碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光性与微量元素的关系

碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光特征与其成分有关。笔者用阴极发光与电子探针微区分析法对砂岩中碳酸盐矿物进行测试分析,其结果表明碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光与微量元素含量有如下规律:①碳酸盐矿物在铁含量高于猝灭下限或锰含量低于激活下限时,不具有阴极发光性;②铁的猝灭下限约为0.04 mol,锰的激活下限为小于7×10^-5mol;③铁/锰比值越高,越不利于碳酸盐矿物阴极发光;但是铁/锰比值小于1的碳酸盐一定具有阴极发光;④铁或锰二者之一含量很少时不利于碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光。     

云南易门铜厂铜矿床碳酸盐矿物微量元素组成研究

易门铜厂矿床是云南易门铜矿带中的一个大-中型铜矿床,矿区存在早期沉积-成岩型和晚期热液脉状型2种铜矿类型。为深入阐明2种矿化类型的成矿作用特征,文章分别选取落雪组白云岩及层状矿石中的白云石和热液脉状矿石中的方解石,采用ICP-MS等方法,对其开展碳酸盐矿物的微量及稀土元素地球化学研究。研究结果显示：在微量元素组成方面,沉积-成岩型的白云石以富集Cu、Pb、Zn、Ba、Bi、Sb、Ga、Ag,亏损Mo、Cr、Ni、Co、V元素为特征,脉状方解石中则以亏损亲硫元素（Cu、Pb、Zn）和不相容元素（Ba、Be、Rb、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th、U等）,富集V、Co、Ni元素为特征;在稀土元素组成上,二者稀土元素总量均较低,具不同程度的Eu负异常和微弱的Ce正异常,但在稀土元素配分模式上,白云石为明显右倾的轻稀土元素富集模式,方解石则为轻稀土元素略富集,中稀土元素富集的缓右倾或平缓型配分模式。综合分析结果认为,2类脉石矿物是不同成矿系统的产物,白云石形成于正常浅海环境,为沉积-成岩成因,成矿物质的壳源特征明显。方解石为后期热液成因,有深源物质参与成矿。层状矿体与脉状矿体不具"同期+同源"的特征。     

Post-Variscan hydrothermal vein mineralization,Taunus, Rhenish Massif (Germany): Constraints from stable and radiogenic isotope data

Post-Variscan hydrothermal base-metal mineralization of the Taunus ore district, SE Rhenish Massif (Germany), has been studied through combination of stable (S, C, O) and radiogenic (Pb) isotope geochemistry. Based on field and textural observations, five hydrothermal mineralization types can be distinguished. These are (1) tetrahedrite–tennantite bearing quartz–ankerite veins, (2) quartz veins with Pb–Zn–Cu ores, (3) giant quartz veins, (4) metasomatic dolomite in Devonian reef complexes, and (5) calcite–(quartz) mineralization in Devonian reefs. The δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW quartz values of base-metal veins are in the range of 18.0–21.5‰, whereas those of giant quartz veins have lower values of 15.9–18.6‰. This difference reflects the higher fluid fluxes and smaller extent of rock-buffering for the giant quartz veins. Hydrothermal carbonates from the tetrahedrite and Pb–Zn–Cu veins have variable but distinctly negative δ¹³C_V-PDB values. They can be explained by contributions from fluids that had picked up low δ¹³C_V-PDB carbon via oxidation of organic matter and from fluids that interacted with Devonian reef carbonate having positive δ¹³C_V-PDB. Metasomatic dolomite has positive δ¹³C_V-PDB values that closely reflect those of the precursor limestone. By contrast, carbonates of calcite–(quartz) mineralization have negative δ¹³C_V-PDB values which are negatively correlated with the δ¹⁸O values. This pattern is explained by fluid mixing processes where contributions from descending cooler fluids with rather low salinity were dominant. The isotope data suggest that tetrahedrite veins, Pb–Zn–Cu veins, and giant quartz veins formed from fluid mixing involving two end-members with contrasting chemical features. This is supported by fluid inclusion data (Adeyemi, 1982) that show repeated alternation between two different types of fluid inclusions, which are hotter intermediate- to high-salinity NaCl–CaCl₂ fluids and cooler low-salinity NaCl-dominated fluids. The metal-rich saline fluids were likely generated at the boundary between the pre-Devonian basement and the overlying Devonian–Carboniferous nappe pile. Fault activation resulted in strong fluid focusing and upward migration of large volumes of hot Na–Ca brines, which mixed with cooler and more dilute fluids at shallower crustal levels. Variable contributions from both fluid types, local fluid fluxes, temperature variations, and variations in pH and oxidation state have then controlled the vein mineralogy and metal inventory.     

