云南腾冲新近系樟科润楠属两种化石及其古环境意义

角质层微细构造特征是化石植物鉴定的重要依据,实验研究了云南腾冲新近系樟科润楠属薄叶润楠Machilus leptophylla和长梗润楠(近似种)Machilus cf. longipedicellata两个化石种的表皮微细构造特征,并与现存对应种类进行了表皮构造和叶结构特征的对比分析,补充证实了两化石种均属于自然分类属性。丰富了我国樟科润楠属化石记录。鉴于大气CO2浓度与植物叶片气孔指数呈负相关关系,Machilus叶片可以作为大气CO2浓度的生物指示器。研究表明,利用该类化石叶片气孔参数可推测地史时期古大气CO2浓度,揭示了新近纪滇西地区为温暖湿润性气候。     

A New Species of Rhodoleia (Hamamelidaceae) from the Upper Pliocene of West Yunnan, China and Comments on Phytogeography and Insect Herbivory

In Europe, fossil fruits and seeds of Rhodoleia (Hamamelidaceae) have been described from the Upper Cretaceous to the Miocene, whereas no fossil record of Rhodoleia has been reported in Asia, where the modern species occur. Herein, 21 fossil leaves identified as Rhodoleia tengchongensis sp. nov. are described from the Upper Pliocene of Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. The fossils exhibit elliptic lamina with entire margins, simple brochidodromous major secondary veins, mixed percurrent intercostal tertiary veins, and looped exterior tertiaries. The leaf cuticle is characterized by pentagonal or hexagonal cells, stellate multicellular trichomes, and paracytic stomata. The combination of leaf architecture and cuticular characteristics suggests that the fossil leaves should be classified into the genus Rhodoleia. The fossil distributions indicate that the genus Rhodoleia might originate from Central Europe, and that migrated to Asia prior to the Late Pliocene. Additionally, insect damage is investigated, and different types of damage, such as hole feeding, margin feeding, surface feeding, and galling, are observed on the thirteen fossil leaves. Based on the damage frequencies for the fossil and extant leaves, the specific feeding behavior of insects on Rhodoleia trees appears to have been established as early as the Late Pliocene. The high occurrence of Rhodoleia insect herbivory may attract the insect-foraging birds, thereby increasing the probability of pollination.     

福建永安下白垩统坂头组枝脉蕨属一新种Cladophlebis yonganensis sp.nov.

对福建永安市下白垩统坂头组保存较好的真蕨类营养叶化石枝脉蕨Cladophlebis进行了叶片形态及角质层微细构造特征的分析, 该化石至少二次羽状分裂, 末二次羽轴粗, 小羽片小, 全缘, 排列紧密, 中脉明显, 侧脉密集, 多数一次分叉; 上表皮无气孔器, 细胞轮廓不清晰, 偶见表皮毛; 下表皮具气孔器, 呈纵向带状排列; 表皮细胞长方形或呈条带状; 垂周壁加厚, 较直; 平周壁波状突起; 气孔器近圆形, 具明显拱盖, 保卫细胞弱角质化, 副卫细胞分化不明显.对当前化石小羽片解剖学特征的分析填补了该属植物化石叶片角质层微细构造特征的空白, 进一步将其与现生紫萁Osmunda joponsica以及部分真蕨类化石的表皮特征进行对比, 结合宏观形态和角质层特征的分析及其与相似种类的比较, 将永安的标本命名为一新种, 永安枝脉蕨Cladophlebis yonganensis Dai et B. N. Sun, sp. nov., 并且推断当前化石代表了某一类已经灭绝的真蕨类植物.      

Ginkgo Huolinhensis sp.nov.from the Lower Cretaceous of Huolinhe Coal Field,Inner Mongolia,China

A new species,Ginkgo huolinhensis sp.nov.,with well-preserved cuticle from the Lower Cretaceous,Huolinhe Formation of Huolinhe Coal Field in Inner Mongolia,China,was studied morphologically and anatomi...     

青藏高原隆起和高山栎组（壳斗科）分布的关系

高山栎是一类硬叶常绿的栎属植物,集中分布在横断山区,是这一地区群落中的优势种和建群种。高山栎组分布区的形成和喜马拉雅的隆起、横断山的形成有密切关系。讨论了这种相互关系。先清理了高山栎分类学的混乱,将原来的12种高山栎归并为 9种,在此基础上讨论了高山栎的现代分布和系统位置,总结分析了高山栎的地史资料。认为高山栎组植物出现的时间不晚于中新世,在中新世高山栎组已经有了较广的分布,分布在当时的亚热带常绿阔叶林。在上新世,随着喜马拉雅山脉的隆起和抬升,横断山地区的环境发生了巨大的变化,环境变冷、变旱。高山栎组植物由于自身所具有的抗寒耐旱的形态特征,如被较厚的毛被,单位面积气孔数目较少等使之在生物竞争中成为优胜者,而逐步成为横断山地区群落中的优势种和建群种。并以已有地质学、古植物学、形态解剖学、植物地理学和分子生物学的证据论证了这一假说。     

