跨孔超高密度电阻率法在球状风化花岗岩体探测中的应用

花岗岩发育地区球状风化体(俗称孤石)的分布直接影响城市轨道交通工程的建设,准确探明花岗岩孤石的空间分布具有重要的现实意义。为了探明地铁建设过程中花岗岩孤石的分布情况,结合深圳地铁11号线某区间孤石探测试验,采用跨孔超高密度电阻率法研究两孔间孤石分布情况,试验数据能较好反映出土层间电阻异常。试验分析结果与现场验证钻孔的对比表明:该物探方法能在一定程度上揭示孤石的空间分布,为进一步针对地铁工程勘察提供了指导,丰富了花岗岩孤石的探测手段。     

“孤石”精细探测物探方法研究 ——以福州滨海快线为例

孤石在我国南方花岗岩地区普遍存在,其发育无规律性,埋藏及分布较为随机;城市地铁盾构施工孤石探测是公认的技术难题。以福州滨海快线（机场—大鹤站）区间孤石分布区为研究区开展了微动、等值反磁通瞬变电磁、高密度电法、探地雷达探测方法综合勘察试验,从抗干扰能力、施工效率和探测效果方面进行了对比分析,发现因浅表存在高阻砂层屏蔽,高密度电法在15 m以浅具有较高勘察精度、受地下线网影响明显,探地雷达在砂层中的有效勘察深度仅4 ～ 5 m;优选出对于孤石体精细探测的物探方法,“微动 + 等值反磁通瞬变电磁”的组合方法具有抗干扰、较好探测效果,与钻孔验证结果吻合。     

高陡双复杂地区多种页岩气勘探方法效果对比

大巴山地区是我国南方少数地表勘探条件复杂和地下地质构造复杂的高陡双复杂地区。在该区开展了新一轮的页岩气勘探工作,部署多个测井点位,以及1条地震勘探试验线和一条广域电磁法勘探试验线。探测结果表明:测井具有分辨率高、精细测量的特点,但由于同时具有"一孔之见"的特点受到限制;地震资料信噪比低,不能提供准确的地层岩性、断裂等信息,在高陡双复杂地区进行地震勘探难度很高;广域电磁法在该地区复杂地质条件下具有适用性和准确性,可以查明测线的地层分布、构造形态、断裂特征,提供电性分布特征,并预测油气前景,为下一步的三维勘探工作奠定基础。     

工程物探在广西某重点工程勘察中的应用

中石油在西南的某重点工程项目,发现有F7断层穿过场地,为此利用浅层地震反射波法和高密度电法进行断裂带勘察。其中布设地震测线3条,电法测线4条。经勘探查明了该工程区域内的地层特征及F7断裂的位置、深度、倾向及伸深方向。根据勘探结果,在地震L1测线与高密度电法G2测线上布设钻孔验证,其结果证实,在解释的破碎带两侧地层层序正常,而破碎带内的钻孔显示有断层存在。本次勘探对F7断裂带的位置及产状的准确描述,为该重点工程的设计提供了可靠的依据。     

综合物探方法在东荣二矿井“天窗”探测中的应用

以综合物探技术在东荣二矿"天窗"探测中应用为例,探讨该矿区因地层缺失形成的第四系孔隙含水层与白垩系风化裂隙含水层导通问题。首先利用三维地震勘探圈定"天窗"范围,然后与瞬变电磁法的视电阻反演剖面进行对比,并结合水文地质资料对其富水性进行评价,进而圈定"天窗"范围及其富水异常区。通过实测钻孔资料验证,与综合物探技术成果高度吻合。     

地震映像高精度时频分析方法在铁路隧底隐伏岩溶识别中的应用研究

铁路岩溶隧道隧底隐伏岩溶危及列车行车安全,为了彻底消除安全隐患,保证运营安全,在新建铁路工程静态验收前须完成隧底隐伏岩溶探测、整治设计、整治施工等工作。岩溶探测手段以物探为主钻探为辅,地震映像法作为成熟的物探方法得到了大量应用。地震映像剖面包括时域和频域信息,由于目前用于地震映像时频分析方法计算过程较繁琐、精度不高,实际生产中并未得到广泛应用,资料分析仍以时域的波形特征识别为主,而波形特征具有复杂性、多解性,资料解释准确度不高。这里引入Wigner-Ville改进方法对地震映像剖面进行时频分析,得到高精度的瞬时频率属性剖面,综合利用地震映像剖面的时域和频域信息进行解释,减少了多解性,提高了判释的准确度。本新方法在铁路隧底隐伏岩溶探测中得到了成功验证,对类似岩溶勘探具有重要的借鉴作用。     

