Ground Water Replenishment with Reclaimed Water in the City of Los Angeles

A two-year pilot study involving the recharge of a ground water basin with reclaimed water was completed in the city of Los Angeles. The city's Department of Water and Power is planning to initiate several ground water recharge projects using reclaimed water in the near future. One such project is the Headworks Recharge Project, the focus of this paper, Approximately 1 cfs of the Los Angeles (LA) River water comprised of 70% tertiary treated reclaimed water was recharged on a two-day wet and five-day dry cycle. The recharge water was then extracted from the basin approximately 1000 feet downgradient. Results showed greater than 4-log removal of coliform bacteria, up to 87% reduction in TOC, and compliance of the product water with federal and state drinking water standards. Model simulation showed after 15 years of recharging 3000 acre-feet per year of the LA River water and extracting about 10,000 acre-feet from the basin, the product water would contain from 5% to 15% reclaimed water. This is well below the maximum allowable limit of 20% stipulated by the California regulation.     

Fracture control of ground water flow and water chemistry in a rock aquitard

There are few studies on the hydrogeology of sedimentary rock aquitards although they are important controls in regional ground water flow systems. We formulate and test a three-dimensional (3D) conceptual model of ground water flow and hydrochemistry in a fractured sedimentary rock aquitard to show that flow dynamics within the aquitard are more complex than previously believed. Similar conceptual models, based on regional observations and recently emerging principles of mechanical stratigraphy in heterogeneous sedimentary rocks, have previously been applied only to aquifers, but we show that they are potentially applicable to aquitards. The major elements of this conceptual model, which is based on detailed information from two sites in the Maquoketa Formation in southeastern Wisconsin, include orders of magnitude contrast between hydraulic diffusivity (K/S(s)) of fractured zones and relatively intact aquitard rock matrix, laterally extensive bedding-plane fracture zones extending over distances of over 10 km, very low vertical hydraulic conductivity of thick shale-rich intervals of the aquitard, and a vertical hydraulic head profile controlled by a lateral boundary at the aquitard subcrop, where numerous surface water bodies dominate the shallow aquifer system. Results from a 3D numerical flow model based on this conceptual model are consistent with field observations, which did not fit the typical conceptual model of strictly vertical flow through an aquitard. The 3D flow through an aquitard has implications for predicting ground water flow and for planning and protecting water supplies.     

Equipment Decontamination Procedures for Ground Water and Vadose Zone Monitoring Programs: Status and Prospects

A major portion of the work effort and, therefore, the money spent during investigations of ground water and the vadose zone at hazardous waste sites is associated with collecting chemical data. To that end, effective decontamination of reusable drilling equipment, sampling apparatus, and tools is critical to the credibility of chemical data. Samples representative of the site under study are essential.
Several state and federal regulatory agencies have established guidelines for procedures that should be considered when developing decontamination protocols. These agencies were contacted and asked to furnish copies of their decontamination guidelines. The information received was reviewed, and comparisons were made to assess the status of standards of decontamination practices for ground water and vadose zone monitoring programs at hazardous waste sites. Summaries of a variety of decontamination protocols were prepared. From this review, it is apparent that there is a need to standardize, to the extent possible, procedures for the field decontamination of equipment.
Two ASTM Subcommittees, D18.14 on Waste Management and D18.21 on Ground Water and Vadose Zone Monitoring, are currently working on developing standards for decontamination procedures. They, in cooperation with state and federal agencies and other interested technical groups, will develop standards for the field decontamination of equipment used to study ground water and the vadose zone.     

