大陆性浓积云云滴谱离散度影响因子的飞机观测研究

利用2020年7月30日山西省人工增雨防雷技术中心在山西省忻州地区开展的大陆性浓积云飞机探测资料，分析了积云微物理参量、云滴谱离散度随时间和高度的变化以及云滴谱离散度的影响因子。结果表明，该大陆性浓积云云滴谱离散度随高度的增加先递增后递减，但变化范围较小。云滴谱离散度随数浓度、含水量增大而逐渐收敛，呈弱正相关关系；离散度与体积平均半径的相关性随体积平均半径的增大由正转负，与垂直速度呈现正相关关系。云中碰并过程对云滴谱离散度及其影响因子影响较大，建议未来云滴谱离散度的参数化增加对碰并过程的考虑。     

气溶胶浓度对暖云不同生长阶段物理特征影响的模拟研究

基于云微物理过程完善的TAU2D分档云模式,模拟研究了用热泡扰动生成的暖云在不同气溶胶数浓度(Na)背景条件下各演变阶段云微物理量的变化特征。结果表明：在暖云的发展过程中Na越高,云滴尺度变小,云滴间的碰并增长发动较晚,云滴谱因碰并增长而实现的滴谱拓宽变弱,云滴谱相对较窄,云滴谱标准差较小,因此云体发展越缓慢,云体生命周期越长,形成降水就越晚;反之,云滴尺度越大,碰并增长发动越早,云滴谱拓宽更明显,云滴谱标准差越大,云体生命周期相对更短,降水开始时刻越早。高Na背景下,碰并阶段云滴谱较凝结阶段更宽,沉降阶段因云体下沉蒸发导致小尺度云滴减少,使其滴谱较碰并阶段略有拓宽。在凝结阶段,低气溶胶背景下云滴数浓度(N)和离散度(ε)间呈现正相关关系,而高气溶胶背景下两者为负相关关系。在碰并阶段,N与ε的相关性关系为负相关,且随着气溶胶数浓度的增加,负相关程度降低。在沉降阶段,N和ε间为负相关关系。     

江西地区层状暖云微物理结构特征及云雨自动转化阈值函数的研究

本文利用机载云粒子探测设备对2014年11月6日至12月25日期间在江西地区探测获得的7次暖云飞行个例资料,详细分析降水云和非降水云的微物理结构特征。云雨自动转化阈值函数（T）是描述云内碰并强度的重要微物理参量。我们发现T值在云内分布呈现云底较小,随着云内高度的增加T值逐渐增大,并且在云中部和上部达到最大值;研究还发现降水云的T值在0.6以上的频率远大于非降水云,表明降水云中的碰并过程更强,云滴更易通过凝结和碰并过程形成雨滴,符合暖云降水机制。降水云中云滴谱相对离散度（ε）和云滴数浓度（N_c）的负相关程度较非降水云更为显著,随着T的增大,二者的负相关程度增强;相比于云滴平均半径（r_a）的变化,云滴谱标准差（σ）的变化主导ε–N_c负相关程度的增强。     

不同污染背景下云滴谱离散度对云降水模拟影响的个例研究

云滴谱离散度是云雨自动转化过程参数化中不可忽视的重要参数,对地面降水有着重要的影响。本文利用WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Chemistry)模式,对发生在2019年1月3～6日长江中下游地区的一次降水过程进行了模拟。在清洁和污染的气溶胶背景下,设定不同的云滴谱离散度的数值（0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9和1.0）,研究云降水微物理的变化。结果表明,该个例降水主要来源于云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程。在清洁条件下的地面累计降水量大于在污染条件下的累计降水量,这是因为在清洁条件下云滴数浓度小,有利于云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程。虽然云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程占主导,但导致地面累计降水量随云滴谱离散度增大而增大的主要原因是：随着云滴谱离散度的增大,冰粒子质量浓度增大,导致融化过程增强,产生更多的雨滴,从而增强地表降水。所得结果将提高我们对云降水对气溶胶和离散度响应过程的理论认识。     

