Mineral chemistry of clays associated with the Jhilmili intertrappean bed in the eastern Deccan volcanic province: Palaeoenvironmental inferences and KTB transition

Jhilmili intertrappean bed (～13 m thick) attains its significance with the recent discovery of brackish water ostrocod and planktonic foraminifera fossils (Keller et al. 2009; Khosala et al. 2009). Present XRD data revealed abundance of montmorillonite > montmorillonite/chlorite mixed layer > palygorskite in five physically distinct lithounits namely: (a) lower chocolate brown siltstone with green patches, followed by (b) brick red clayey siltstone, (c) greenish grey clay, (d) yellowish brown clay and (e) uppermost olive grey to dark brown silt layers in the successionrepresent higher weathering indices and annual precipitation, reflecting cyclic, but longer spells of weathering. Occurrence of M/C mixed layer with the smectite in Jhilmili area is suggestive of their derivation from the later, whilst montmorillonite to palygorskite transformation is ascribed to the drastic changes in the humid to arid climate, where former served as a source of Al and some of the Si and Mg ions for the later. Jhilmili and Anjar clays represent similar charge occupancies at different sites, but later contains relatively higher amount of palygorskite, formed in the arid environment. Majority of the trace elemental data plots for Jhilmili clays lie within the upper and lower limits of infra (Lametas)-/inter-trappeans clays. The continuous release of Cu throughout the succession (mainly in the palygorskite dominated clays) indicates oxidizing conditions. PAAS normalized REE data plots for these clays show progressive enrichment in the HREE contents in the lower part, but, upper part of the succession is marked by positive cerium anomaly, reflecting oxidizing conditions prevailed at the later stage of the succession. These conditions continued, but, were not conducive to HREE enrichment as evidenced by their depletion in the upper part of the succession. The Ce anomaly observed in the middle part of the succession is similar to that form by continental weathering of the basalt, ascribed to Ce precipitation in the oxic environment, thus suggestive of drastic changes in the oxidizing conditions. Thermodynamic data-sets for Jhilmili clays show I/S mixed layer and celadonite compositions, whereas, Jabalpur infra-/inter-trappean clays correspond to Mg smectites and celadonite end members, thus, representing compositional commonality with those of the other clays derived from the continental weathering of basalt protolith. Jhilmili smectites and smectite-chlorite mixtures show compositional similarity with the dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites and the smectites formed at 250°C, having compositions between trioctahedral smectite and chlorite, thus, assigning high temperatures for their formation, where the heat required for the formation of these clays was possibly derived from the hydrothermal fluids, associated with the Deccan volcanism.     

Geochemistry of basic dykes from Betul-Jabalpur area in the Deccan volcanic province

Dykes exposed in the Betul-Jabalpur area, lie parallel to E-W trending Narmada-Son and Tapti lineaments in the Deccan volcanic province. These dykes show a variety of textural features and contain plagioclase (33–45%), clinopyroxene, olivine, magnetite and glass. These dykes are mainly basalt and basaltic andesite. Betul-Jabalpur and Tapti dykes show increase in sub-alkalis (K₂O+Na₂O) with the rise in SiO₂ values. Their data plots confine to the subalkalic array suggesting fractional crystallization as the dominant process. The high field strength elements in these dykes also show close correlation with the dykes south of the Tapti valley. Low concentration of Rb, Ba and V in Betul-Jabalpur dykes indicate that they are less contaminated than the other dykes of Deccan volcanic province. The large-scale chemical similarity in the major and trace elemental composition of the Betul-Jabalpur and south of Tapti valley dykes suggests their origin from a common magma type, possibly derived from the fractionation of isolated high gravity mafic-ultramafic igneous bodies positioned 6–8 km below the surface, trending parallel to the Narmada-Tapti rift zone.     

