黔北后槽下石炭统含铝岩系的粘土矿物

为揭示黔北下石炭统含铝岩系的沉积环境,本文利用贵州遵义县后槽TC718剖面系统试样的粘土矿物进行x一射线衍射测试及特征分析。含铝岩系粘土岩与下伏桐梓组粘土页岩在矿物组合和成分上均有明显的差异,水云母的结晶度指数、开形指数在剖面纵向上有三个变化拐点：一是含铝岩系与下伏桐梓组粘土页岩分界处;二是含铝岩系上、下段的接触带;三是含铝岩系顶部含炭质粘土岩出现的临界面。其变化特征表明,本区下石炭统含铝岩系粘土岩段为海相或海陆过渡相,铝质岩段为残积一坡积相,顶部为大陆湖沼相;下奥陶统桐梓组页岩段为海相。     

Mineralogical changes and geotechnical properties of an expansive soil interacted with caustic solution

The type and amount of clay mineral plays an important role in the behaviour of fine-grained soils. Clay minerals are the primary source and moisture is often the external agent of swelling in soils. Also soils may exhibit increased/reduced swelling due to interaction with chemicals. Alkalis used in industrial operations are one such example. Concentrations of alkali and mineral type are the key factors in such interactions. The present paper reports the changes in the properties of an expansive Black Cotton soil containing a mixed layer mineral, rectorite upon interaction with high concentration caustic solutions. X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the rectorite present in the soil undergoes changes with increase in the concentration of alkali. Saponite gets transformed to nantronite. Small amount of kaolinitic mineral present in the soil also reacts with alkali producing some changes in its mineralogy. Many hydroxides are produced. Differential thermal analysis studies have been supportive of these changes. Consequent of these changes, the soil-specific surface increases, changes its Atterberg limits and free swell volume increases. The results have been supported by the characteristics and behaviour of samples contaminated in the field with alkali from an alumina extraction plant.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组泥页岩储层SiO2赋存状态研究

鄂尔多斯盆地泥页岩储层纯页岩段黏土矿物含量高,储集空间体积小。因此,黏土矿物转化释放的二氧化硅缺乏足够的空间,不能生长成自生石英,只能以非晶态存在于黏土矿物之间;而其粉砂质泥岩夹层中常见微米级孔洞。孔洞由长石溶蚀和黏土矿物转化形成,内部则发育晶形完好的自生石英、绿泥石及含铁方解石。此外,粉砂质泥岩的碎屑颗粒间常发育结块状非晶态二氧化硅,碎屑石英颗粒周围则以次生加大边的形式发育粒状和席状(或片状)非晶态二氧化硅。二氧化硅主要来源于黏土矿物转化与石英碎屑颗粒溶蚀。     

Identification of chlorite and chlorite-related minerals in sediments

A scheme is presented for the identification and classification of chlorite and related minerals in sediments which is mainly based on X-ray characteristics of the orginal sample and the sample heated at 350°C and treated with K⁺ and with glycerol. Examples are given. It is emphasized that additional data about clay mineral genesis, electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and chemical analyses are needed for the ordening of a certain mineral in the proposed scheme. Many names of minerals so far found to occur in the clay separate of sediments proved to be synonymous (52 of a total of 88) and thus should be abandoned. They only give confusion and needlessly increase the many difficulties which already exist in the identification, classification and quantitative determination of this complicated group of minerals of about 36 well defined specimens which may be found in sediments.     

松辽盆地钱家店地区姚家组砂岩黏土矿物特征及其与铀矿化的关系

[研究目的]钱家店铀矿床位于松辽盆地西南部,含铀岩系为上白垩统姚家组.目的层中含有大量的黏土矿物,因此揭示姚家组砂岩黏土矿物特征,对铀的成矿作用探讨至关重要.[研究方法]本文通过系统的显微镜下鉴定、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等分析测试手段,对钱家店地区姚家组砂岩黏土矿物的镜下特征、成分及含量进行了系统的观察和研究.[研究结果...     