综合勘探技术在采空区探测中的应用

以某整合矿井为例,提出了地面与井下物探相结合方法,即:首先通过三维地震勘探圈定采空区分布,在此基础上选择某一采空区作为地面瞬变电磁法工作区,验证采空区的含水性,最后通过井下瞬变电磁法及钻探实现对异常区域的精确定位。某采空区探测实例表明:三维地震勘探方法对地层连续信息反映明显,可较好的确定采空区的位置及深度,但对富水性无法解释;瞬变电磁法对低阻异常灵敏,可准确反映含水异常的范围;井瞬变电磁法及钻探因离异常距离较近,可更好的获得地层信息,对异常位置的确定更为可靠。     

厚覆盖层地区隐伏活断层探测的地震方法技术——以桥北镇—宿迁断层为例

地震反射勘探法是当前城市地震活断层探测的主要方法,它在厚覆盖区探测断层及其上断点的效果取决于所采用的工作方法和技术参数。桥北镇—宿迁断裂是郯庐断裂带在江苏境内一条重要的隐伏断裂。以宿迁市活动断层探测项目中针对该断裂敷设于厚覆盖层地区的QL14测线为例,为了查明测线控制地段内断裂的空间展布形态、性质以及活动性,针对不同目标、目的层深度和精度要求,作者按照组合、分步探测的工作思路,采用了不同的地震勘探方法技术和采集参数对其进行了高分辨率地震反射成像,解决了地质任务要求与野外资料采集方法之间的矛盾,从而获得了埋深约16~450 m范围内高分辨率的地层结构和非常清晰的断裂构造图像,为钻孔联合剖面位置的布设、钻孔深度的设计以及断裂活动性的评价提供了地震学依据。最后经高精度钻孔联合地质剖面证实,地震勘探方法反演得到的主要地层界面和构造特征都与钻孔联合地质剖面吻合较好。试验结果表明:采用组合探测的方法能够获得断层在不同深度的产状、展布以及由深至浅完整的分布图像;地震勘探法在厚覆盖区确定隐伏断层具体位置和判定断层活动性具有可行性以及地震勘探与钻孔联合地质剖面相结合的工作方法具有有效性。     

综合物探在煤采空区勘查中的应用

介绍了高密度电法温施装置与浅层地震映像法在中深层煤采空区中的应用效果,对同一测线上两种方法的解释成果作了系统的分析,由于地下情况的复杂性,运用不同的物探方法可以达到相互验证、相互补充的作用。经过钻探验证得出以高密度电法与浅层地震映像法相结合的勘探思路,取得了的较好效果。     

地震反射特征对风化壳发育带的指示意义:以东营凹陷永北地区沙三上亚段为例

东营凹陷永北地区T1不整合面之下风化壳发育带的的预测是地层油藏勘探的重点与难点。综合利用高精度三维地震解释、岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测录井分析及物性分析等方法,结合构造发育史、埋藏史等研究成果,对东营凹陷永北地区T1不整合面下沙三上亚段地层中特殊的地震反射特征进行研究,并对其地质意义进行了探讨。研究表明:T1不整合面下发育典型埋藏风化壳,包括风化粘土层和半风化淋滤带2层结构;在大气淡水风化、淋滤作用下,半风化淋滤带内部地震同相轴消失,表现为空白反射特征;半风化淋滤带物性得到改善,与未风化岩石之间形成一个物性差异界面,表现为不连续的角度不整合面;未受明显风化、淋滤作用的地层,则表现为典型的角度不整合;地震反射特征的演化过程可划分4个阶段:沙三上沉积后阶段、沙三上抬升后阶段、风化壳形成早期阶段、风化壳形成阶段。地震空白反射带的发育范围是风化壳发育带的保守范围或最小范围,向湖盆方向逐渐过渡为正常地层。风化壳的发育大大改善了原岩的储集性能,可作为良好的油气储集空间和运移通道,是下步地层油气藏勘探的重点目标。     

Monitoring the sedimentary budget and dislocated boulders in western Greece – results since 2008