High velocity anomaly beneath the Deccan volcanic province: Evidence from seismic tomography

Analysis of teleseismicP-wave residuals observed at 15 seismograph stations operated in the Deccan volcanic province (DVP) in west central India points to the existence of a large, deep anomalous region in the upper mantle where the velocity is a few per cent higher than in the surrounding region. The seismic stations were operated in three deployments together with a reference station on precambrian granite at Hyderabad and another common station at Poona. The first group of stations lay along a west-northwesterly profile from Hyderabad through Poona to Bhatsa. The second group roughly formed an L-shaped profile from Poona to Hyderabad through Dharwar and Hospet. The third group of stations lay along a northwesterly profile from Hyderabad to Dhule through Aurangabad and Latur. Relative residuals computed with respect to Hyderabad at all the stations showed two basic features: a large almost linear variation from approximately +1s for teleseisms from the north to—1s for those from the southeast at the western stations, and persistance of the pattern with diminishing magnitudes towards the east. Preliminary ray-plotting and three-dimensional inversion of theP-wave residual data delineate the presence of a 600 km long approximately N−S trending anomalous region of high velocity (1–4% contrast) from a depth of about 100 km in the upper mantle encompassing almost the whole width of the DVP. Inversion ofP-wave relative residuals reveal the existence of two prominent features beneath the DVP. The first is a thick high velocity zone (1–4% faster) extending from a depth of about 100 km directly beneath most of the DVP. The second feature is a prominent low velocity region which coincides with the westernmost part of the DVP. A possible explanation for the observed coherent high velocity anomaly is that it forms the root of the lithosphere which coherently translates with the continents during plate motions, an architecture characteristic of precambrian shields. The low velocity zone appears to be related to the rift systems (anomaly 28, 65 Ma) which provided the channel for the outpouring of Deccan basalts at the close of the Cretaceous period.     

Essexite occurrence in the Deccan volcanic province of Saurashtra,western India

The occurrence of essexite in the Deccan volcanic province of Saurashtra, India, is reported here for the first time. The essexite body occurs as a large stock-like intrusion in horizontal flow basalts. Petrographically it is characterized by the presence of titanaugite, labradorite, olivine, iron oxides and accessory amounts of alkali feldspar, analcite, biotite and apatite. Chemically it is characterized by enrichment in LILE, HFSE and REE as compared to the other tholeiitic and alkaline basalts of the area. It is therefore concluded that the essexite magma has not formed by differentiation out of the tholeiitic magma predominantly encountered in the Deccan volcanic province, but possibly represents a separate melt derived as a 5 to 10% partial melt at shallower depth (15 kb pressure) within the upper mantle.     

A review of Palaeoarchaean felsic volcanism in the eastern Kaapvaal craton:Linking plutonic and volcanic records

In the Kaapvaal craton of southern Africa, as well as other Archaean cratons worldwide, the progression from dominant tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG) to granite-monzogranite-syenogranite(GMS)rock types is interpreted to reflect progressive reworking and differentiation of the continental crust.Here we re-evaluate the early Archaean evolution of the Kaapvaal craton and propose a unified view of the plutonic and volcanic records based on elemental and isotopic(Nd, Hf) data and zircon U-Pb ages.We also report new whole-rock major and trace element analyses, zircon U-Pb ages and Hf-in-zircon analyses of igneous clasts from a conglomerate of the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Many of these clasts are derived from shallow intrusive rocks of granitic composition, which are scarcely represented in outcrop. Despite alteration, the volcanic rocks can be classified based on their trace element contents into two main groups by comparison with plutonic rocks. One group has characteristics resembling TTGs: relatively low and fractionated rare earth element concentrations with no Eu anomaly and relatively low concentrations of high field strength elements(Nb mostly ≤12 ppm). The second group has GMS-like characteristics: less fractionated REE, marked negative Eu anomalies and HFSE-increasing trends with progressing fractionation(Nb ≤ 50 ppm or more, Th up to 30-40 ppm). In addition, igneous clasts of Moodies Group conglomerate have chemical, mineralogical and isotopic characteristics that link them to GMS. New analyses of some of these clasts indicate elevated high field strength elements(Nb up to 20 ppm) and_(εHf)(t)of zircon down to -3.5. These rocks imply the presence of an already differentiated felsic crust at 3.5 Ga, which has Nd and Hf model ages indicating mantle extraction ages extending back to the Eoarchaean. The combined record of plutonic and volcanic rocks of the Kaapvaal craton provides a more complex scenario than previously suggested and indicates that TTG and GMS-like felsic magmas were emplaced broadly coevally in multiple pulses between ~3.5 Ga and 3.2 Ga.     

