伊舒地堑构造演化的沉积充填响应

伊舒地堑是一典型的转换伸展型盆地,它以构造上和沉积上的不对称结构,沉降中心的明显迁移和快速沉降充填为主要特征。本文应用盆地充填记录、盆地构造格架和盆地沉降史分析论证了伊舒地堑构造演化过程中不同级别的幕式裂陷作用,确定了幕式裂陷作用的沉积响应。此外,文章还总结了3种类型的沉积体系域构成样式和沉积特征。     

二连盆地乌里亚斯太断陷层序地层格架及其幕式充填演化

应用高分辨层序地层学分析的原理和方法,通过地震反射剖面和测井等资料的综合分析,揭示了盆地内部各级层序界面,建立了乌里亚斯太断陷盆地的层序地层格架。通过盆地的充填记录、构造特征和盆地的沉降史等信息,论证了该盆地经历了不同级别构造事件控制下的幕式演化过程。幕式构造运动是盆地内高级别层序发育的主控因素,与盆地的沉积充填具有良好的响应关系。一个裂陷期与盆地内部的一级层序相对应,并控制了盆地原型的构成;一个裂陷期内不同的裂陷幕控制了盆地原型内二级构造层序的发育;而三级层序的发育受控于低级的幕式伸展事件。此外,文章还通过层序内部结构分析,阐述了该湖盆体系域的构成模式。     

小江断裂带有三纪走滑断陷盆地的充填层序特征

小江断裂是滇中走滑断裂系中的一条主干断裂，沿断裂带发育了一系列带有明显走滑特征的新生代小型断陷盆地，第三纪含煤地层主要由冲积扇－湖泊、沼泽成因地层层序构成。本在对多个断陷盆地的成因地层、充填序列、沉积体系域等剖析的基础上，讨论了走滑构造背景下断陷盆地的充填层序特征，并指出构造沉降、走滑作用和构造反转对盆地充填起作重要的作用。     

小江断裂带第三纪走滑断陷盆地的充填层序特征

小江断裂是滇中走滑断裂系中的一条主干断裂，沿断裂带发育了一系列带有明显走滑特征的新生代小型断陷盆地，第三纪含煤地层主要由冲积扇-湖泊、沼泽成因地层层序构成。本文在对多个断陷盆地的成因地层、充填序列、沉积体系域等剖析的基础上，讨论了走滑构造背景下断陷盆地的充填层序特征，并指出构造沉降、走滑作用和构造反转对盆地充填起作重要作用。     

构造活动盆地沉积层序形成过程模拟——以断陷和前陆盆地为例

应用二维层序地层模拟系统开展了构造活动盆地沉积层序的形成过程的动态模拟分析,揭示了同沉积断裂活动、湖平面变化及沉积物供给量变化相互作用对沉积层序形成的控制作用。模拟表明,快速的构造沉降、相对高的湖平面和大量的沉积物供给是形成相对深水扇三角洲的必要条件;而沉积物的供给量变小或构造沉降量加大时有利于形成近岸湖底扇或水下扇。模拟揭示出断陷湖盆陡坡边缘断裂形成的古地貌坡折控制着低水位域浊积扇或湖底扇的发育部位,同时对水进或高位域的三角洲前缘的沉积中心的分布具控制作用。断裂坡折带的构造沉降是控制可容纳空间变化的关键因素。在陆内前陆逆冲构造边缘,层序发育早期（底部）发育冲积扇和河流沉积,但由于相对快的构造沉降形成水进序列;在快速沉降的晚期沉降速率减小,碎屑体系向盆地方向推进,形成广泛河流三角洲沉积。由隐伏逆冲断裂形成的构造坡折带对低位域的分布具控制作用。在构造坡折带下的低位域砂体与上覆的水进域泥岩组合可形成重要的地层油气藏。     