海洋层积云中的云滴谱宽度及其影响因子

云滴谱宽度对模式中云的光学厚度的参数化、气溶胶间接效应的评估以及降水形成过程的研究至关重要。本文利用美国POST（Physics of Stratocumulus Top）项目2008年7月19日的飞机观测资料，分析了微物理量和云滴谱的垂直分布及微物理过程。结果表明，该云系云滴谱宽度在云底附近较大，这是由低层核化过程导致的；中层凝结增长过程使得云滴谱宽度随高度增加逐渐减小；云顶附近夹卷混合过程导致云滴谱宽度增大。绝热云中垂直速度的增大会促进云凝结核的活化使云滴数浓度增大，促进凝结增长使云滴尺度增大、云滴谱宽度减小，云滴谱宽度与云滴数浓度、云滴尺度呈现负相关关系；云洞中受夹卷混合过程影响，垂直速度减小，云滴蒸发，云滴数浓度和云滴尺度减小、云滴谱宽度增大，且该效应随绝热程度减小而增强。建议云滴谱宽度的参数化将垂直速度、云滴数浓度、云滴尺度和绝热程度等考虑在内。     

不可溶性气溶胶对边界层暖云滴谱离散度影响的模拟研究

基于一维分档MISTRA边界层云模式,模拟研究了内部混有不可溶核的硫酸铵气溶胶对边界层暖云微物理特征的影响。结果表明：边界层内湍流动能通量是影响暖云发展的重要因素。云中液态水含量、过饱和度以及云滴谱离散度均随云中的高度增加而增大。云滴谱标准差是影响云滴谱离散度变化的主要因子。在暖云发展阶段,不可溶性核会增加云中过饱和度,进而导致云滴谱分别向大尺度和小尺度端拓宽,云滴谱标准差增大,云滴谱离散度随时间增加而增大的程度增强;在暖云减弱阶段,不可溶核会造成云中大尺度端云滴数浓度减少,云滴谱变窄,标准差变小,云滴谱离散度逐渐减小的特征减弱。     

巨盐核对云滴活化影响的数值模拟研究

利用包含云凝结核(CCN)与巨核(GCCN)的核化,云滴凝结和碰并增长的分档气块模式模拟研究了不同的CCN数浓度、上升气流速度、CCN中值半径以及云底温度等情况下GCCN对CCN活化的影响,结果表明,在水汽供应相对充足的情况下GCCN对云滴活化数浓度的影响并不明显;而当水汽供应相对不充足时,增加GCCN至1 cm-3的量级以上可以有效减少CCN的活化数浓度.在水汽供应不充分且其他条件相同的情况下,增大CCN的平均直径或是增加云底温度都可以使GCCN对云滴活化的抑制作用增强.对比分析不同的GCCN数浓度对清洁大气和污染大气云底以上300 m高度处粒子谱型的影响可以看出,在水汽供应不充分的条件下加入GCCN,初始时刻CCN的数浓度对GCCN产生的大云滴数目及云滴谱宽的影响较小.在水汽供应相对充足的情况下,GCCN对CCN活化基本没有抑制作用,但此时在高过饱和度峰值下生成的大量小云滴争食水汽,反而导致云滴群凝结增长速度小于水汽供应相对不充足的情况,此时加入的GCCN可以先活化形成大云滴.     

内蒙古中部地区一次典型层状云的云微物理结构特征分析

文章利用机载云粒子探测设备对2020年9月13日在内蒙古地区探测获得的一次云飞行个例资料,通过分析云内微物理结构特征发现飞机在爬升阶段和下降阶段云滴数浓度(N_c)和液水含量(LWC)存在明显的起伏,说明云系在垂直方向不均匀,同时发现云内的N_c与LWC的变化趋势较为一致,云滴有效半径(ED)最大值出现在4000～5000 m高度附近,显示在该高度区间为云滴尺度增长的主要部位;分析云滴谱发现,小粒子段谱线高于大粒子段,是由于云内主要为凝结增长过程,小云滴的增长速度远快于大云滴;同时由于云内上升气流作用,在3500 m以上存在LWC和ED随高度逐渐增大的趋势且存在峰值,因此云滴谱显示高层尺度较大的云滴多于低层;并且通过对云滴谱离散度(ε)的计算,讨论ε与N_c的关系发现,在N_c较高时ε出现整体收敛,并且随着LWC的增大,ε与N_c的负相关关系逐渐明显。     