Paleocene alkaline volcanism in the Nares Strait region: evidence from volcanic pebbles

Paleogene sediments in fault-bounded basins on Judge Daly Promontory, northeast Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic, are rich in volcanogenic material. Volcanic pebbles within the Cape Back basin near Nares Strait were studied for their petrography, geochemistry, Sr and Nd isotopes, and geochronology to identify and characterize their parent rock. The pebbles are derived from lava flows and ignimbrites of a continental rift-related, strongly differentiated, highly incompatible element enriched, alkaline volcanic suite, the proposed Nares Strait volcanic suite, which is distinct from other alkaline volcanic suites on the northern coasts of Ellesmere Island and Greenland. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar amphibole and alkali feldspar ages indicate that volcanism was active around 61–58 Ma and was probably contemporaneous with sedimentation resulting in Middle to Late Paleocene age for deposition within the Cape Back basin and the other Paleogene basins on Judge Daly Promontory.     

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and rock magnetic applications in the Deccan volcanic province based on some case studies

Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) as a tool has been explored here to investigate the nature of petrofabrics in Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of west-central Indian region by representative sampling in typical pahoehoe and rubbly pahoehoe lava flows, dykes within flows, shear zone and the impact crater units. The rock magnetic analysis indicate varying degree of concentration of titanomagnetite compositions dominated by multi domain (MD) to pseudo single domain (PSD) grains favoring shape anisotropy of minerals that form primary fabrics. The pahoehoe type lava flows shows planar oblate fabrics without any preferred orientation of principle susceptibility axis (K₁) depicting crystal settling (of magnetic grains) as chief mechanism of fabric development. The rubbly pahoehoe type lava flow exhibit prolate fabrics with well clustered maximum susceptibility axis within horizontal to sub-horizontal planes depicting their response to viscosity shear. The dykes show well clustered K₁ parallel to it’s plane locked during rapid contractional cooling. The sampling at Lonar impact crater was unable to trace any clear fabric due to impact/shock induced deformation and rather preserve the primary fabrics. Further, the shear zone depict random fabrics demanding more detailed and systematic sampling in both the cases. The present investigation infer that the magnetic mineralogy and magnetic fabric variations in the DVP are controlled by the flow mechanism and style of cooling that is characteristic of the given flow unit or dyke and any secondary or superimposed fabric needs to be examined by critical sampling strategy. While more detailed attempts are required to establish the AMS as a tool to record various aspects including the flow dynamics and rate of effusion in the vast terrain of DVP; the present approach is useful to characterize and correlate the lava flow units and dyke occurrences.     

Petrogenesis of gabbro and orthopyroxene gabbro from the Phenai Mata Igneous Complex,Deccan volcanic province: Products of concurrent assimilation and fractional crystallization

We report the occurrence of orthopyroxene gabbro from the Phenai Mata Igneous Complex (containing thoeliitic and alkaline rocks) that occur within Deccan Traps. The P-T calculations based on two pyroxene thermometry vary from 8.5±1.0 kbar and 963±39 °C. These gabbroic rocks exhibit high Mg# (0.67 to 0.71). But their primary magma signature can be negated due to their high SiO₂ (> 50 wt %), low Ni (32–35 ppm) and Cr (105–182 ppm) contents. Further, simple fractional crystallization was not responsible for the modification of the magma. Modeling carried out using trace element concentrations revealed that concurrent assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) was responsible for the genesis of these rocks. Small pods of magma could have accumulated in the crustal portions and concurrent assimilation and fractional crystallization have taken place in the generation of gabbro and orthopyroxene gabbro in the present study area.     