Geotechnical evaluation of Turkish clay deposits: a case study in Northern Turkey

Clay deposits in Oltu-Narman basins (Erzurum, northern Turkey) have been studied to determine their engineering properties and to evaluate their uses for geotechnical applications. These deposits are concentrated in two different stratigraphic horizons namely the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene sequences. Clay-rich fine-grained sedimentary units are deposited in shallow marine and lagoonar mixed environments. Their clay minerals originated by the alteration of Eocene calc-alkaline island-arc volcanics, preferably from pyroclastics (trachite and andesite flow), which form the basement for the Oltu depression. Smectite group clay minerals are found abundant in clay deposits. The experimental results show that the clay soils have high plasticity behaviors and low hydraulic conductivity properties. The optimum water content, the free swell, and the swelling pressure of clay samples decreased and the maximum dry unit weight of clay samples increased under high temperature. Consequently, it is concluded that the expanding of clay soils is an important soil problem that cannot be avoided in the significant parts of Oltu city and its villages. However, the soils of clay-rich layers in the outcrops-section of clay deposits can be successfully used to build compacted clay liners for landfill systems and to construct vertical and horizontal barriers for protection of ground water and for preventing soil pollution in geotechnical applications.     

黏土矿物对软土结合水特征及力学性质影响的定量分析

黏土矿物对软土结合水特征及力学性质的影响尤为重要,但国内研究多侧重于宏观物理力学性质层面。在微观层面探讨黏土矿物对软土工程性质的影响为此研究重点,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测得各地软土的矿物成分,并用同步热分析仪对各地软土进行热重分析(TG)和微商热重法分析(DTG)。试验结果显示,软土的黏土矿物含量与其吸附水含量正相关,其中蒙脱石含量对软土吸水性影响巨大;软土的TG与DTG曲线与其所含黏土矿物类型、含量有关,失重曲线在一定程度上可以体现软土中黏土矿物类型,DTG曲线中的失重谷对软土中的矿物类型起到一定的指示作用。     

黏土矿物古气候意义研究的现状与展望

系统地分析了利用海洋沉积物、古土壤、湖盆沉积物中黏土矿物进行古气候环境研究的现状、存在问题和发展趋势。海洋沉积物的物源范围广,影响因素复杂,其中的碎屑黏土矿物所指示的古气候参数只能用于解释母源区的气候变化,而只有自生黏土矿物才能指示沉积区的气候;古土壤形成于特定的地质背景条件下,尤其是发育于火山物质母岩之上的风化自生黏土矿物,可以准确地指示该区的古气候条件;湖盆沉积物的物源范围小,沉积物中的黏土矿物可以更有效地运用于古气候环境的分析。对于沉积物中黏土矿物来源的分析,可以借助晶体中cv空位和tv空位的精细结构特征进行判断;在风化改造的红土剖面研究中,因强烈的化学风化、淋滤和迁移,黏土矿物方法具有独特的优势。风化过程中形成的一些亚种或过渡性黏土矿物,以及同生沉积过程中形成的黏土矿物,对气候环境的变化更加敏感,应加强这方面的研究。此外,在造山带的气候环境演化研究中,自生黏土矿物稳定同位素可以更可靠地指示气候环境的变化。     

陆相高分辨率层序界面识别的地球化学方法

粘土矿物、微量元素普遍存在于各种类型的沉积物和沉积岩中,它们对环境的变化敏感,同时它们的沉积分异、组合特征、矿物成分及其含量都从不同的角度记录了形成过程中各种环境因素的变化。这些对恢复古环境,研究陆相湖盆水深变化具有重要的指示意义。通过对东营凹陷胜北断层下降盘沙三段 -沙四上段各层序内部高分辨率层序地层单元中岩石地球化学标型参数的研究发现,在一个高分辨率层序地层单元形成过程中,在古气候驱动下的湖平面变化旋回中,沉积岩中的矿物成分 (主要指粘土矿物和胶结物 )、化学成分 (微量元素 )等皆发生周期性变化。     

西宁煤田尔麻粘土矿特征

西宁煤田尔麻粘土矿为侏罗纪含煤地层的共生矿产,通过对尔麻粘土矿主矿层的矿床地质、矿石矿物、物化特征及显微结构的测定分析,评价了该地的矿石质量,指出尔麻粘土矿依其低—低中铁、少硫、硅铝比值适中、可塑性强、表面活性大等特征,可作为生产化工产品、耐火材料及器皿的原料。     

蒙脱石+伊/蒙混层+伊利石等粘土矿物混合物相X射线定量分析方法—模拟定量法

本文提出粘土矿物(特别是含伊/蒙不规则混层粘土矿物)混合物相的X射线定量分析方法——模拟定量法。着重解决在蒙脱石-不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物-伊利石组合中,伊/蒙混层粘土矿物的定量分析计算。模拟定量法是对以前的各种粘土矿物X射线定量分析方法的补充。用纯净的蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石及各种伊/蒙混层比的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物,配制了各种不同组合的粘土矿物混合样品,制成定向薄膜片,进行了X射线分析,讨论了各种组合的粘土矿物混合物相X射线衍射图谱的特征,并在此基础上提出了粘土混合物相定量分析的方法。     