起伏条件下云雾的重力碰并生长

云雾中的气象要素和云雾物理量经常有着起伏,因此研究重力碰并在这种起伏条件下如何使云滴生长,从而形成滴谱,是很必要的。本文对云中小水滴浓度(或含水量)有起伏时的云雾滴生长进行了计算,得到了云滴的一种理论分布。由此可以看出,在起伏条件下,云滴生长是比较快的。在比较短的时间和比较薄的云中有可能形成相当大的云滴,即半径50μ乃至100μ以上的云滴。因此在均匀条件下,凝结生长和重力碰并增长中的所谓“生长障碍”区(云滴半径在20—30μ左右)也就不存在。     

三参数云微物理方案中气溶胶谱函数对云滴谱影响的数值模拟研究

观测和分档方案的数值模拟都证明气溶胶的谱分布特征对云滴谱的演变有直接影响继而作用于降水的发展。目前广泛使用的总体双参数云滴谱方案因为表征云滴谱的预报量不足,在凝结过程中云滴谱呈不正常的拓宽现象。因此在参数化方案中,气溶胶谱对云滴谱的影响未有明确结论。中科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)云降水物理与强风暴重点实验室(LACS)新研发的三参数方案(IAP-LACS)通过增加的预报量克服了云滴谱的拓宽问题,提高了云滴谱模拟的准确性。为了研究在参数化方案中气溶胶谱分布特征对云滴谱的影响,本文采用新方案进行WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting mode)大涡理想性试验,验证了新方案中气溶胶对数正态谱函数中数浓度、几何半径和标准差3个参量对云滴谱演变的影响。针对3个参量的敏感性试验表明新的气溶胶活化方案和三参数云滴凝结增长方案能够描述气溶胶谱对云滴谱演变的影响规律:气溶胶数浓度对云滴谱影响最显著,数浓度越高活化生成的云滴数量越多,云滴半径越小,云滴谱趋向窄谱,气溶胶数浓度低时,云滴数量少、半径大。较大的几何半径使气溶胶谱向大粒径移动,导致大云滴生成,标准差对云滴谱的影响最不显著。     

Relationships between Cloud Droplet Spectral Relative Dispersion and Entrainment Rate and Their Impacting Factors

Cloud microphysical properties are significantly affected by entrainment and mixing processes. However, it is unclear how the entrainment rate affects the relative dispersion of cloud droplet size distribution. Previously, the relationship between relative dispersion and entrainment rate was found to be positive or negative. To reconcile the contrasting relationships, the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model is used to determine the underlying mechanisms. When evaporation is dominated by small droplets, and the entrained environmental air is further saturated during mixing, the relationship is negative. However, when the evaporation of big droplets is dominant, the relationship is positive. Whether or not the cloud condensation nuclei are considered in the entrained environmental air is a key factor as condensation on the entrained condensation nuclei is the main source of small droplets. However, if cloud condensation nuclei are not entrained, the relationship is positive. If cloud condensation nuclei are entrained, the relationship is dependent on many other factors. High values of vertical velocity, relative humidity of environmental air, and liquid water content, and low values of droplet number concentration, are more likely to cause the negative relationship since new saturation is easier to achieve by evaporation of small droplets. Further, the signs of the relationship are not strongly affected by the turbulence dissipation rate, but the higher dissipation rate causes the positive relationship to be more significant for a larger entrainment rate. A conceptual model is proposed to reconcile the contrasting relationships. This work enhances the understanding of relative dispersion and lays a foundation for the quantification of entrainment-mixing mechanisms.     

Examination of Microphysical Relationships and Corresponding Microphysical Processes in Warm Fogs

In this paper, the microphysical relationships of 8 dense fog events collected from a comprehensive fog observation campaign carried out at Pancheng（32.2 N, 118.7 E） in the Nanjing area, China in the winter of 2007 are investigated. Positive correlations are found among key microphysical properties（cloud droplet number concentration, droplet size, spectral standard deviation, and liquid water content） in each case, suggesting that the dominant processes in these fog events are likely droplet nucleation with subsequent condensational growth and/or droplet deactivation via complete evaporation of some droplets. The abrupt broadening of the fog droplet spectra indicates the occurrence of the collision-coalescence processes as well, although not dominating. The combined efects of the dominant processes and collision-coalescence on microphysical relationships are further analyzed by dividing the dataset according to visibility or autoconversion threshold in each case. The result shows that the specific relationships of number concentration to volume-mean radius and spectral standard deviation depend on the competition between the compensation of small droplets due to nucleation-condensation and the loss of small droplets due to collision-coalescence. Generally, positive correlations are found for diferent visibility or autoconversion threshold ranges in most cases, although negative correlations sometimes appear with lower visibility or larger autoconversion threshold. Therefore, the compensation of small droplets is generally stronger than the loss, which is likely related to the sufcient fog condensation nuclei in this polluted area.     

