地震现场建筑物安全鉴定结构模型精细化研究及网络版系统框架设计

<正>在较强地震发生后的应急期,对受震建筑在预定功能下的使用安全性和可居住性进行鉴定是地震现场应急工作的重要组成部分,是妥善安置灾民生活、恢复社会秩序、科学有序救灾的有效途径。目前我国地震现场的安全鉴定工作的开展主要依靠专家经验评估。作为此项工作的参考,标准《地震现场工作第二部分:建筑物安全鉴定》(GB18208.2—2001)只给出定性条款。专家数量的限制和个人差异性制约了鉴定工作效率,导致灾区人民的实际需求无法     

多层砌体结构地震现场安全鉴定量化模型

地震现场房屋安全鉴定是地震现场应急工作的重要组成部分,目前我国仍处于经验评估阶段。砌体结构是我国地震作用下的主要承灾体。本文基于国家标准《地震现场工作第二部分:建筑物安全鉴定》(GB 18208.2-2001)中的定性条文,结合实际震害划分了多层砌体结构的各构件类及其细部,并确定了细部量化指标震损评价系数。选取汶川地震和芦山地震实际震害数据,通过残差分析方法建立了适用于我国西南地区、考虑各构件类不同贡献程度的多层砌体结构地震现场安全鉴定量化模型。随机选取震害实例检验了模型的鉴定效果,检验结果表明:模型能较好地鉴定多层砌体结构的受震震损状态,结果相对科学可靠。模型消除了不同鉴定人员之间的个体差异,提高了安全鉴定工作的效率。     

地震现场工作刍议

简要回顾了随着我国社会经济的发展, 地震现场工作经历的5个发展历程。 随后从人员、 技术、 制度、 装备、 体能和心理等方面概述了震前应急准备工作, 详细介绍了地震现场的震情分析预报、 地震监测、 地震紧急救援、 地震灾害损失评估、 科学考察、 建筑物安全鉴定、 现场通信保障、 地震宣传和后勤保障等各项工作的主要内容、 遵循的工作依据和技术规范及须注意的问题。     

汶川地震后某住宅小区的结构脉动测试

目前的国家标准乃至学术文献,建筑物震后的安全鉴定都是以专业人员的经验为基础的,不能做到快速客观.我们在文献[2]中建议通过对比结构震前与震后的基频进行初步判断,并通过若干小震和脉动的现场实验研究说明了方法的技术可能性与现场可操作性.本文追加了成都市武侯区某住宅小区在汶川地震中的轻微震害案例,具体展示了文献[2]方法揭示建筑结构“不可见”震害的能力.     

四川较场弧形构造与1933年叠溪地震发震构造的再讨论

较场弧形构造是四川众多弧形构造带之一。本文对该弧形构造的特征及其西冀发育的松平沟断裂的新活动性作了进一步论证，确认松平沟断裂属全新世活动断裂。该弧形构造西翼弧顶部位1933年曾发生过叠溪7．5级地城,丧人对该次地震的发震构造众说纷纭。作者通过近年来在现场的多次考察，并对该次地震的等烈度线形态，地表震害展布特征，建筑物沿松平沟断裂的左旋位错，震后持表发育的西北向地震地裂缝等现象的进一步研究认为，1933年叠溪7．5级地震的发展震构造仍为较场弧形构造西翼的松平沟断裂。     

中国震例数据库及其应用系统设计

本文简单介绍了中国震例数据库及其应用系统的软件设计。该系统是用网状数据库管理系统ＶＡＸＤＢＭＳ的实现的，目前数据库内存入１９９６年后我国大陆５级以上地震６０个震例报告的详细资料，系统具有快速检索、统计计算及图形绘制等功能，是震例分析及有关研究的有关手段，该系统于１９９１年１２月通过专家鉴定。     

中国东部和西部地区水平向基岩加速度反应谱衰减关系

根据核安全法规和导则,对核电厂选址地震安全评价中发震构造与能动断层的关系,以及发震构造与能动断层鉴定的时代问题进行了分析,并结合近年来核电厂选址评价中存在的问题,对发震构造与能动断层的评价方法进行了探讨。     

中国台湾地区地震sPn震相分析及其震源深度计算

运用Pn震相对齐的方法分析了发生在中国台湾地区地震的sPn震相,总结了该地区地震sPn震相的一些特征,用sPn震相计算了震源深度并与单纯型定位法结果进行了对比。结果表明,在该地区地震中,sPn震相特征明显;应用该方法可以较准确地测定台湾浅源地震的震源深度。     

地震现场预报数据处理系统

地震现场预报数据处理系统是供分析预报人员在地震现场使用的一套实用性计算机软件。该系统根据国家地震局颁布的《地震现场工作大纲和震情分析指南》及目前在地震现场预报中常用的各类方法编制了相应的程序,并结合实际工作需要研制了该数据处理系统。它既是一个独立的完整的系统,又可以作为一个子系统与专家系统、数据库系统紧密地结合成一个功能更强的地震现场预报专家咨询系统。该系统主要有三大方面的功能模块：（1）计算机自动处理;（2）用户选择运行;（3）震前活动参数的计算。     

基于Android的城市建筑物信息外业采集系统研究

建筑物信息的完善是震前风险评估和震后损失评估的重要基础,决定着评估结果的精度。为了实现城市建筑物信息的快速采集,笔者对系统需求分析、架构设计、功能设计、数据库设计及核心功能实现等几个方面进行了研究,开发了基于Android的城市建筑物信息外业采集系统,并利用该系统对示范区进行了现场采集测试。实践证明,与传统采集方式相比,该系统人机交互简便,有利于现场非专业技术人员的操作,可以更好地应用于建筑物信息的外业采集,极大地提高了建筑物信息采集的效率,为地震灾害评估过程中建筑物信息数据采集提供技术支持。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.