Dislocated boulders are one sign of high-energy wave impacts on coasts. These high-energy impacts, caused by severe storms or tsunamis, can trigger initial cracking and transport of boulders. Monitoring of these boulders, as well as the associated coastal sites is important in distinguishing between gradual coastal processes and high-energy events. Western Greece is a seismically active area, where tsunamis and high-energetic storms might occur and such past events are documented by historic and geoscientific research, making it an ideal location for monitoring dislocated boulders. Since 2008, monitoring of eight different coastal sites in this region was conducted by terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetric approaches, with low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles. The re-use of similar surveying points in following years, allowed highly accurate monitoring. Point clouds derived from these methods were evaluated for change detection by point cloud comparisons. The data were also used to establish accurate three-dimensional models of dislocated boulders (n = 70). The determined boulder volumes of these accurate three-dimensional models were incorporated in wave transport equations and wave decay curves, and compared with monitoring results. A comprehensive overview of dislocated boulders in western Greece is presented. Three-dimensional boulder reconstruction is compared to an approach which uses a tape-based measuring of boulder axes, with the tape-based measurement showing a mean overestimation of mass by 32%. Accurate monitoring over time by both methods, is achieved by using fixed networks of reference points. Changes for each site over time, detected by direct point cloud comparisons, are fit to the possible inundation calculated by wave decay curves based on computed minimum wave heights for boulder transport. Both storm and tsunami waves may have initiated movement from the cliff edge and further transport is also possible. However, boulders showed no further movement from their current position in the area for the time period of this study.     

城市地下孤石的地震波场响应特征及其在地震层析成像中的应用研究

城市浅层地质条件复杂,地下孤石是常见的地质灾害体.为降低城市地下空间开发过程中孤石造成的安全隐患,本文通过构建城市地下孤石的数值模型,分析地震波在含孤石介质中的传播特征,根据地震波的传播特征利用层析成像技术对孤石进行速度成像,并通过工程实例进行验证.研究表明:(1)地震波场的数值模拟是研究地球物理勘探的有效方法,能高效...     

Evidence of extreme wave events from boulder deposits on the south-east coast of Malta (Central Mediterranean)

Large boulder accumulations have been observed on various coasts bordering the Mediterranean and have been associated with extreme wave events such as powerful storms or tsunamis. This study provides an in-depth analysis of 430 boulder deposits, located along a 3.5 km stretch of rocky coast situated on the SE of the Maltese Islands. It includes a geomorphometric analysis of the observed boulders and use of numerical modelling to estimate wave height required to initiate boulder movement. Comparisons of aerial imagery over a period of 46 years have made it possible to identify boulder movement that could only be attributed to storm waves, given that no local tsunamigenic event has been recorded over this time period. Positioned in the central Mediterranean, the Maltese Islands are exposed to potential tsunamis generated by seismic activity associated with the Malta Escarpment, and the Calabrian and Hellenic arcs. Although imprints from historic tsunami impact cannot be excluded, results indicate that the area is exposed to strong storm waves that are capable of displacing some of the very large boulders observed on site.     

Evidence of extreme wave events from boulder deposits on the south-east coast of Malta (Central Mediterranean)

Large boulder accumulations have been observed on various coasts bordering the Mediterranean and have been associated with extreme wave events such as powerful storms or tsunamis. This study provides an in-depth analysis of 430 boulder deposits, located along a 3.5 km stretch of rocky coast situated on the SE of the Maltese Islands. It includes a geomorphometric analysis of the observed boulders and use of numerical modelling to estimate wave height required to initiate boulder movement. Comparisons of aerial imagery over a period of 46 years have made it possible to identify boulder movement that could only be attributed to storm waves, given that no local tsunamigenic event has been recorded over this time period. Positioned in the central Mediterranean, the Maltese Islands are exposed to potential tsunamis generated by seismic activity associated with the Malta Escarpment, and the Calabrian and Hellenic arcs. Although imprints from historic tsunami impact cannot be excluded, results indicate that the area is exposed to strong storm waves that are capable of displacing some of the very large boulders observed on site.

     

The Detection of the Boulders in Metro Tunneling in Granite Strata Using a Shield Tunneling Method and a New Method of Coping with Boulders

While tunneling metros in granite strata using a shield tunneling, cutter heads of shield machines frequently get stuck and are damaged by boulders. Currently, effective methods for solving this problem have not been found in the world. By studying the Shenzhen Metro Line 7 in China, this research proposed a new method for predicting and coping with boulders in metro tunneling using a shield tunneling by combining microtremor survey, supplementary precise geological prospecting and surface drilling blasting. Moreover, with the elaboration of the principle and implementing steps, this method was applied in the specific engineering example. To begin with, the characteristics of H/V curve shapes of boulders exposed in the excavated sections using the shield tunneling were obtained. On this basis, we interpreted and judged the distribution forms of boulders in the unexcavated sections ahead. Afterwards, supplementary precise geological prospecting was performed to the boulders in the predicted positions according to the interpretations so as to verify and revise the interpretations. After ascertaining the distribution location and size of boulders ahead shielding sections, surface drilling blasting or punching was carried out to blast boulders. Engineering application results showed that this method has favorable effects and can provide a scientific and reasonable guidance for the development of theories of microtremor survey and the detection of boulders.     