云南腾冲上新统垂丝紫荆(比较种)Cerciscf.racemosa Oliv.表皮微细构造研究

本文研究了产于滇西腾冲上新世芒棒组一种被子植物叶型化石垂丝紫荆(比较种)Cerciscf.racemosaOliv.,归于豆科紫荆属。揭示了该种叶表皮构造特征:上表皮无气孔器,表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直;下表皮具环列型气孔器,表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直;上下表皮有相同类型的毛基,毛基的根部由多细胞组成,毛基部的细胞特化成辐射状。该化石表皮微细构造的分析为恢复腾冲上新世古环境提供了古植物证据。     

河北宽城地区中元古界高于庄组微古植物群

通过对河北宽城地区高于庄组微古植物进行系统采样,利用化学浸解法,获得了大量微古植物信息,在80件样品中发现微古植物个体5000余粒,共鉴定出41属108种(含1个新属,9个新种,38个未定种),其中包括丰富的多细胞植物化石及其碎片。根据微古植物化石的分布和特征,划分出4个化石组合。与下伏长城系微古植物相比,高于庄组微古植物具有明显的差异。这些微古植物的发现为地球早期生物演化、区域地层划分和对比,以及生物成矿和成油研究提供了重要信息。     

A New Material of Lindera (Lauraceae) of the Late Pliocene from Tengchong, Yunnan and the Genus' Biogeography Significance

Lindera is a large genus of graceful, pleasantly scented and common native trees and shrubs of southern China and neighboring regions of SE Asia. There is a well-documented Cenozoic fossil record not only in these regions but also from elsewhere. A new fossil leaf record has been found in diatomite beds from the Upper Pliocene Mangbang Formation of Tuantian, Tengchong County, Yunnan. The leaves are identified and assigned to Lindera acuminatissima K. Q. Dao et B. N. Sun sp. nov., by comparing their leaf architecture and epidermal characteristics with those of 51 extant Lauraceae species and with 15 known fossil Lindera taxa. The specimens have well-preserved cuticles, with typical leaf architecture and epidermal characteristics of the Lauraceae, including entire leaf margin, intramarginal veins, basal ternate acrodromous primary veins, one-cell trichome base, paracytic stomatal apparatus, sunken guard cells, subsidiary hardly staining cells and presence of oil cells. These characteristics are consistent with Lindera sect. Daphnidium but are different from reported fossil and extant species of Lindera. The cuticles of Lindera are fragile and delicate with only three Lindera fossils reported based on this tissue. In terms of paleobiogeography, the fossil record indicates that Lindera is distributed in high- to mid-latitude regions of the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene northern hemisphere. Coincidentally, the records of Lindera located on both sides of the Bering Land Bridge possibly support the hypothesis that ancient plants extended via transcontinental exchanges through the Bering Corridor. In the Eocene, ancient Lindera spread to Europe through the Northern Degeer Route and the Southern Thulian Route. At the same time, ancient Lindera spread into Central Asia. Climatic changes and tectonization since the Neogene prevented the propagation of Lindera throughout Asia, North America and Europe, and hence the distribution areas have just regressed to the low-latitude regions in Asia and North America. From the Paleogene to the Neogene, Lindera has changed its distribution by surviving extreme climate changes. Quaternary glaciations ultimately led to Lindera becoming extinct in Europe. The new record from Tengchong, Yunnan, with its lower latitude located in tropical and subtropical regions, indicates that Lindera has lived in those regions since the late Pliocene.     

浙江天台中新统润楠属化石及其古环境指示

对浙江天台中新统下南山组6块叶片压型化石——天台润楠Machilus tiantaiensis Ding S. T. et Sun B. N. sp. nov.,并对其叶结构和表皮构造特征进行了详细的研究.其主要特征为:叶椭圆形,全缘,顶端渐尖,基部楔形,侧脉羽状;表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状,单细胞毛基多集中于脉络区;气孔下生式,气孔器短平列型,副卫细胞1~2个.通过与现生植物进行对比分析,发现当前标本的叶结构和表皮构造特征与樟科润楠属(Machilus)十分一致.利用PAST(palaeontological statistics)软件对我国润楠属68种植物叶片的形态特征进行聚类分析,结果表明当前化石与M. pingii Cheng ex Yang最为接近;角质层分析也表明二者的表皮构造最为相似.利用化石与其现存最近亲缘种M. pingii的气孔比率,恢复了天台晚中新世的古大气CO₂体积分数为407.9×10-6.此外,依据现生润楠属主要分布于亚洲东南部和南部的热带、亚热带地区,推断天台地区中新世的古气候较为温暖湿润.      