History of the Sole Source Aquifer Program: A Community-Based Approach for Protecting Aquifers Used for Drinking Water Supply

The Sole Source Aquifer Program has helped prevent contamination of many community drinking water supplies. If an aquifer supplies the sole or principal source of a community's drinking water, a local ground water user may petition the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Safe Drinking Water Act for its designation and protection as a "sole source aquifer." Since 1974, residents and officials of 65 communities and multi-community areas have petitioned and received assistance from the EPA to prevent contamination of their local ground water source of drinking water. This designation means that EPA may review federal financially assisted projects to determine if they would contaminate the aquifer and cause a public health hazard. If they could cause contamination, EPA can request that the project be modified or stopped. The significance of this program in terms of population served and funds affected has been substantial, indicating the Sole Source Aquifer Program has been an important local tool for protecting ground water used as a source of drinking water. Information is given on three different examples of sole source aquifer designations protected under this program: the New Jersey Coastal Plain Aquifer System, the Great Miami River Buried Valley Aquifer System (Ohio), and the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer (Idaho), serving populations of 543,000, 921,000, and 275,000, respectively. In all three examples, preventing ground water contamination through the Sole Source Aquifer Program has protected the community drinking water supply.     

Innovative Sampling Techniques for Ground Water Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Sites

The authors have recently used several innovative sampling techniques for ground water monitoring at hazardous waste sites. Two of these techniques were used for the first time on the Biscayne Aquifer Super-fund Project in Miami, Florida. This is the largest sampling program conducted so far under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund Program.
One sampling technique involved the use of the new ISCO Model 2600 submersible portable well sampling pump. A compressed air source forces water from the well into the pump casing and then delivers it to the surface (through a pulsating action). This pump was used in wells that could not be sampled with surface lift devices.
Another sampling technique involved the use of a Teflon manifold sampling device. The manifold is inserted into the top of the sampling bottle and a peristaltic pump creates a vacuum to draw the water sample from the well into the bottle. The major advantage of using this sampling technique for ground water monitoring at hazardous waste sites is the direct delivery of the water sample into the collection container. In this manner, the potential for contamination is reduced because, prior to delivery to the sample container, the sample contacts only the Teflon, which is well-known for its inert properties.
Quality assurance results from the Superfund project indicate that these sampling techniques are successful in reducing cross-contamination between monitoring wells. Analysis of field blanks using organic-free water in contact with these sampling devices did not show any concentration at or above the method detection limit for each priority pollutant.     

GROUND-WATER USE FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Abstract. The uses of water for nuclear power plants consist of the following: service water, emergency cooling water, domestic (potable, sanitary), construction, and fire fighting. The quantity of water for these various uses may range from 10 gpm (0.63 1/s) for domestic supplies to greater than 100,000 gpm (6309 1/s) for service water and emergency cooling water supplies. Historically, the source of water for nuclear power plant use has been surface-water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and man-made canals. Ground-water sources have supplied relatively small quantities of water for plant use, mainly domestic and construction supplies. A survey of 123 nuclear power plant sites which are either built, under construction, or planned, revealed that about 3 percent of all plant water supplies is derived from ground-water sources. Presently, four nuclear power plants intend to use ground water in relatively large quantities (as service water and emergency cooling water). Two of these plants will use ground water via induced infiltration from radial collector wells, and the other two plants intend to withdraw ground water from deep wells (1,000 feet) from a confined aquifer. Another plant, under construction, intends to use sewage effluent which is originally derived from a combination of surface and ground water.     

Sampling for Toxic Contaminants in Ground Water

In this paper, we relate recent developments in ground water sampling techniques to the practical application of sampling for toxic contaminants in ground water. We address the choices that must be made in choosing equipment for a particular project by going through a step-by-step procedure for collecting a ground water sample from a typical monitoring well. Ground water sampling topics that are discussed include: choice of equipment for purging and sampling a well, monitoring for purged ground water indicators and quality assurance/quality control.     

Multiport Sock Samplers: A Low-Cost Technology for Effective Multilevel Ground Water Sampling

The importance of obtaining depth-specific ground water samples is now well recognized among practitioners and scientists alike. Many methods and technologies are available for level discrete or depth-specific ground water sampling in consolidated aquifers. All methods have their associated advantages and drawbacks, however. One common disadvantage is that they are expensive. A large number of point discrete ground water samples were required for a UK research project aimed at quantifying natural attenuation processes in ground water contaminated by a former coal carbonization plant. Based on experience from a previous project to develop novel level accurate sampling methodologies for use in existing boreholes, the Ground Water Protection and Restoration Research Unit (GWPRRU) produced and tested a low-cost design multiport sock sampler for ground water monitoring. The sock sampler design allowed the recovery of multiple depth-specific ground water samples from depths of 150 feel (45 m) from individual boreholes in the sandstone aquifer at the field site. Because of their use of inexpensive materials, simple design, installation and use that does not require gravel packs, packers, or grouting, sock samplers were found to be the most cost effective, convenient, and reliable method of obtaining multiple depth-specific ground water samples at the project field site.     