东营凹陷第三纪层序地层格架及沉积体系类型

根据钻井岩心、录井资料、测井曲线及三维地震反射特征,以层序地层学和沉积体系分析为指导,建立了东营凹陷第三纪充填序列和层序地层格架。凹陷充填可分为下第三系的张扭断陷充填和上第三系的压扭拗陷充填。前者可进一步分为初始沉降、加速沉降和湖盆萎缩３个阶段。东营凹陷层序地层格架由２个构造层序、５个超层序组成,其中下第三系可进一步划分为６个层序。第三系主要发育６种沉积体系;识别出３种不同于被动大陆边缘盆地的体系域,包括冲积体系域、扩展体系域和萎缩体系域。沉积体系、体系域的时空展布与凹陷的构造演化阶段和凹陷的边界条件密切相关。     

东营凹陷中央背斜隆起带形成机制分析

重建了东营凹陷构造演化过程 ,提出在盆地古近纪同裂陷期充填序列中 ,沙三段底界面S6′界面具有构造变格意义 ,过该界面盆地的构造应力场发生了由近南北向拉伸到NW—SE向拉伸的转换。在此基础上重新解析了盆地中央背斜隆起带 ,并指出中央背斜带是一个复合的构造系统。其东段的辛镇背斜的性质为受控于陈南铲式断层的大型伸展断弯褶皱 ,主要的活动期为Ek—Es下3 时期 ;而其西段为东营—梁家楼—现河弧形生长滑脱断裂系统的组成部分 ,主要形成于Es上3 —Es2 沉积时期。上述认识对于中央背斜隆起带油气勘探具有重要的意义。     

测老庙盆地层序地层格架与其幕式构造演化

陆相断陷盆地的形成不是一个匀速的变形过程，它常发育由不同级别的幕式构造所控制的沉积旋回，盆地的充填序列所的阶段性以及区域性间断记录了这些幕式运动的周期及相应的构造事件。以测老庙盆地为研究对象，以盆地充填的地层层序为研究基础，从盆地的构造格架及沉降史、盆地的构造作用与沉积响应等方面分析，讨论了幕式裂隙作用与盆地沉积旋回、层序地层单元之间的对应关系。     

Stratigraphic and Depositional Filling Model of North Tarim Foreland Basin System

STRATIGRAPHIC AND DEPOSITIONAL FILLING MODEL OF NORTH TARIM FORELAND BASIN SYSTEM     

扇三角洲序列样式及其控制因素：以伊通地堑为例

扇三角洲沉积是伊通地堑主要沉积体系，地堑内发育水下水道型和水下水道一河口坝复合型扇三角洲，完整的扇三角洲序包括进积，加积和退积３个阶段，在不同的构造沉降和沉积物供给条件下，形成了３种各具特色的扇三角洲序列样式，即缓慢沉降和低速沉积物供给型，快速沉降和低速沉积物供给型，快速沉降和高速沉积物供给型。     

裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式的控制——以西非裂谷系Termit盆地下白垩统为例

Termit盆地位于尼日尔东南部,属于西非裂谷系的北延部分,是发育于前寒武系—侏罗系基底之上的中、新生代裂谷盆地。该盆地早白垩世—古近纪经历了"裂谷—坳陷—裂谷"的构造演化过程及"陆相—海相—陆相"的沉积演化过程,表现为晚白垩世大规模海侵、早白垩世和古近纪两期裂谷叠置的特点。基于构造作用影响裂谷盆地层序发育的观点,分析了Termit盆地下白垩统裂谷阶段内的层序地层充填样式。根据裂谷作用的强弱,将早白垩世裂谷阶段划分为裂谷初始期、裂谷深陷期及裂谷萎缩期3个阶段。裂谷初始期层序断裂活动弱,构造沉降小,长轴物源体系较为发育,陡坡带为加积至退积型河流或三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育加积型河流或三角洲体系。裂谷深陷期层序断裂活动强烈,构造沉降大,陡坡带形成退积型水下扇或滑塌扇沉积,缓坡带发育退积型三角洲体系,盆地中心为泥岩充填。裂谷萎缩期层序断裂活动减弱并趋于停止,陡坡带为进积型扇三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育进积型三角洲体系。研究表明:裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式具有明显的控制作用,以构造作用为主线的裂谷盆地层序地层分析方法,能有效预测沉积体系和储层分布。     

