云南孟连中缅边境Ms7.3地震前滇西实验场的重力变化

１９９５年７月１２日,在云南省西南部的孟连县以西中缅边境发生了一次Ｍｓ７．３强烈地震。震前,距震中２８０ｋｍ以远的滇西实验场重力网红河断裂以西出现了重力异常,平均变化幅值达７０×１０＾－８ｍｓ＾－１,最大变化幅值达１１４×１０＾－８ｍｓ＾－２,云南省地震工程研究所测量队重力组根据上述重力异常变化,对此次地震作了较好的中短期预测预报。     

好氧和厌氧条件对霞浦湖沉积物-水界面氮磷交换的影响

在实验室控制条件下,研究了日本霞浦湾和湖心区底泥中形态氮磷,在好氧和厌氧条件下水土界面交换量变化及差异,结果表明;好氧条件下,ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ,ＮＯ＾－２－Ｎ,ＮＨ＾＋４,－Ｎ,和ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ均有释放作用产生,量值多数较小,ＤＴＮ和ＤＴＰ则净释放作用接近零;厌氧条件下,ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ和ＮＯ＾－２－Ｎ呈负释放状态,ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ和ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ的释放速率是好氧条件下的２－８倍。     

太湖水体中碱性磷酸酶的作用阈值

对不同ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ浓度下,不同粒级组分中碱性磷酸酶活性的分布及其变动规律的研究表明：（１）随着水体中ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ浓度的增加,水体中总碱性磷酸酶活性（ＴＡＰＡ）相应的减少（ｒ＝－０．５８６,ｎ＝５５）,水体中的ＴＡＰＡ增值,在ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ浓度范围为０－０．０１０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１,无显著差异;而当ＰＯ＾ ３－４－Ｐ浓度〉０．０１０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１时,差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,（２）水体中的碱     

金在热液中的地球化学性质实验研究

通过近百次实验研究表明,金在水热条件下地球化学行为具有以下几个特点,金在氧化条件下溶解,还原条件下沉淀;金在高温下溶解,低温下沉淀;金在碱性或酸性溶液中溶解,在中性溶液中沉淀,金在低压下溶解,在高压下沉淀,随着ｆｓ２的增加,金的溶解度随之增加,金可以（Ａｕ（ＨＳ）４）＾－（Ａｕ（ＨＳ）２）＾－,（Ａｕ（Ｃｌ４）＾－,（Ａｕ（Ｃｌ２）＾－等络合物形式存在于热液中,在热液中金普遍以及Ａｕ＾３＋的络合物     

花岗岩铀地球化学特征新认识——以赣南富城产铀花岗岩体为例

对富城花岗岩U、Th含量分析结果进行的频数统计分析表明富城花岗岩U的均值为8．92×10＾－6、众数为8．0×10＾－6、中位数为7．03×10＾－6,其概率密度曲线偏向高端呈右偏非对称分布（偏度系数CSK＝1．10）。Th的均值、众数和中位数三者一致,分别为25．7×10＾－6,25．75×10＾－6,25．8×10＾－6,其概率密度曲线呈对称正态分布（偏度系数CsK＝0．11）。核诱发裂变径迹研究查明富城花岗岩中铀有4种存在形式：（1）显微粒状铀矿物（晶质铀矿）;（2）以类质同像形式存在于锆石、磷灰石等副矿物之中;（3）均匀分散赋存在造岩矿物晶格之中的结构铀;（4）沿造岩矿物（长石、石英）微裂隙及粒间分布的非结构铀。对富城花岗岩铀配分研究发现,赋存在造岩矿物中均匀分散状的结构铀含量与全岩铀不呈消长关系,而是存在一定的极限值：长石、石英〈3X10＾－6,白云母〈5×10＾－6,黑云母〈9×10＾－6。溶浸实验结果表明,富城花岗岩活动性铀浸出率很高（平均值52％）,为富城花岗岩具有较大铀成矿潜力提供了佐证。     