New lacewings (Insecta,Neuroptera, Osmylidae,Nymphidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber and Crato Formation in Brazil

One new osmylid genus and species, Burmaleon magnificus, and one new nymphid genus and species Rafaelnymphes cratoensis are described, respectively based on inclusions in the Cretaceous Burmese amber and on a compression fossil from the Crato Formation in Brazil. The nymphid Araripenymphes seldeni, from the Crato Formation, is redescribed on the basis of a new specimen, showing possible sexual dimorphism in wing coloration, a feature extremely rare among the Neuroptera. In a recently published phylogenetic analysis of the family, the attribution to the fossil taxa (versus rejection) of the larval characters proper to the modern nymphids, has a crucial impact on the resolution of the phylogeny. The compression fossils currently attributed to the Nymphidae should be revised because their wing venation alone is not really sufficient for an accurate family attribution to Nymphidae rather than to another family of Neuroptera (viz. Osmylidae).     

内蒙古科尔沁右翼中旗上侏罗统满克头鄂博组木化石新资料

报道了首次在大兴安岭中南段侏罗系火山-沉积地层中发现的木化石。化石产于内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼中旗地区满克头鄂博组中酸性火山碎屑沉积岩中,经沈阳地质矿产研究所张武研究员详细鉴定,有5属3个已知种和2个未定种。对新发现木化石的主要特征进行了描述,讨论了木化石的时代。综合分析所发现化石的组合特征,认为其时代属中晚侏罗世。这些木化石新材料为大兴安岭地区上侏罗统地层区域对比提供了新的古生物资料依据。     

热河生物群中蜘蛛和蟹奴化石几个新种

由于蜘蛛身体表面所覆盖的体壳较薄，通常保存为化石的几率较小，因此，蜘蛛化石是一类较为稀有的化石。热河生物群中的蜘蛛化石迄今尚未进行过系统描述。本文报道了属于Araneidae Leach，1819(园蛛科)、Gnaphosidae(平腹蛛科)和Theidiidae Sundeva1833(球腹蛛科)6个蜘蛛新种：Araneus liaoxiensis sp．nov．，A．aethus p．nov．，A．reheensissp．nov．，A．beipiaoensis sp，nov．，Gtuzphosq liaoningensiss p．nov．和Theridion atalus sp．nov．；以及蟹奴幼虫的一个化石新属种Mesosacculina papposa gen．etsp．nov．。这些化石均采自辽西北票黄半吉沟义县组下部(晚侏罗世-早白垩世)。     

内蒙古科尔沁右翼中旗上侏罗统满克头鄂博组 木化石新资料

报道了首次在大兴安岭中南段侏罗系火山-沉积地层中发现的木化石。化石产于内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼中旗地区满克头鄂博组中酸性火山碎屑沉积岩中,经沈阳地质矿产研究所张武研究员详细鉴定,有5属3个已知种和2个未定种。对新发现木化石的主要特征进行了描述,讨论了木化石的时代。综合分析所发现化石的组合特征,认为其时代属中晚侏罗世。这些木化石新材料为大兴安岭地区上侏罗统地层区域对比提供了新的古生物资料依据。     

川西高原的上白垩统及第三系

川西高原的上白垩统及第三系属于山间盆地型陆相沉积 ,红层发育 ,化石稀少 ,地层划分、对比困难。本地区有化石证据的白垩纪地层仅见于雀儿山南麓的德格县 ,错阿组为一套红色含砾砂岩和粉、细砂岩 ,上部夹灰黄、灰黑色钙质粉砂岩及含铜砂岩 ,深灰色含铜砂岩中产有以希指蕨孢居统治地位的孢粉植物群 ,地质时代为晚白垩世中期。本区古近系红层发育 ,理塘县热鲁村附近的热鲁群下部为红色岩系 ,中上部灰黄、灰色粉砂岩内产以 Pali-binia和桃金娘科为主的植物群 ,时代为早—中始新世。目前可以肯定的中新统仅见于松潘县红土坡一带 ,为一套含煤的灰、灰黄色碎屑岩系 ,其中所含的叶化石和孢子花粉表明其时代为中新世。上新统至更新统分布较广 ,北部以白玉县昌台地区较为典型 ,称昌台群。无论从化石或岩性看昌台群均可分为上、下两套 :下部以杂色碎屑岩为主 ,夹砾岩和玄武岩 ,其中的孢粉组合以麻黄及榆科、藜科花粉丰富为特征 ;上部以含褐煤的暗色碎屑岩为主 ,除丰富的植物化石外 ,孢子花粉为松科、菊科、杜鹃科等居优势的组合 ,昌台群的地质时代为上新世到到早更新世。南部的上新统—更新统以昔格达组为代表 ,主要是河湖相暗色岩系 ,局部地区有褐煤夹层 ,产植物叶化石和孢子花粉 ,时代主要属于更新世 ,下部在某     