Syn‐rift sequence development in a fault‐controlled embayment (Early Permian Irwin River Coal Measures,Northern Perth Basin,Western Australia)

Stratigraphic patterns and sequence development in tectonically active extensional basins remain poorly documented in comparison with passive‐margin settings. Rift basin fills are generally characterized by coarsening‐upward trends in response to the rapid creation of accommodation by extensional faulting, and the progressive filling of graben during more quiescent periods. The Early Permian Irwin River Coal Measures in the Northern Perth Basin (Western Australia) record a complex stratigraphic arrangement of conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone and coal, and have been attributed to delta plain depositional environments that developed in a cool–temperate climatic setting during syn‐rift activity. Sedimentary analysis of outcrop and core data from the fault‐bounded Irwin Terrace is used to distinguish nine facies associations reflecting deposition in braided rivers, fixed‐anastomosed channel belts, tide‐influenced coastal environments and storm‐affected distal bays. The broader depositional system is interpreted as a morphologically asymmetrical tide‐dominated embayment with a fluvial and wave influence. The stratigraphic architecture of the Irwin River Coal Measures was strongly influenced by the evolving rift basin margin. Fault reactivation of the major basin‐bounding Darling Fault in the early syn‐rift phase caused footwall uplift and the inception of transverse palaeo‐valleys occupied by braided fluvial systems. Fault block subsidence during the subsequent balanced, backstepping and drowning phases resulted in a dominantly retrogradational stacking pattern indicating progressive flooding of marginal‐marine areas and culminating in deposition of distal marine elements. In the active rift basin, it is proposed that preservation of a shallow‐marine syn‐rift sequence was promoted by the geomorphological confinement of the embayed system increasing tidal current acceleration and hampering transgressive ravinement. The proposed sequence model demonstrates that transgressive successions can develop in the early syn‐rift phase in response to footwall uplift and tectonic subsidence. The syn‐rift sequence recording the filling of an embayment on a rift basin margin may be applied in similar tectonic and/or depositional contexts worldwide.     

Geometric and Dynamical Characteristics of Sequences in Yitong Graben

ＧｅｏｍｅｔｒｉｃａｎｄＤｙｎａｍｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＳｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｉｎＹｉｔｏｎｇＧｒａｂｅｎ￥ＸｉｅＸｉｎｏｎｇ；ＳｕｎＹｏｎｇｃｈｕａｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｍｅｎｔｏｆＭｉｎｅｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，ＣｈｉｎａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓ...     

Proterozoic Rifting in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley: Implication on India-Antarctica Linkage

The Pranhita-Godavari (PG) Valley, a major lineament within the South Indian cratonic province, that preserves sediment dominated deposits spanning from Mesoproterozoic to Mesozoic, appears to be a key element in supercontinent reconstruction. The sedimentary basins of the Valley include a thick succession of Early Mesoproterozoic to Late Neoproterozoic rocks, the Godavari Supergroup, which is unconformably overlain by the Late Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Gondwana sequence. The Godavari Supergroup is internally punctuated by several regional and interregional unconformities into a number of unconformity-bound sequences having group level and subgroup level status. The lithostratigraphic attributes of the succession indicate multiple events of fault controlled sedimentation marked by transgression and regression, as well as uneven rates of uplift and subsidence of the basin floor in an extensional tectonic regime. The amplitude of translation of the unconformity surfaces across the base level attests to collective role of tectonic movement and sea level changes in building the stratigraphic framework of the Valley. The stratigraphic framework and depositional systems, such as fan and fan-deltas, together with local outburst of felsic volcanism further indicate repeated rifting of the craton.Geochronologic data indicate that the rift basin started to open in Early Mesoproterozoic, concomitantly with the breakup of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent during which the India and East Gondwana fragments were separated. The spatial variation in the declivity of the unconformity surfaces, and the trend of thickness variation of the unconformity-bound sequences point that the basin deepened and opened towards southeast to join an ocean that developed between the South Indian craton and East Antarctica. The contractional deformation structures preserved in several lithounits were produced under NE-SW directed regional compression during Late Neoproterozoic basin inversion.     