柴达木盆地沙下盐湖的卤水化学及矿物沉积特征：以察尔汗盐湖区北部外围地？

对柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖区外围沙下盐湖的卤水及沉积进行了综合研究。沙下盐湖卤水化学组成与地表径流和开放性盐湖卤水之间存在明显的差异性，具有高Ｎａ＾＋＋Ｃｌ＾－、低Ｍｇ＾２＋＋Ｃａ＾２＋＋ＳＯ４＾２－、贫Ｋ＾＋＋ＣＯ３＾２－＋ＨＣＯ３＾－等特征。沙下盐湖析盐层位含有新生矿物并夹带碎屑矿物，其盐类矿物组合为：石盐＋羟氯镁铝石＋光卤石。２５℃等温蒸发相图表明，其卤水演化方向往光卤石析出区迁移，在穿越上覆盖     

新疆托里齐Ⅰ金矿地球化学及石英热释光特征

齐Ⅰ金矿产于中上石炭统海相基性火山喷发沉积岩中,典型中温热液矿床。成矿热液为Ｎａ＾＋－ＳＯ４＾２－－Ｃｌ＾－－ＨＣＯ３＾－型,主要来源于深部隐伏的花岗岩,部分来源于天水和变质水。矿质主要来源于花岗岩,部分来源来热液对火山喷发沉积岩特别是玄武岩的萃取。成矿温度２７０～２００℃。石英热释光特征是热液成矿活动分期和评价含矿性的重要标志。     

武山铜矿层状含铜黄铁矿矿体锶同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因

武山铜矿层状含铜黄铁矿矿体与花岗闪长斑岩具有完全不同的Ｓｒ同位素组成。层状矿体中胶黄铁矿、黄铁矿的＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ比值变化于０．７１１７－０．７２４１之间，而花岗闪长斑岩中长石和磷灰石的＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ在０．７０７２－０．７０９９之间。     

云南省泸沽湖、洱海现代沉积物中210Pb,137Cs的垂直分布及其计年

云南省泸沽湖,洱海＾２１０Ｐｂｅｘ的垂直分布受Ｆｅ,Ｍｎ循环下＾２１０Ｐ;ｏ和＾２１０Ｐｂ沉积后再迁移的影响,分别表现为三种不同的剖面分布特征,＾２１０Ｐｂｅｘ计年的没积物堆积速率分别为０．０５０－０．０５１ｇ．ｃｍ＾－２ａ＾－１和０．０４４－０．０４６ｇ．ｃｍ＾－２ａ＾－１,反映百年时间尺度上的堆积结果,泸沽湖,洱海＾１３７Ｃｓ的垂直剖面分布虽然受分子扩散作用的影响,并没有改变其峰值位置。     

日地关系与地球磁场及有关地质变动的讨论

太阳风的质量外流率不是固定不变的，目前太阳风的质量外流率是１０＾－１４Ｍθ／ａ，在１０＾４ａ的幼年时期，太阳风的质量外流 率为１０＾－５－１０＾－６Ｍθ／ａ。因此在天文演化阶段，地球与太阳的距离比现在更近，受太阳风的作用更为强烈。     

高密度电法的三维数据场可视化

高密度电法是重要物探方法之一,由于它具有施工快捷、分辨率高、可靠性好、图像直观等优点,已被广泛应用于寻找金属非金属矿、地下水及各类工程地质勘察等众多领域.目前,该方法在数据资料处理方面还局限在二维图像.本文结合在山西阳泉复杂采空区利用高密度电法和高精度GPS测量联合勘察的工程实例,基于WinDisp软件平台,实现了高密度电法的三维数据场可视化,构建了视电阻率参数下的三维地质体结构模型,并且可以任意移动、旋转、切片、分层显示、实时显示真实地理坐标等.该模型客观、真实、形象地反映了电性异常的三维地质结构,为高分辨率预测复杂采空区的空间分布特征提供了直观、可靠的资料.     