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳主元素、微量元素及稀土元素的地球化学特征

选取贵州高原喀斯特地区的典型碳酸盐岩原生风化剖面为研究对象,研究主元素、微量元素及稀土元素在风化壳的迁移转化及其分布规律特征,为解释碳酸盐岩风化壳元素的地球化学变化提供依据。结果显示,从上陆壳标准化蛛网图可知,Pb、Co在剖面富集,而Na、K、Cr、Rb、Sr和Ba则亏损。风化壳∑REE的变化范围为167.4~1814.2μg/g,稀土元素从剖面下部往上逐渐减少,剖面中上部LREE比HREE淋滤程度大。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化后Ce正负异常,Eu轻微负异常。以风化前缘为分界,在风化前缘以下的土层,Ce负异常,风化前缘以上的土层,Ce正异常。此外,在风化壳岩土界面附近存在一个明显且突变的碱性障,岩土界面土样的元素含量较岩粉平均增加了21倍。我们的研究显示,风化剖面主元素和微量元素的变化波动特征较为一致,说明主元素和微量元素在风化过程中的地球化学行为较为一致。铁壳层中稀土元素的含量最低,与上陆壳稀土元素十分相近,为研究上陆壳与碳酸盐岩铁壳层之间的相互联系起到了一定的借鉴作用。     

Evolution of gold mineralization in the Ashanti Gold Belt,Ghana: Evidence from carbonate compositions and parageneses

Summary Ankerite, siderite, calcite and magnesite occur in variable proportions within all host and mineralized rocks of the Bogosu and Prestea mining districts of the Ashanti Gold Belt, Ghana. The compositions of coexisting ankerite-siderite grains establish that complex rhythmically zoned growth banding and replacement textures are present. This compositional variation is attributed to episodic fluctuation in the temperature and composition of fluids in the Bogosu-Prestea mesothermal gold system. Temperatures derived from the ankerite-siderite composition geothermometer are generally consistent with those from calcite-dolomite, arsenopyrite, carbon and oxygen stable isotope, and fluid inclusion geothermometers, and are about 360°C for the metamorphic peak, 400 to 350°C for carbonate alteration of mafic dikes, and 340 to 140°C for gold deposition. The latter range occurs on a thin-section scale and represents separate pulses of fluid in the ore conduit.

---

Entstehung der Goldvererzung im Ashanti Gold Belt, Ghana: Rückschlüsse aus Karbonat zusammensetzungen und Paragenesen

Zusammenfassung In allen Wirtsgesteinen und mineralisierten Gesteinen der Bergbaureviere von Bogosu und Prestea im Ashanti Gold Belt, Ghana treten Ankerit, Siderit, Calcit und Magnesit in unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen auf. Die Zusammensetzung von koexistierenden Ankerit-Siderit-Körnern zeigt eine komplexe, rhythmisch zonierte Wachstumsstreifung und Verärdngungsstrukturen. Diese Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung sind auf episodische Fluktuationen der Temperatur und der Zusammensetzung der Fluide im mesothermalen Goldsystem von Bogosu-Prestea zurückzuführen. Temperaturen nach dem Ankerit-Siderit-Geothermometer stimmen im allgerneinen mit jenen aus Geothermometern, die auf Calcit-Dolomit, Arsenopyrit, den stabilen Isotopen von Kohlenstoff and Sauerstoff und auf Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen beruhen, überein. Sie liegen bei rund 360°C für den Höhepunkt der Metamorphose, bei 400 bis 350°C für die Karbonat Alteration der matischen Gänge and bei 340 bis 140°C für die Gold-Fällung. Der letztgenannte Bereich tritt in Dünnschlif Maßstab auf and repräsentiert einzelne Schübe von Fluid in den Erzgängen.