胶东昆嵛山杂岩中高锶花岗岩地球化学成因及其意义

华北克拉通性质的胶东陆块之间.本文主要对其中具定向构造的垛崮山与瓦善高锶花岗岩体的地球化学成因及其地质意义的研究.垛崮山岩体岩性主要为花岗闪长岩,瓦善岩体主要为二长花岗岩.岩石化学特征表明两岩体为亚碱性岩石,属钙碱性系列和高钾钙碱性系列.SiO2=69～71%,高Al(Al2O3＞15%,SiO2=70%),富碱Na2O=3.54～4.88%,K2O=2.11～4.44%,K2O+Na2O=5.65～9.02%.Na2O/K2O=0.9～1.9,表明属Na质花岗岩.富集大离子亲石元素,如Ba、Sr(Ba＞1440μg/g,Sr＞650μg/g),而亏损高场强元素(如Nb、P、Ti以及Y＜18μg/g、＜2μg/g),具右倾陡斜的稀土配分模式(Lan/Ybn＞12),无Eu异常或Eu异常不明显.上述地球化学特点与Adakite、太古宙TTG、秘鲁科迪勒拉布兰卡钠质花岗岩以及中国东部大量中生代花岗质岩石类似.然而,本文中的花岗岩石化学显示与钠质花岗岩最为相近,其钙碱性演化趋势不同于TTG、埃达克岩通常所显示的奥长花岗岩演化趋势.前人报道的同位素特征(Sr87/Sr86i=0.7097～0.7098,εNd(t)=-19.6～-20.0)和700～800Ma的继承锆石特征以及胶东区域地质上没有与之同期甚至早期的基性岩浆伴生共同表明,昆嵛山高锶花岗岩不可能来自幔源岩浆混合或基性岩浆的结晶分异,也不可能是新生玄武质下地壳和太古宙胶东陆块的熔融产物,而是以晚元古扬子陆块的基性下地壳(＞40km)部分熔融为主.尽管均表现出高锶花岗岩的地球化学特征,但两岩体岩石、地化特征存在一定的差异.造成这种差异性的原因可能是晚期瓦善岩体源区有少量富集地幔特征的物质加入以及部分熔融程度相对早期垛崮山岩体低或源区较深所至.形成它们的动力学机制可能是岩石圈减薄作用引起的玄武质岩浆底侵导致基性下地壳的部分熔融.高锶花岗岩的低Y、Yb含量和高S∥Y、hn/¨n比值暗示源区残留固相以石榴石+角闪石为特征,而无斜长石的残留.源区深度在石榴石麻粒岩相至榴辉岩相,熔融后的残余固相(高压麻粒岩至榴辉岩相岩石)因密度大而可能引发下地壳沉入地幔,加速地壳的减薄.昆嵛山高锶花岗岩的成因暗示胶东地区140～160Ma加厚的铁镁质下地壳依然存在以及中国东部高锶花岗岩物质来源的多样性.     

东天山石炭纪雅满苏组火山岩特征及地质意义

雅满苏组火山岩是东天山石炭纪火山岩的重要组成部分,也是东天山地区海相火山岩型铁多金属矿床的赋矿地层。其年代学及地球化学研究对探讨该区古生代构造演化和火山岩型铁多金属矿床成因具有重要意义。本文对东天山地区雅满苏组火山岩的岩石学、地球化学和同位素年代学进行了系统研究。结果显示:雅满苏组是一套海相火山岩夹碳酸盐岩建造,其上亚组英安岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为334.4±1.7 Ma(MSWD=0.67),代表了雅满苏上亚组火山岩形成时代,切穿雅满苏铁矿区矽卡岩及矿体的正长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为325.5±1.7 Ma(MSWD=0.34),表明雅满苏铁矿床形成不晚于325 Ma。雅满苏上亚组英安岩和玄武岩显示了富集LREE、U、Sr,相对亏损Nb、Ta等元素的特征,且英安岩锆石的(176Hf/177Hf)i比值介于0.282 644~0.282 802之间,εHf(334 Ma)为3.0~8.0,表明它们是活动大陆边缘弧环境的产物,英安岩是新生地壳物质部分熔融的结果,玄武岩是软流圈地幔与受俯冲板片流体交代地幔的混合熔体演化的产物。结合前人研究成果,认为雅满苏组火山岩是早石炭世中期古亚洲洋俯冲作用的产物,石炭纪时期古亚洲洋尚未闭合,雅满苏铁矿床形成介于334~325 Ma之间,是与石炭纪火山岩有成因联系的铁矿床。     