基于线形台阵的高精度微动技术在城区岩性地层精细划分中的应用

微动探测技术被广泛应用于构造、孤石、溶洞等勘查,但是,以常规圆形、嵌套三角形台阵等为代表的测量方式在城区施工会受到现场条件限制,难以实现长剖面数据的高效、高密度采集.针对这一问题,提出一种基于线形台阵多次覆盖的高效数据采集技术,该技术借鉴地震勘探多次覆盖观测系统的思想,布设一次线形台阵可以同时得到多个测点数据,可大大提...     

陆域冻土区天然气水合物多波地震数值模拟研究

多波地震勘探技术能够同时获得纵波和转换波资料,与常规的纵波勘探相比,能够提供更多的地下介质信息。且转换波对于埋深较浅的小断层、小幅度构造有更高的分辨率,充分利用多分量地震资料可以有效的提高地震勘探的精度。本文将多波地震技术引入到陆域冻土区天然气水合物勘探中,对陆域冻土区水合物进行多波地震数值模拟研究。采用弹性波有限差分方法进行多分量正演模拟,利用仿射坐标转换法将原始的多分量地震数据进行纵横波叠前分离,并通过多波高斯束偏移方法分别对波场分离后的PP波和转换PS波进行叠前深度偏移成像。根据我国祁连山冻土区水合物实际地震地质资料,建立逼近真实地质情况的天然气水合物数值模型。对上述水合物模型进行多波地震数值试算表明,多波地震勘探技术是一种有效的陆域冻土区水合物探测方法,充分利用多波地震资料有利于查明陆域冻土区水合物精细的地质构造,取得更好的勘探效果。     

An extreme wave event in eastern Yucatán,Mexico: Evidence of a palaeotsunami event during the Mayan times

The Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, has typically been considered a tectonically stable region with little significant seismic activity. The region though, is one that is regularly affected by hurricanes. A detailed survey of ca 100 km of the eastern Yucatán and Cozumel coast identified the presence of ridges containing individual boulders measuring >1 m in length. The boulder ridges reach 5 m in height and their origin is associated with extreme wave event activity. Previously modelled tsunami waves from known seismically active zones in the region (Muertos Thrust Belt and South Caribbean Deformed Belt) are not of sufficient scale in the area of the Yucatán Peninsula to have produced the boulder ridges recorded in this study. The occurrence of hurricanes in this region is more common, but two of the most destructive (Hurricane Gilbert 1988 and Hurricane Wilma 2005) produced coastal waves too small to have created the ridges recorded here. In this paper, a new tsunami model with a source area located on the Motagua/Swan Island Fault System has been generated that indicates a tsunami event may have caused the extreme wave events that resulted in the deposition of the boulder ridges.     

面向井周高陡构造的VSP地震干涉成像方法研究

随着我国油气勘探的不断深入,复杂高陡构造区越来越成为当今油气勘探的重点,现有成像方法无法满足井周高陡构造的成像需求。针对井中高陡构造,地震干涉法基于源检互易定理,对不同检波点处VSP资料进行相关/褶积处理,重构虚拟震源数据,得到以某一检波点为虚拟震源,另一检波点处接收到的虚拟SWP地震记录。根据地震干涉原理,将VSP资料的不同波场成分进行分离,并对不同波场成分进行数学运算来生成干涉道集。通过地震干涉法能够使虚拟观测系统更靠近目标区域,提高对高陡界面的成像分辨率,实现面向井周高陡构造的高精度成像。笔者等先是对地震干涉原理进行理论推导,基于扰动理论对VSP干涉道集的波场成分进行分析,验证了不同波场成分在地震干涉中的作用及虚假同相轴产生原因。引入窗函数滤波器,对远离虚拟源和虚拟检波器的记录进行衰减,压制干涉过程中生成的虚假同相轴。最后利用干涉成像条件对处理后的地震资料进行成像,并用盐丘模型进行数值试算,得到其高精度成像结果。