A field demonstration of the simulation optimization approach for remediation system design

While significant progress has been made in the theoretical development of the simulation/optimization (S/O) approach for ground water remediation design, its application to large, field-scale problems has remained limited. To demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the S/O approach under real field conditions, an optimization demonstration project was conducted at the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, involving the design of a pump-and-treat system for the containment and cleanup of a large trichloroethylene (TCE) plume. The optimization techniques used in this study are based on evolutionary algorithms coupled with a response function approach for greater computational efficiency. The S/O analysis was performed parallel to a conventional trial-and-error analysis based on simulation alone. The results of this study demonstrate that not only would it be possible to remove more TCE mass under the same amount of pumping assumed in the trial-and-error design, but also substantial cost savings could be achieved by reducing the number of wells needed and adapting dynamic pumping. In spite of the large model size of more than 500,000 nodes and a long planning horizon of 30 years, the optimization modeling was carried out successfully on desktop PCs. This field demonstration project clearly illustrates the potential benefits of applying optimization techniques in remediation system design.     

Effects of ground water exchange on the hydrology and ecology of surface water

Ground water exchange affects the ecology of surface water by sustaining stream base flow and moderating water-level fluctuations of ground water-fed lakes. It also provides stable-temperature habitats and supplies nutrients and inorganic ions. Ground water input of nutrients can even determine the trophic status of lakes and the distribution of macrophytes. In streams the mixing of ground water and surface water in shallow channel and bankside sediments creates a unique environment called the hyporheic zone, an important component of the lotic ecosystem. Localized areas of high ground water discharge in streams provide thermal refugia for fish. Ground water also provides moisture to riparian vegetation, which in turn supplies organic matter to streams and enhances bank resistance to erosion. As hydrologists and ecologists interact to understand the impact of ground water on aquatic ecology, a new research field called "ecohydrology" is emerging.     

新疆博斯腾湖水盐平衡及水环境预测

本文通过综合整理、筛选、分析焉耆盆地1960-2003年历年逐月水文、气象、水土开发、社会经济等资料,并结合遥感影像数据,应用水盐平衡模型,模拟分析该期问博斯腾湖的水盐平衡状况,并以此为基础,结合焉耆盆地近期规划设置了两个情景方案进行模拟,对博湖未来40多年的水环境做出预测分析.结果表明。尽管近年博湖年均脱盐量达30.6×104t/a,但仍然必须使盆地进入湖区的淡水量增加、盐量减少才能降低博湖的水矿化度.盆地内近期工程项目实施后(情景B),博湖大湖区水矿化度波动于0.84-1.38g/L之间,其水矿化度有望调控到1.00g/L以下.据模拟,预测期的第37年(2040年),其水矿化度才可降至1.00g/L.孔雀河水质难于恢复到原状态,但是在保证博湖水环境改善的前提下,其水矿化度可调控到0.60g/L以下.由情景B的预测分析表明,焉耆盆地近期规划实施的工程项目对博湖的水环境是有利的,博湖水环境向良性循环发展.     