陆相前陆盆地沉积充填与层序地层模式探讨——以库车前陆盆地为例

以库车前陆盆地为例,对陆相前陆盆地的形成、沉积充填与层序地层结构、不整合面与层序界面、层序地层组成与其模式、生储盖组合与岩性地层圈闭等关键问题进行了探讨。认为前陆层序是盆缘构造运动的响应,由低位(冲积)体系域、湖侵体系域、高位体系域组成。前陆盆地层序界面表现为构造或沉积不整合面,代表了一次构造幕的发生,其层序地层样式是盆缘造山带构造楔推进作用的结果,是盆地演化的不同阶段的响应,反映了构造运动由强到弱的间歇变化。前陆层序界面代表了沉积结构的大转换,之下为构造稳定阶段的湖相泥岩或膏泥岩,之上为代表构造运动的冲积扇—扇三角洲相的巨厚磨拉石沉积充填。在构造活动期和静止期,盆地不同位置形成不同的沉积充填和地层结构特点。构造活动期以低位(冲积)体系域为主,在毗邻造山带侧以巨厚的冲积扇-扇三角洲-辫状河三角洲相等冲积沉积物为主;构造静止期以湖侵体系域为主,为广泛的河流-湖泊相沉积。沉积厚度从靠近冲断带侧向盆地内逐渐变小。陆相前陆盆地的生储盖组合配置好,储集体广泛分布于低位、湖侵和高位体系域中,以辫状河三角洲和滨湖相为主。其岩性地层圈闭主要分布在前缘斜坡带上,包括沿古隆起边缘的地层超覆不整合圈闭和地层削蚀不整合圈闭,将会成为今后油气勘探的新领域。     

Tectonic Control of the Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence of the Chapala Graben,Western Mexico

The Chapala graben forms part of a regional system of intra-arc and half-grabens located along the western and central portions of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. Results of a stratigraphic and tectonic study of the thick, widespread volcano-sedimentary sequence around the Chapala graben are reported. The study has concentrated on the distribution of lacustrine deposits and on the stratigraphy, geochronology, and deformation of the sequence. The volcano-sedimentary record suggests a probable link between the Tepic-Zacoalco and Chapala grabens through a basin system developed during late Miocene and early Pliocene time. The stratigraphic sections show a southward spatial migration of the basin (and lake) system. The main unit of the volcano-sedimentary succession is the Chapala Formation, which has been affected by northeast tilting, unlike the lacustrine deposits to the east in the Chapala plain (e.g., Ixtlan area), where the sequence is essentially flat lying. Two distinct units with different structural attitudes, separated by an angular unconformity, can be distinguished in the Chapala Formation. Based on differences between the stratigraphic sections and structural attitudes, we propose a model for development of the Chapala graben that involves a combination of left-lateral and extensional deformation, together with volcanic and erosional processes, all of which have contributed to shape the basin. Furthermore, we suggest that Lake Chapala is the remnant of a large Jalisco paleo-lake in west-central Mexico.     

伊通地堑层序构成及层序地层格架样式

伊通地堑充填白垩系、下第三系、上第三系和第四系碎屑沉积物，厚约２０００～６０００ｍ。地堑内主要发育冲积扇体系、扇三角洲体系和湖泊体系，在地堑不同演化阶段分别构成６种沉积体系域类型．层序地层格架主要受控于构造、物源体系、湖的扩展及萎缩旋回和沉积中心分布。层序地层格架样式显示南北向隆回相间、东缓西陡的不对称式充填特征。     

Differentiating the effect of episodic tectonism and eustatic sea-level fluctuations in foreland basins filled by alluvial fans and axial deltaic systems: insights from a three-dimensional stratigraphic forward model