Seismic Hazard Analysis Using the Adaptive Kernel Density Estimation Technique for Chennai City

Conventional method of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) using the Cornell–McGuire approach requires identification of homogeneous source zones as the first step. This criterion brings along many issues and, hence, several alternative methods to hazard estimation have come up in the last few years. Methods such as zoneless or zone-free methods, modelling of earth’s crust using numerical methods with finite element analysis, have been proposed. Delineating a homogeneous source zone in regions of distributed seismicity and/or diffused seismicity is rather a difficult task. In this study, the zone-free method using the adaptive kernel technique to hazard estimation is explored for regions having distributed and diffused seismicity. Chennai city is in such a region with low to moderate seismicity so it has been used as a case study. The adaptive kernel technique is statistically superior to the fixed kernel technique primarily because the bandwidth of the kernel is varied spatially depending on the clustering or sparseness of the epicentres. Although the fixed kernel technique has proven to work well in general density estimation cases, it fails to perform in the case of multimodal and long tail distributions. In such situations, the adaptive kernel technique serves the purpose and is more relevant in earthquake engineering as the activity rate probability density surface is multimodal in nature. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) obtained from all the three approaches (i.e., the Cornell–McGuire approach, fixed kernel and adaptive kernel techniques) for 10% probability of exceedance in 50?years is around 0.087?g. The uniform hazard spectra (UHS) are also provided for different structural periods.     

钙钛矿的高温塑性：下地幔的流变性

重点介绍了近年来国际地球物理学界在钙钛矿高温塑性研究领域内取得的进展。依据高温高压实验岩石学和矿物物理测试结果，科学家们提出硅酸盐钙钛矿是下地幔最主要的矿物相。采用相似材料理论和高温高压实验技术，在过去几年里对钙钛矿的高温塑性变形进行了深入细致的实验研究，就钙钛矿的高温塑性强度，流变机制和塑性各向异性等进行了探讨，这些开创性的研究特别强调了钙钛矿晶体结构相变和高温塑性的关系，并对应用矿物的晶体结构－－塑性系统相关性外推未知矿物流变强度的可能性作了探讨。作为一个直接的应用，这些研究成果被广泛的用来讨论有关的下地幔地球动力学问题，特别是下地幔的流动强度，流动机制和流动弱化。     

电离层三维层析成像的自适应联合迭代重构算法

在电离层层析成像过程中,联合迭代重构算法是一种常用的反演算法.然而,该算法迭代收敛较慢,反演结果精度不高.为此,本文发展了一种自适应的联合迭代重构算法,该算法利用上一轮的电离层电子密度反演结果,自适应地调整松弛因子和加权参数.通过模拟数据和实测数据对该算法的反演结果进行了验证,并将得到的反演结果与电离层测高仪数据进行了比较,结果表明,该算法能够有效地反演电离层电子密度,且反演结果精度优于常用的联合迭代重构算法.     

叠前深度偏移技术在活动断层探测中的应用

通过叠前深度偏移与常规处理的方法原理对比及实例分析,说明叠前深度偏移技术利于求准速度的纵横向变化、利于提高复杂构造和小断层的成像清晰度和精度,该技术在精细速度分析、正确速度—深度模型建立和叠加方法上的优势,在浅层地震勘探中具有广泛的推广价值。文中叠前深度偏移技术在活动断层探测中的应用实例表明,叠前深度偏移剖面与常规处理剖面相比,具有如下特点：①归位准确、断点清楚;②分辨率和信噪比更高;③真实反映地下构造形态;④解决速度陷阱问题,直接、精确给出地质层位深度。     

Performance‐based design with semi‐active structural control technique

The recent spate of large earthquakes has triggered diverse performance requirements for structures. This has led to increasing worldwide interest in performance‐based design methods. To establish such methods, however, it is necessary to evaluate structure conditions after defining the loads, and this is difficult to accomplish. On the other hand, there has been steady progress on research and development of structural control techniques for improving structural performance. These technological innovations need to be rationally incorporated into structural design. In particular, semi‐active structural control techniques are effective in improving structural performance during large earthquakes. By effectively incorporating them into the design, it is possible to meet the various structural performance requirements. This paper first outlines the various structural control methods and focuses on the semi‐active structural control technique as the main topic. It then describes an example to verify the effectiveness of the semi‐active structural control technique in high‐rise buildings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