Insight into the effects of clay mineralogy on the cyclic behavior of silt–clay mixtures

Results of a systematic testing program showed that the cyclic behavior of silt–clay mixtures is greatly influenced by the dominant clay minerals in the mixture. In particular, it was demonstrated that given the same amount of clay/clay mineral and/or same value of plasticity index, the montmorillonitic soils have the highest cyclic strength, followed by the illitic soils, and then by the kaolinitic soils. Moreover, the rate of increase in cyclic strength with increasing % clay mineral and PI is again the highest in the montmorillonitic soil, lowest in the kaolinitic soil and intermediate in the illitic soil. Therefore, without considering clay mineralogy, the % clay fraction, % clay mineral and plasticity index are unreliable indicators of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils. The differing adhesive bond strength each clay mineral develops with the silt particles is deemed to largely explain the observed differences in the response of the three different soil mixtures to cyclic loading.     

鸡西盆地下白垩统城子河组-穆棱组露头砂岩中的黏土矿物成因探讨

对鸡西盆地下白垩统城子河组—穆棱组露头砂岩中的黏土矿物进行了X-衍射分析。研究结果表明,黏土矿物主要由伊利石,高岭石和伊/蒙混层组成,组合可分为高岭石型与伊/蒙混层和伊利石型两种,根据黏土矿物组合判断露头砂岩处于中成岩阶段A期。下白垩统城子河组—穆棱组煤系地层和泥岩成岩过程中析出的有机酸是高岭石型黏土矿物组合发育的重要原因,而沉积相带水动力条件弱导致砂岩渗滤条件的变差则是伊/蒙混层和伊利石型黏土矿物组合形成的原因。     

伊犁盆地南缘水西沟群粘土矿物特征研究及其意义

粘土矿物是砂岩中重要的填隙物,其在砂岩中的含量、产状以及矿物组成对砂岩的孔隙结构、渗透性能都有重要意义,并影响着以砂岩为储层的能源矿产的成矿。文章通过镜下观察和X射线衍射分析,研究了粘土矿物特征、形成机制及其与砂岩层渗透性的关系。     

川东华蓥山二叠系／三叠系界线附近粘土层中粘土矿物的类型及成因

对川东华蓥山二叠系／三叠系界线附近粘土层中的粘土矿物进行野外采样和室内X射线衍射分析,结果表明,这些粘土矿物主要由规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石组成,其中1个样品可能舍有少量不规则混层绿泥石-蒙脱石等粘土矿物。总地看来．该界线粘土层中的规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石中伊利石层的含量自下而上呈现减少的趋势,平均含量约83％,所经历的最大古地温在125-150℃之间。这些粘土矿物的构成和特征与前人在华南其他地区相同层位取得的成果总体上具有较好的一致性．显示了该粘土层成因的相同性及所具有的等时意义。不同地区粘土矿物构成的差异性（如高岭石的存在与含量）可能与二叠系／三叠系界线不整合的存在与否或间断时间有关,规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石的混层比则与埋藏历史和沉积-沉积期后的流体介质有关。     

伊犁盆地512铀矿床粘土矿物特征与铀成矿作用

对５１２铀矿床粘土矿物质量分数,分布特征进行了较全面的分析,指出该矿床中粘土矿物以成岩国主,在后生成矿作用中又叠加了新的粘土蚀变产物,各亚带粘土矿物组成基本类似但又存在的一定差异,粘土总量和蒙皂石能较好地反映各亚带的成矿物理化学条件的改变;粘土矿物对Ｕ有明显的吸附富集作用,但又能抑制作用,即粘土质量分数过高或氧化带粘土变太强烈不利于铀在过渡带沉积富集成矿,此外,对粘土矿物成分对浸工艺开采过程中的不     

粘土矿物研究在塔里木盆地石油勘探中的应用

以塔里木盆地粘土矿物的分布特征及其组合形式、演化与形成机理为依据,探讨了粘土矿物在地层划分对比中的应用及其与有机质热演化、成岩阶段的关系和对储层物性的影响。研究表明,在侏罗系和白垩系两个不同古环境中形成的粘土矿物及其组合特征,为地层对比提供了一定的证据。泥岩中伊利石／蒙皂石间层中蒙皂石含量的纵向变化与有机质热演化及成岩阶段的关系不大。对储层物性影响不大但有利于储集性能的是以高岭石为主的粘土矿物组合类型及粘土矿物的早期自生（伊利石／蒙皂石间层矿物）衬垫式以及非自生（伊利石）衬垫式产状。     