Micro-Purge Low-Flow Sampling of Uranium-Contaminated Ground Water at the Fernald Environmental Management Project

Efforts to sample representative, undisturbed distributions of uranium in ground water beneath the Fernald Environmemal Management Project (FEMP) prompted the application of a novel technique that is less invasive in the monitoring well. Recent studies (Kearl et al. 1992; Barcelona et al. 1994) indicate that representative samples can and should be collected without prior well volume exchange purging or borehole evacuation. Field experiments conducted at the FMMP demonstrate that under specific sampling conditions in a welldefined hydrogeologic system, representative ground water samples for a monitoring program can be obtained without removing the conventional three well volumes from the well. The assumption is made that indicator parameter equilibration may not be necessary to determine when to collect representative samples at the P'liMP. Preliminary results obtained from the field experiment suggest that this may be true. The technique employs low purge rates (< 1 L/min) with dedicated bladder pumps with inlets located in the screened interval of the well, while not disturbing the stagnant water column above the screened interval. If adopted, this technique, termed micro-purge low-flow sampling, will produce representative ground water samples, significantly reduce sampling costs, and minimize; waste water over the monitoring life cycle at the FEMP. This technique is well suited for sites that have been fully characterized and are undergoing long-term monitoring.     

An assessment of water reserve changes in Salt Lake,Turkey, through multi‐temporal Landsat imagery and real‐time ground surveys

This paper focuses mainly on the investigation of water reserve changes in Salt Lake, Turkey, using remote‐sensing data. The study is performed in two stages: (1) correlation analysis for real‐time ground and satellite data and (2) assessment of water reserve changes using multi‐temporal Landsat imagery. First, correlation analysis is conducted to investigate the relationship between digital data from Landsat‐5 TM and spectral (in situ) measurements collected using a field spectroradiometer on the same day and time. A radiometric correction procedure, including conversions from digital numbers to radiance and from radiance to at‐satellite reflectance, is executed to make satellite data comparable to in situ measurements. This procedure show that simultaneous ground and satellite remote‐sensing data are highly correlated (0·84 > R² > 97) and the near‐infrared region (for this study TM4‐Landsat‐5 TM, band 4) is the best spectral range to distinguish salt and water on the satellite data for the multi‐temporal analysis of the water reserve in Salt Lake. It also shows that the use of shortwave infrared band(s) will result in confusion for the determination of the water reserve in this water‐covered study area. In a second and last phase, the water reserve change in the lake is examined using multi‐temporal Landsat imagery collected in 1990, 2001 and 2005. The remotely sensed, sampled and treated data show that the water reserve in the lake has decreased markedly between 1990 and 2005 due to drought and uncontrolled water usage. It is suggested that the use of water supplies around Salt Lake should be controlled and that the lake should regularly be monitored by up‐to‐date remote‐sensing data (at least annually) for better management of water resources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field Studies on the Fate and Transport of Pharmaceutical Residues in Bank Filtration

Bank filtration and artificial ground water recharge are important, effective, and cheap techniques for surface water treatment and removal of microbes, as well as inorganic, and some organic, contaminants. Nevertheless, physical, chemical, and biological processes of the removal of impurities are not understood sufficiently. A research project titled Natural and Artificial Systems for Recharge and Infiltration attempts to provide more clarity in the processes affecting the removal of these contaminants. The project focuses on the fate and transport of selected emerging contaminants during bank filtration at two transects in Berlin, Germany. Several detections of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in ground water samples from bank filtration sites in Germany led to furthering research on the removal of these compounds during bank filtration. In this study, six PhACs including the analgesic drugs diclofenac and propyphenazone, the antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine and primidone, and the drug metabolites clofibric acid and 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-dimethyl-oxamoyl-2-phenylhydrazide were found to leach from the contaminated streams and lakes into the ground water. These compounds were also detected at low concentrations in receiving public supply wells. Bank filtration either decreased the concentrations by dilution (e.g., for carbamazepine and primidone) and partial removal (e.g., for diclofenac), or totally removed PhACs (e.g., bezafibrate, indomethacine, antibiotics, and estrogens). Several PhACs, such as carbamazepine and especially primidone, were readily transported during bank filtration. They are thought to be good indicators for evaluating whether surface water is impacted by contamination from municipal sewage effluent or whether contamination associated with sewage effluent can be transported into ground water at ground water recharge sites.     