各向异性与S波分裂及其在地震预报中的含意

近十年来世界在地震各向异性与S波分裂研究领域取得的长足进展,特别是英国科学家将S波分裂理论与观测实验技术逐步引向地震预报研究的努力,说明S波分裂作为体波在各向异性介质中传播的最显著特征,可望提供地震波穿过岩石内部结构最可靠的信息,而震前应力变化最直接的效应将会改变裂纹的几何图象。S波分裂研究是伴随通讯革命在地球物理学领域内发展起来的前沿学科,其形成的高技术反过来又可能产生重大经济效益,特别对石油、地热、煤炭、工程等部门更是如此。通过对国内外大量有关文献的分析、比较和筛选,对无序的情报信息作了有序的浓缩加工,本文将看重概述地震各向异性与S波分裂研究领域的发展历史、S波分裂机理及近期研究成果、S波分裂在地震预报研究中的应用、以及各向异性与S波分裂研究的前景,并给予相应评述。     

高能X射线工业CT关键技术的研究

我们在现有的ＨＬＲＴ－１型高低能Ｘ射线通用实时Ｘ射线图像处理系统成熟的基础上，参考国外工业ＣＴ领域的研究经验，对实现高能Ｘ射线工业ＣＴ成像的方法进行了研究，并且已经取得了阶段性的进展。目前，我们使用的射线源是Ｘ射线、２５Ｍｅｖ的电子感应加速器及９Ｍｅｖ直线加速器，在下一步的研究中，我们将准备向低能Ｘ射线工业ＣＴ方向发展，力图研制出高低能通用的工业ＣＴ系统。     

2D and 3D potential-field upward continuation using splines

The dominant upward‐continuation technique used in the potential‐field geophysics industry is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. However, the spline‐based upward‐continuation technique presented in this paper has some advantages over the FFT technique. The spline technique can be used to carry out level‐to‐uneven surface 2D and 3D potential‐field upward continuation. An example of level‐to‐uneven surface upward continuation of 3D magnetic data using the spline technique is shown, and it is evident that the continued anomalies are very close to the theoretical values. The spacing can be irregular. Synthetic examples using the spline technique to continue noise‐contaminated gravity and magnetic data upward to an altitude of 15 km on irregular grids are shown. Gaussian noise with a zero mean and a standard deviation of 1% does not cause much error and can readily be tolerated. Through comparison with the FFT technique, it is found that for low‐altitude gravity and magnetic upward continuation, both the FFT technique and the spline technique are suitable; for high‐altitude upward continuation, the FFT technique is inaccurate, whereas the spline technique works very well. Also, upward continuation by the spline technique has a smaller edge effect than upward continuation by the FFT technique. The spline‐based upward continuation technique works fairly well even when the periphery of a grid is not quiet: it is rather robust in general. A real example shows that the spline technique can be employed to perform upward continuation of total‐field magnetic data and to de‐emphasize near‐surface noise.     

Application of Cesàro mean and the L-curve for the deconvolution problem

In this paper, the Cesàro mean technique is applied to regularize the divergent problem which occurs in ground motion deconvolution analysis in geotechnical engineering. To deal with this ill-posed problem, we use the corner of the L-curve as the compromise point to determine the optimal order of Cesàro mean so that the high frequency content can be suppressed instead of engineering judgement using the concept of a cutoff frequency. The fractional order of Cesàro mean has been derived and used to fulfill this purpose. From the examples shown, it is found that the wave form including maximum acceleration can be accurately predicted and that both the high frequency content and divergent results can be avoided by using the proposed regularization technique.