Leaf Cuticle Microstructure of Machilus maomingensis sp. nov. (Lauraceae) from the Eocene of the Maoming Basin, South China

Machilus maomingensis Jin et Tang, sp. nov. from the Eocene Youganwo Formation of the Maoming Basin, South China, is studied in detail from the perspective of the leaf architecture and the excellently preserved cuticle. The leaf margin is entire, the primary venation is pinnate; 6 to 8 secondary veins are present and the major secondary venation is eucamptodromous. Stomata are paracytic and occur on the lower epidermis. Trichome bases are unicellular. Oil cells are present in the upper epidermis. The new fossil species described has features of the Lauraceae, particularly of the extant genus Machilus Rumphius ex Nees, and it is most similar to Machilus chinensis (Bentham) Hemsley, an extant species distributed in southern China and Vietnam. Hence, Machilus maomingensis sp. nov. is inferred to live in a warm and humid climate. The discovery of the present fossil indicates that Machilus has existed in South China from at least the Eocene.     

辽西热河生物群中的水虿化石新发现

本文描述了热河生物群中2个水虿新种：Gomphus? biconuexus sp．nov,和Aeschna?acrodonta sp．nov．,它们分别属于Gomphidae科和Aeshnidae科。化石采自辽西北票黄半吉沟义县组下部(晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期)。     

贵州福泉牛蹄塘组蠕虫状化石组合的发现

贵州省福泉桅杆坪地区寒武系底部牛蹄塘组黑色页岩中以炭质印模的形式保存有大量宏观后生动物化石.化石微细特征保存较差,多属于疑难化石.该化石组合以化石个体较大的蠕虫状化石和疑似杆壁虫类化石为优势分子,还常见管状类化石、遗迹化石,以及少量的软舌螺、海绵骨针等化石碎片.该化石组合紧位于镍钼多金属层之上,与遵义等地区的松林生物群(牛蹄塘组下生物群)的层位相当,化石组成基本一致,但优势生物存在明显差异.福泉地区牛蹄塘组蠕虫状化石组合的发现,丰富了寒武系牛蹄塘组的生物群面貌,为研究早期后生动物演化提供了新资料和新信息.对该化石组合的进一步研究,也必将为这种特殊生物群的古环境恢复和埋藏学研究提供有利的古生物学证据.      

黑龙江汤原断陷第三纪地层层序及时代

依据黑龙江汤原断陷30口井的岩性及古生物资料,建立了汤原断陷古近纪、新近纪地层层序。依据孢粉、藻类、植物和介形类化石建立19个生物化石组合,讨论了各组的时代及其与邻区的对比。依据汤参3井(25.0-100.0m)和互6井(138.5-237.5m)岩性及孢粉组合将道台桥组引入汤原断陷。汤原断陷地层层序为古新统乌云组,始新统新安村组、达连河组,渐新统宝泉岭组,中新统富锦组,上新统道台桥组。     

北京西山中侏罗世植物群的古气候意义

在北京市门头沟区九龙山南坡中侏罗统的下窑坡组、上窑坡组和龙门组采集植物化石22属38种。统计资料表明,北京西山中侏罗世植物群以真蕨纲(27.6%)、苏铁纲(25%)和银杏纲(25%)为主,其中真蕨纲的Coniopteris、Cladophlebis分别出现5和17个形态种。本文通过现生近缘种类分析法和植物的生长状态分析研究古气候。研究表明,含量高的植物化石的现生近缘种类紫萁科、蚌壳蕨科和苏铁纲植物主要生长于温热潮湿的热带或亚热带气候区;Cladophlebis较高的分异度,苏铁纲大型的羽状复叶,木贼目宽大的茎干等植物特征,同样指示较为湿热的气候环境。因此,北京西山中侏罗世植物群反映一种温热潮湿的亚热带气候。并且,化石的属种和数量自下窑坡组、上窑坡组到龙门组的降低反映研究区气候由温热潮湿向干热方向的演变。     

中国几个主要哺乳动物地点的晚上新世—早更新世界线

<正> 中国的第三系—第四系界线的讨论和第三系、第四系剖面的研究,历史悠久,发表过不少论文。30多年来的工作大致在几个方面较多:1.黄土沉积剖面;2.河湖相沉积剖面;3.洞穴沉积剖面;4.海相沉积及滨海相平原沉积剖面。在磁性地层学方面研究及划分第四纪下限,有三种不同的划分:1.地层段的下限与奥特威亚时底界一致,大致是190万年;2.以松山/高斯转换的位置,约248万年;3.上限同高斯顶界一致(248万年),下限在300万年左右。