The Importance of the Shape Parameter in a Bulk Parameterization Scheme to the Evolution of the Cloud Droplet Spectrum during Condensation

The shape parameter of the Gamma size distribution plays a key role in the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum in the bulk parameterization schemes. However, due to the inaccurate specification of the shape parameter in the commonly used bulk double-moment schemes, the cloud droplet spectra cannot reasonably be described during the condensation process. Therefore, a newly-developed triple-parameter condensation scheme with the shape parameter diagnosed through the number concentration, cloud...     

基于MODIS的春、夏季中国近海气溶胶对于云参数的影响差异研究

通过分析中国近海MODIS数据中气溶胶参数与云参数的相互关系,讨论了该区域气溶胶的间接效应及其对于云的可能影响.结果表明,在中国近海,气溶胶具有明显的间接效应,而且由于气溶胶种类和水汽的季节变化,使得气溶胶的间接作用具有很强的时间变化特征.在夏季,由于人为气溶胶占主导,它作为有效的云凝结核,使得气溶胶光学厚度（AOT）分别与云凝结核数（CCN）有正相关、与云滴有效半径（CER）有负相关性、与云光学厚度（COT）也存在着正相关,气溶胶的间接效应明显;在春季,由于沙尘气溶胶盛行,同时沙尘并不是很好的云凝结核,使得气溶胶光学厚度（AOT）分别与云凝结核数（CCN）的正相关减弱、与云滴有效半径（CER）则由夏季的负相关变为正相关、与云光学厚度（COT）存在弱的负相关,气溶胶的间接效应不明显.     

A Study of Shallow Cumulus Cloud Droplet Dispersion by Large Eddy Simulations

Cloud droplet dispersion is an important parameter in estimating aerosol indirect effect on climate in general circulation models (GCMs). This study investigates droplet dispersion in shallow cumulus clouds under different aerosol conditions using three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES). It is found that cloud droplet mean radius, standard deviation, and relative dispersion generally decrease as aerosol mixing ratio increases from 25 mg⁻¹ (clean case) to 100 mg⁻¹ (moderate case), and to 2000 mg⁻¹ (polluted case). Under all the three simulated aerosol conditions, cloud droplet mean radius and standard deviation increase with height. However, droplet relative dispersion increases with height only in the polluted case, and does not vary with height in the clean and moderate cases.     

辽宁层状云微物理结构的水平变化特征

根据1997年在辽宁利用机载粒子测量系统(PMS)获取的探测资料,探讨了层状云中云滴谱、粒子数浓度在水平方向上的分布变化,并分析了温度、粒子含水量在水平方向上的变化特征。研究表明:云滴数浓度和云滴半径在水平方向上存在着较强的起伏性变化;层状云中温度在水平方向上总体变化不大;云中的云滴谱结构在水平方向上的起伏较大,存在3种变化规律;云中含水量在水平方向上的变化大,且与粒子数浓度存在正相关。     

The effect of aerosol representation on cloud microphysical properties in Northeast Asia

This study performed a three-dimensional regional-scale simulation of aerosol and cloud fields using a meso-scale non-hydrostatic model with a bin-based cloud microphysics. The representation of aerosols in the model has been improved to account for more realistic multi-modal size distribution and multiple chemical compositions. Two case studies for shallow stratocumulus over Northeast Asia in March 2005 were conducted with different aerosol conditions to evaluate model performance. Improved condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are attributable to the newly constructed aerosol size distribution. The simulated results of cloud microphysical properties (cloud droplet effective radius, liquid water path, and optical thickness) with improved CN/CCN number are close to the retrievals from satellite-based observation. The effects of aerosol on the microphysical properties of shallow stratocumulus are investigated by model simulation, in terms of columnar aerosol number concentration. Enhanced aerosol number concentration results in increased liquid water path in humid case, but invariant liquid water path in dry case primarily due to precipitation occurrence. The changes of cloud microphysical properties are more predominant for small aerosol burden than for large aerosol burden with the retarded changes in cloud mass and size due to inactive condensation and collision-coalescence processes. Quantitative evaluation of sensitivity factor between aerosol and cloud microphysical properties indicates a strong aerosol-cloud interaction in Northeast Asian region.