Many studies of foreland basins have recognized a hierarchical organization in the stacking of sequences deposited by axial‐deltaic and alluvial fan systems. The hierarchy is often explained in terms of the competing control of eustasy and pulsed tectonic subsidence and the different frequencies at which these processes operate. Unravelling the relative contributions of tectonic and eustatic controls on the sequence stacking pattern is a fundamental question in foreland basin analysis, yet this is difficult because of the lack of independent stratigraphic evidence. In this study, a three‐dimensional numerical model is presented, which aids in the interpretation of alluvial successions in foreland basins filled by transverse and axial depositional systems, under conditions of variable tectonism and eustatic sea‐level change. The tectono‐sedimentary model is capable of simulating the hierarchical stratigraphic response to both eustatic and tectonic forcing, and is of higher resolution than previous models of foreland basin filling. Numerical results indicate that the onset of tectonic activity is reflected by rapid retrogradation of both depositional systems and by widespread flooding and onlap of carbonate sediments. Syntectonic fluvial patterns on the axial‐deltaic plain are dominated by bifurcating channels, swiftly relocating in response to the general rise in relative sea level induced by flexural subsidence. The resulting surface morphology of the axial delta is convex upwards. Syntectonic eustatic sea‐level fluctuations result in parasequence‐scale packages of retrograding and prograding fan and delta sediments bounded by minor flooding surfaces and type 2 sequence boundaries. Incised channels are rare within the syntectonic parasequences and are formed only during phases of tectonic quiescence when eustatic falls are no longer compensated by the subsidence component in the rise in relative sea level. Suites of amalgamating, axial channels corresponding to multiple eustatic falls delineate the resulting type 1 unconformities. Coarse‐grained, incised‐channel fills are found in the zone between the alluvial fan fringes and the convex‐upward body of the axial delta, as the axial streams tend to migrate towards this zone of maximum accommodation.     

松辽盆地北部古龙地区登娄库组沉积与构造演化耦合关系研究

为明确松辽盆地北部古龙地区登娄库组沉积与构造演化的耦合关系,本文利用古龙地区的地震、钻井、测井和岩心等资料,通过古龙地区登娄库组的构造演化特征、层序地层格架和沉积特征综合研究,对古龙地区登娄库组构造演化对沉积充填特征的控制作用进行分析,结果表明,古龙地区登娄库组沉积时期为断坳转换期,可进一步划分为断陷盆地萎缩阶段早期和晚期、坳陷盆地孕育阶段早期和晚期4个构造演化阶段,分别对应4个三级层序(Sq1-Sq4); 古龙地区登娄库组主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、湖底扇、河流相、辫状河三角洲、浅水三角洲、湖泊沉积等沉积体系; 登娄库组构造演化控制着沉积充填演化,各构造演化阶段沉积体系分布特征及沉积演化模式具有明显的差异性,即沉积充填特征与构造演化过程具有良好的耦合关系。具体表现为:断陷盆地萎缩阶段早期(Sq1)和晚期(Sq2)下部地层受断陷作用控制,沉积充填特征符合陆相断陷湖盆沉积演化模式; 断陷盆地萎缩阶段晚期(Sq2)上部、坳陷盆地孕育阶段早期(Sq3)和晚期(Sq4)地层具有坳陷层序地层特征,其中萎缩阶段晚期(Sq2)上部和坳陷盆地孕育阶段早期(Sq3)属于坳陷盆地"河流-浅水三角洲"沉积模式; 坳陷盆地孕育阶段晚期(Sq4)发育干旱背景下的坳陷湖盆"洪水-河漫湖"沉积模式。     

河北平泉土城子组沉积体系及其演化

平泉地区中侏罗世土城子组为内陆干旱气候条件下巨厚的红色碎屑岩沉积，自下而上可分为4段。底部第一段沉积期为冲积扇沉积体系；第二段为湖泊沉积体系；第三段演化为河流体系；第四段为冲积扇、河流体系的复合型。上述充填序列反映了土城子组沉积时盆地依次经历了初始沉降—湖盆扩张—盆地萎缩3个演化阶段。