Deccan volcanism linked to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary mass extinction: New evidence from ONGC wells in the Krishna-Godavari Basin

A scientific challenge is to assess the role of Deccan volcanism in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) mass extinction. Here we report on the stratigraphy and biologic effects of Deccan volcanism in eleven deep wells from the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. In these wells, two phases of Deccan volcanism record the world’s largest and longest lava mega-flows interbedded in marine sediments in the K-G Basin about 1500 km from the main Deccan volcanic province. The main phase-2 eruptions (∼80% of total Deccan Traps) began in C29r and ended at or near the KTB, an interval that spans planktic foraminiferal zones CF1–CF2 and most of the nannofossil Micula prinsii zone, and is correlative with the rapid global warming and subsequent cooling near the end of the Maastrichtian. The mass extinction began in phase-2 preceding the first of four mega-flows. Planktic foraminifera suffered a 50% drop in species richness. Survivors suffered another 50% drop after the first mega-flow, leaving just 7 to 8 survivor species. No recovery occurred between the next three mega-flows and the mass extinction was complete with the last phase-2 mega-flow at the KTB. The mass extinction was likely the consequence of rapid and massive volcanic CO₂ and SO₂ gas emissions, leading to high continental weathering rates, global warming, cooling, acid rains, ocean acidification and a carbon crisis in the marine environment.     

黑龙江省东部中泥盆世火山作用及其构造意义——来自岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素的制约

对佳木斯地块东缘老秃顶子组和小兴安岭地区宝泉组上段火山岩进行了岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究以制约该区的区域构造演化。前者主要由流纹岩及次要的碱性玄武岩组成,后者以流纹岩为主。研究结果表明,这些火山岩中锆石发育震荡生长环带或具条痕状吸收,且具有较高的Th/U比值(0.28~1.64),反映了岩浆成因特征。定年结果表明,它们均形成于中泥盆世(峰期为386 Ma)。火山岩的地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究表明,佳木斯地块东缘老秃顶子组火山岩以双峰式火山岩组合为特征,基性端员岩石的SiO2=50.40%~55.66%、Mg#=0.39~0.50、Na2O/K2O=2.88~4.99、Al2O3=15.66%~18.06%,并以富集轻稀土元素和亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti)为特征,初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.705 99,εNd(t)=+2.04,暗示其原始岩浆起源于遭受地壳物质混染的岩石圈地幔;酸性端员岩石的SiO2=77.59%~78.75%、Na2O/K2O=0.32~0.36、Al2O3=11.62%~11.76%,富集Rb、Th、U、K,亏损Nb、Ta、Eu、P、Ti等,其初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.703 78~0.707 36,εNd(t)=-2.20~-4.15,εHf(t)=+1.8~+8.6,tDM1=671~998 Ma,与中亚造山带内显生宙花岗岩的研究结果相一致,暗示其岩浆应起源于新增生下地壳物质的部分熔融;小兴安岭地区宝泉组上段流纹岩具有高硅(74.64%~76.09%)、富钾(Na2O/K2O=0.42~0.81)、低铝(12.56%~12.63%)等特征,同时显示强烈的负铕异常,该组火山岩具有A型流纹岩特点,其εHf(t)=+2.5~+6.4,tDM1=837~983 Ma,暗示其岩浆应起源于新增生下地壳的部分熔融。结合区域地质资料,认为中泥盆世佳木斯地块东缘应处于一个被动大陆边缘盆地沉积环境,老秃顶子组双峰式火山岩的形成应与被动陆缘内的伸展环境有关,而小兴安岭地区同期宝泉组上段A型流纹岩的形成应与陆内伸展环境相联系。     

