high with deviations from observations. The simulated location of the subtropical high was more westward and northward and the simulated rainfall for the South China Sea was larger and covered a broader area.     

偏北大风的数值预报释用方法研究

本文利用欧洲中心中期数值预报结果，从不同侧面选取因子，建立了日最大平均风速的四种统计预报方程，在此基础上设计了几种集成方法对预报结果进行集成，结果表明，我们设计的最大值－阀值综合集成法取得了很好的效果，特别是2－3天的大风预报准确度较高。     

初值精度对月预报影响的数值研究

利用改进的 T42L10模式,以1992年8月31日12时为初始场,分别以瞬时初始场和平均初始场,作30天长期数值预报,以对比研究初值精度对月长期数值预报结果的影响.研究结果表明:(1)无论是高度场还是风场,瞬时初始场所作月预报的相关系数要比平均初始场的高约9个百分点.(2)从瞬时初值出发所作的500hPa 高度场及流场中,对东亚地区较深的槽,里海至乌拉尔较强的脊区,以及维持在东亚40°N 左右的急流都作了较好的模拟,而平均初始场的月预报结果与实况的差别较大.(3)用平均初始场所作的预报,其系统过于平滑,使预报结果受到影响.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WIND FIELDS AT UPPER LEVELS IN THE MEIYU PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW LEVEL JET AND MESOSCALE SYSTEMS

Using a mesoscale model,a numerical study on a heavy rainfall case occurring in theChangjiang-Huaihe River Basin is made in this paper.The influence of the intensity ofnortheasterly wind in front of the Qinghai-Xizang high at upper level on the low level wind fieldand development of mesoscale systems as well as heavy rainfall is investigated.The model wellreproduced the heavy rainfall process and the weather systems associated.And it indicates that thestrong northeasterly flow around the high at upper troposphere will bring about not only thestrengthening of low level southeasterly wind,but also the appearance of shear-line and mesoscalevortex at low level.The coupling of northerly wind at upper level and southerly wind at lowerlevel constructs a vertical indirect circulation which is most favourable for the development ofconvective motions.Its ascending branch in the shear-line area is very strong and shows apronounced mesoscale characteristic.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE INFLUENCES OF HEAT AND WIND STRESS ON THE EQUATORIAL OCEAN CIRCULATION

A time-dependent linear model on the equatorial beta plane is developed in this paper.Its verticalstructure consists of two active layers with equal density and temperature above the thermocline and aquasi-stationary layer with constant density below the thermocline.The results of nurnericat experiments show that the direct influence of heat on the equatorial ocean ismuch smaller than that of wind stress.Nevertheless,through the tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction,the change of wind stress resulting from the thermal forcing may set a determinant effect on the equilibriumand anomalous development of the ocean-almosphere circulation.     

不同初始场及侧边界对台风路径数值预报的影响

利用T213L31及T106L19所提供的初始场及侧边界就不同初始场及侧边界对台风路径数值预报的影响进行了敏感性试验。试验结果表明，从总体平均距离误差来看，初始场及侧边界的改进可以明显提高台风路径数值预报能力。通过不同的初始场及侧边界的相互组合(T106L19的初始场及侧边界；T106L19的初始场、T213L31的侧边界；T213L31的初始场、T106L19的侧边界；T213L31的初始场及侧边界)，对不同类型的台风路径预报、对初始场及侧边界的敏感性进行了初步试验。结果表明：非转向阶段的台风对初始场较为敏感，而转向阶段的台风对侧边界及初始场都很敏感。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER THE PACIFIC ON PRECIPITATION IN 1991

A zonal domain,primitive equation model is used in this paper to study the influences of the main sea surface tem-perature anomaly(SSTA)areas over the Pacific on precipitation in 1991.Some numerical experiments are made and themechanisms of the influences are discussed.The results show that the influences of the SSTA are mainly confined withinthe tropical and the subtropical regions.The direct effect of the SSTA is to change the exchanges of the sensible heat andthe water vapour between the air and the sea,through the consequent changes of temperature and the flow fields and thefeedback process of condensation,the SSTA finally affects precipitation.