Climatic control on clay mineral formation: Evidence from weathering profiles developed on either side of the Western Ghats

Many physico-chemical variables like rock-type, climate, topography and exposure age affect weathering environments. In the present study, an attempt is made to understand how the nature of clay minerals formed due to weathering differs in tropical regions receiving high and low rainfall. Clay mineralogy of weathering profiles in west coast of India, which receives about 3 m rainfall through two monsoons and those from the inland rain-shadow zones (<200 cm rainfall) are studied using X-ray diffraction technique. In the west coast, 1:1 clays (kaolinite) and Fe—Al oxides (gibbsite/goethite) are dominant clay minerals in the weathering profiles while 2:1 clay minerals are absent or found only in trace amounts. Weathering profiles in the rain shadow region have more complex clay mineralogy and are dominated by 2:1 clays and kaolinite. Fe—Al oxides are either less or absent in clay fraction. The kaolinite—smectite interstratified mineral in Banasandra profiles are formed due to transformation of smectites to kaolinite, which is indicative of a humid paleoclimate. In tropical regions receiving high rainfall the clay mineral assemblage remains the same irrespective of the parent rock type. Rainfall and availability of water apart from temperature, are the most important factors that determine kinetics of chemical weathering. Mineral alteration reactions proceed through different pathways in water rich and water poor environments.     

Characteristics of Clay Minerals in the Luohe Formation in Zhenyuan Area,Ordos Basin,and its Uranium Prospecting SignificanceEI北大核心CSCD

Industrial uranium orebodies have recently been found through in-depth uranium exploration in the Luohe Formation in the southwestern Ordos Basin, which is an important breakthrough in deep prospecting for sandstone-type uranium deposits. The composition, content and characteristics of clay minerals in the Luohe Formation in the Zhenyuan area were systematically studied by means of thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and altered mineral spectral scanning. Unlike the most important uranium-bearing rock series in the Zhiluo Formation in the northeast and southwest of the basin, the ore-bearing Luohe Formation sandstone has low contents of clay minerals while the clay mineral assemblages vary in different sand bodies. Among them, the main types of mudstone, oxidized sandstone, calcareous sandstone and mineralized sandstone are illite-smectite mixed-layer mineral and illite, followed by kaolinite and chlorite, the main types uranium-rich sandstone and gray-green sandstone are kaolinite and illite-smectite mixed-layer mineral, followed by illite and chlorite. Even though adsorption of clay minerals, such as chlorite, illite-smectite mixed-layer mineral, kaolinite, and illite may contribute to U enrichment and uranium mineral precipitation, no correlation between clays and uranium minerals have been observed, indicating that clay minerals are not the main factor affecting uranium enrichment during the deep metallogenic process. The study of clay minerals in the Luohe Formation sandstone demonstrated that there are at least two phases of chlorite and one phase of kaolinite in the study area, which respectively represent two phases of alkaline fluid and one phase of acid fluid activities, revealing a fluid phase transition of alkaline-acidic-alkaline. Therefore, the clay minerals can be used as an important indicator for uranium mineralization. © 2020, Science Press. All right reserved.     

北戴河红色风化壳地球化学特征及气候环境意义

风化壳地球化学特征具有环境指示意义。用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)和X射线衍射法(XRD)分别测试了秦皇岛北戴河燕山大学北侧红色风化壳(简称燕大风化壳)主量元素和粘粒粘土矿物。结果表明:除Ca外,Si、Al、Fe、Na、K的含量在风化壳上均有不同程度的波动,其中Si、Na、K波动轨迹基本一致,Al、Fe则与其相反,相关性分析显示SiO2与Al2O3、TFe、Fe2O3,Al2O3与TFe、Fe2O3,Na2O与CaO具有较好相关性;粘土矿物组合为1·4nm过渡矿物(25%~45%)+伊利石(10%~20%)+伊蒙混层矿物(20%~35%)+高岭石(15%~30%),矿物演化系列是长石、黑云母→(蛭石→1·4nm过渡矿物)→(伊利石)→高岭石。与粘土矿物以1∶1型高岭石为主的富铝化南方红色风化壳相比,燕大风化壳Si淋失度,Fe、Al富集度,矿物演化程度都较低,属硅铝化风化壳。燕大风化壳是上新世暖温带到北亚热带过渡型气候的风化产物,与现代秦皇岛暖温带半湿润型气候不同,这反映第四纪以来该区气候干旱因子增多。CIA、S/A等指示的风化强度异常表明,燕大风化壳形成后至少遭受过两次构造抬升,为剥蚀型风化壳,反映该区新构造运动间歇式上升的特点。