The Daily Erosion Project – daily estimates of water runoff,soil detachment,and erosion

Water runoff and sediment transport from agricultural uplands are substantial threats to water quality and sustained crop production. To improve soil and water resources, farmers, conservationists, and policy‐makers must understand how landforms, soil types, farming practices, and rainfall interact with water runoff and soil erosion processes. To that end, the Iowa Daily Erosion Project (IDEP) was designed and implemented in 2003 to inventory these factors across Iowa in the United States. IDEP utilized the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) soil erosion model along with radar‐derived precipitation data and government‐provided slope, soil, and management information to produce daily estimates of soil erosion and runoff at the township scale (93 km² [36 mi²]). Improved national databases and evolving remote sensing technology now permit the derivation of slope, soil, and field‐level management inputs for WEPP. These remotely sensed parameters, along with more detailed meteorological data, now drive daily WEPP hillslope soil erosion and water runoff estimates at the small watershed scale, approximately 90 km² (35 mi²), across sections of multiple Midwest states. The revisions constitute a substantial improvement as more realistic field conditions are reflected, more detailed weather data are utilized, hill slope sampling density is an order of magnitude greater, and results are aggregated based on surface hydrology enabling further watershed research and analysis. Considering these improvements and the expansion of the project beyond Iowa it was renamed the Daily Erosion Project (DEP). Statistical and comparative evaluations of soil erosion simulations indicate that the sampling density is adequate and the results are defendable. The modeling framework developed is readily adaptable to other regions given suitable inputs. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

BIOREGIS Software Platform Based on GIS Technology to Support in‐Situ Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Sites. Case Study: Razvad – Dambovita County,Romania

With a need for the management of petroleum contaminated sites on Romanian territory, an experimental software platform involving ESRI‐ArcGIS technologies (BIOREGIS) is presented in this study. The BIOREGIS platform is aimed to: (i) Build the structure of relational, standardized databases to store spatial and textual characteristic information on polluted sites for further risk analysis and planning of remediation actions, (ii) improve the pollution risk assessment methodology for Romanian petroleum contaminated sites and its informatics implementation, and (iii) develop and operate the software platform for pollution risk based management involving GIS/remote sensing technologies and remediation activities. The operation of BIOREGIS has been tested for a pilot contaminated area situated at Razvad – Dambovita County, which has been subjected to in situ remediation procedures involving both bioremediation and electrokinetic processes.     

重庆市地震预警网络IP地址规划设计解析

重庆预警项目包含有数百个预警监测站,其所获取的观测资料将会越来越丰富,计算测定震中和震级会更加准确,预警成效会显著提升。数百个台站在预警系统中传输数据将巨大地消耗核心路由器的数据传输能力,为提高网络设备路由协议算法效率和网络数据传输性能,规划科学合理的IP地址是一个十分重要的技术环节。本文较详细地阐述了重庆地震预警项目IP地址规划设计的一些基本原则和思路方法,在实践中颇有收效,可为其他网络项目规划设计提供一定的参考。      

Potential for satellite remote sensing of ground water

Predicting hydrologic behavior at regional scales requires heterogeneous data that are often prohibitively expensive to acquire on the ground. As a result, satellite-based remote sensing has become a powerful tool for surface hydrology. Subsurface hydrology has yet to realize the benefits of remote sensing, even though surface expressions of ground water can be monitored from space. Remotely sensed indicators of ground water may provide important data where practical alternatives are not available. The potential for remote sensing of ground water is explored here in the context of active and planned satellite-based sensors. Satellite technology is reviewed with respect to its ability to measure ground water potential, storage, and fluxes. It is argued here that satellite data can be used if ancillary analysis is used to infer ground water behavior from surface expressions. Remotely sensed data are most useful where they are combined with numerical modeling, geographic information systems, and ground-based information.     

远程协同结构试验方法研究与发展

本文对美国“NEES计划”、欧洲“减轻地震风险的欧洲网络”研究计划、日本E-Defense建设及其远程协同试验、中国台湾地区国家地震工程研究中心ISEE计划和由国家基金委资助的正在进行的重点项目“现代结构拟动力地震模拟协同试验方法与系统”(HQH-NSER)进行了简要介绍,叙述了在远程协同试验研究中的一些关键问题及其应用领域,并对未来的发展趋势作一展望。