浙东中新世Cinnamomum cf.bejolghota微细构造及其古环境意义

化石采自浙江天台嵊县组.该地层含丰富被子植物压型化石及少量裸子植物化石.利用叶结构分析法,依据叶脉、叶尖、叶基等稳定性特征,对一种樟科植物化石的宏观形态进行了详细的研究;结合表皮特征分析,发现该化石与现生Cinnamomum bejolghota(Buch-Ham.)Sweet在叶形、叶脉特征以及表皮脉络细胞特征、气孔器类型和毛基特征等方面均很相似,因而将当前化石定名为Cinnamomum cf.bejolghota(钝叶桂相似种).通过分析化石钝叶桂的角质层微细构造特征,结合现生钝叶桂的分布范围和生存环境恢复了浙东地区中新世的古气候和古环境特征,推测当时的气候比现在更为炎热多雨,同时认为钝叶桂从中新世至今有南迁的趋势.     

Petrochemistry of granulite xenoliths from the Cenozoic Qiangtang volcanic field,northern Tibetan Plateau: implications for lower crust composition and genesis of the volcanism

High-K calc-alkaline magmas from the Cenozoic Qiangtang volcanic field, northern Tibetan Plateau, contain lower crustal two-pyroxene and clinopyroxene granulite xenoliths. The petrology and geochemistry of six mafic and three felsic xenoliths from the Hol Xil area south of Ulan Ul Lake are discussed. Mafic granulites (Pl, Opx, Cpx, Ksp, and Bt) contain 48.76–58.61% SiO₂, 18.34–24.50% Al₂O₃, 3.16–5.41% Na₂O, 1.58–3.01% K₂O, low Mg# (30–67), LREE and LILE enrichment, high Rb/Sr (0.09–0.21), (La/Yb)_N (17.32–49.35), low Nb/Ta (9.76–14.92), and variable Eu anomalies (Eu?=?0.19?0.89). They also have more evolved Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions in comparison with the host dacites ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.710812 vs. 0.713241), ?_Sr (+169.13 vs.?+203.88), ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.512113 vs. 0.512397), ?_Nd (?4.70 to??10.05), ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (18.7000 vs. 18.9565), ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.7135 vs. 15.7662), and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (39.1090 vs. 39.4733). Felsic granulites (Qtz, Pl, Ksp, Bt, and Cpx) show enrichment of LREE and LILE and have evolved Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions with (La/Yb)_N (2.04–10.82), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.712041–0.729088), ?_Sr (+180.71–+430.59), ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.512230–0.512388); ?_Nd (?4.74 to??7.96), ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (18.9250–19.1717), ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.7662–15.7720), and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (39.2109–39.6467). These geochemical data suggest that the protolith of the mafic granulites could have been a hybrid mafic magma (e.g. enriched mantle type II) or metasomatized restite derived from the partial melting of metamafic-intermediate rocks rather than basaltic cumulates, whereas the felsic granulite protolith was a quartzofeldspathic S-type granitic rock. We argue that the lower crust of the northern Tibetan Plateau is hot and heterogeneous rather than wholly gabbroic. Interaction between the mantle-derived magma and the metasedimentary/granitic lower crust of the Tibetan Plateau may have played an important role in the generation of shoshonitic and high-K calc-alkaline andesite-dacite rocks.     

Metamorphism of the H-group chondrites: implications from compositional and textural trends in chondrules

Major and minor element bulk compositions of 373 individual chondrules from 18 H3 to H6 chondrites were determined in polished thin sections by broad-beam electron probe analysis. Bulk chondrule FeO and Al₂O₃ increase and TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃ decrease with increasing petrologic type; normative fayalite, albite and plagioclase increase through the petrologic sequence. Chondrule diameters correlate with phenocryst sizes in porphyritic chondrules of type 3 chondrites, but this correlation is diminished in the higher petrologic types. Furthermore, for a given chondrule diameter, phenocryst sizes are larger in the higher petrologic types. We attribute most compositional trends in chondrules through the petrologic sequence to diffusion and equilibration among chondrules and between chondrules and matrix in response to increasing degrees of thermal metamorphism. Increased phenocryst sizes in the higher petrologic types are probably the result of grain growth during metamorphism.We suggest that H-group chondrites formed by accretion of high-temperature (chondrules) and low-temperature (matrix) materials. Parent materials of each of the petrologic types resembled type 3 chondrites, but had slight compositional differences (e.g. volatiles, rare gases, total iron) inherited during accretion. These differences were predominantly functions of decreasing temperature in the nebula as accretion progressed. Internal reheating of the parent materials to different temperatures and (probably) for different times, as a function of depth in the parent body, caused compositional equilibration, grain coarsening, and reduction of FeO to Fe° by carbon.     

Triassic volcanism in eastern Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces,NE China: Chronology,geochemistry, and tectonic implications

With the aim of constraining the Early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), we undertook zircon U–Pb dating and geochemical analyses (major and trace elements, Sr–Nd isotopes) of volcanic rocks of the Luoquanzhan Formation and Daxinggou Group in eastern Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces, China. The analyzed rocks consist mainly of dacite and rhyolite, with SiO₂ contents of 68.52–76.65 wt%. Three samples from the Luoquanzhan Formation and one from the Daxinggou Group were analyzed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb zircon techniques. Three zircons with well-defined oscillatory zoning yielded weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 217 ± 1, 214 ± 2, and 208 ± 1 Ma, and one zircon with oscillatory zoning yielded a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 201 ± 1 Ma. These ages are interpreted to represent the timing of eruption of the volcanic rocks. The Triassic volcanic rocks are characterized by high SiO₂ and low MgO concentrations, enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7040–0.7050 (Luoquanzhan Formation) and 0.7163–0.7381 (Daxinggou Group), and ε_Nd (t) = 1.89–3.94 (Luoquanzhan Formation) and 3.42–3.68 (Daxinggou Group). These geochemical features indicate an origin involving the partial melting of juvenile lower crust (Nd model ages (T_DM2) of 651–821 Ma) and that compositional variation among the volcanic rocks arose from mineral fractionation and minor assimilation. These volcanic rocks formed within an extensional environment following collision of the NCC and Jiamusi-Khanka Massif during the Late Paleozoic–Early Triassic.     

Chlorine in submarine volcanic glasses from the eastern manus basin

Submarine volcanic glasses from the eastern Manus Basin of Papua New Guinea, ranging from basalt to rhyodacite, clarify the geochemical behavior of Cl in arc-type magmas. For the Manus samples, Cl is well correlated with non-volatile highly incompatible trace elements, suggesting it was not highly volatile and discounting significant seawater contamination. The Cl partition coefficient is close to but slightly lower than that of Nb and K₂O, a behavior similar to that in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and ocean island basalts (OIB). The similar incompatibilities of Cl and Nb imply that the Cl/Nb values of the eastern Manus Basin glasses reflect their magma source. For glasses from other west Pacific back-arc basins, Cl/Nb, Ba/Nb, and U/Nb increase towards the subduction trench, indicating increased contribution of a component enriched in Cl, Ba, and U, likely from subduction-released slab fluids. It is estimate that ∼80% of the Cl in the Manus arc-type glasses was added directly from subducted slab-derived fluids. We have also modeled Cl behavior during magma evolution in general. Our results show that the behavior of Cl in magma is strongly influenced by pressure, initial H₂O content, and the degree of magmatic fractionation. At early stages of magmatic evolution, for magmas with initial H₂O content of <4.0 wt%, Cl is highly incompatible under all pressures. By contrast, for more evolved magmas at moderately high pressure and high H₂O contents, considerable amounts of Cl can be extracted from the magma once H₂O saturation is reached. Accordingly, Cl is usually highly incompatible in MORB and OIB because of their low H₂O contents and relatively low degrees of fractional crystallization. The behavior of Cl in arc magmas is more complicated, ranging from highly incompatible to compatible depending on H₂O content and depth of magma chambers. The behavior of Cl in the eastern Manus Basin magmas is consistent with low H₂O contents (1.1-1.7 wt%) and evolution at low pressures (<0.1 GPa). Modeling results also indicate that Cl will behave differently in intrusive rocks compared to volcanic rocks because of the different pressures involved. This may have a strong influence on the mechanisms of ore genesis in these two tectonic settings.