     

Paragenesis and composition of xenotime-(Y) and florencite-(Ce) from unconformity-related heavy rare earth element mineralization of northern Western Australia

Mineralogy and Petrology - This study investigates the paragenesis and ore mineral composition of xenotime [(Y,HREE)PO4] and florencite [LREEAl3(PO4)2(OH)6] from heavy rare earth element (HREE)...     

Rare earth and trace elements in igneous and high-temperature metamorphic minerals of oceanic gabbros (MARK area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

SIMS analyses have been carried out on clinopyroxenes, plagioclases and amphiboles of six gabbroic samples from Holes 921–924 of the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 153 sited in the MARK area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the ridge–transform intersection, to investigate the rare earth, trace and volatile element distribution in the lower ocean crust during igneous crystallization and higher grade metamorphic conditions. The metagabbros underwent granulite to subgreenschist facies conditions through three main tectono-metamorphic phases: (1) ductile regime (750 < T < 1000 °C and P ≈ 0.3 GPa); (2) transitional regime (600 < T < 700 °C and P ≈ 0.2 GPa); (3) brittle regime (350 ≤ T < 600 °C and P < 0.2 GPa). Igneous clinopyroxenes show C1-chondrite normalized patterns depleted in LREE, and nearly flat for HREE. The rare earth and trace element distributions in igneous clinopyroxenes and plagioclases indicate that these minerals act as REE reservoirs, and comprise the main contribution to the overall rock content. The abundances in igneous minerals reflect the degree of fractionation of the parent liquids. In metamorphic clinopyroxenes recrystallized in anhydrous assemblages, the REE and trace elements patterns mimic those of the primary ones. Conversely, clinopyroxene re-equilibrated in amphibole-bearing assemblages shows a significant increase in REE, Ti, Zr, Y and V, a negative Eu anomaly, and slight decreases in Sr and Ba. An overall increase of REE and some trace elements is evident in hydrous assemblages, with preferential partitioning in the amphibole. It shows high Ti (18196–22844 ppm), LREE depleted patterns and La_N/Sm_N=0.10–0.33, La_N/Yb_N=0.10–0.30. Amphiboles from granoblastic assemblages show homogeneous patterns with no or a positive anomaly for Ti_N and negative anomalies for Sr_N and Zr_N. Volatiles in amphibole are low, with Cl/F < 1; H₂O% is significantly lower than the stoichiometric ratio (1.33–1.53%). The composition of the clinopyroxene and amphibole recrystallized in low-strain domains records evidence of incomplete re-equilibration, and element diffusion and partitioning is in part controlled by the textural site. The possible origins of the fluids involved in the metamorphic recrystallization are discussed: (1) remobilization from igneous amphibole; (2) exsolution from evolved melts; (3) introduction of seawater-derived fluids modified in rock-dominated systems; (4) injection of highly evolved hydrous melts during the metamorphic process. Received: 6 September 1999 / Accepted: 6 March 2000     

Composition of estuarine colloidal material: major and trace elements

Colloidal-sized material from the Patuxent River estuary, Maryland, was analyzed for more than 30 elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Sample data from stations ranging in salinity from 0.04 g/kg to 12 g/kg indicate that the winter colloidal material is dominated upstream by poorly crystallized clay minerals and iron oxide, but above a salinity of 10 g/kg, it consists primarily of carbonaceous material. Winter colloidal material decreases non-conservatively seaward from 29 to 0.6 mg/l. The summer colloidal material, however, is carbon-rich throughout the estuary and the amount of colloidal material in the upper water column does not change appreciably with increasing salinity. Many trace elements (Cs, Hf, Rb, Se, Th, V and the REE) covary with Al and probably are associated with the clay component. Other elements (As, Ba, Sb, Se, U and Zn) are considerably enriched relative to Al and may covary with the organic component. The results suggest that the freshwater winter colloidal system is a product of continental weathering processes, whereas the summer colloidal material is derived primarily from estuarine biological processes.     

Mineralogical and chemical composition of some carbonate minerals from the Zillerthal Alps,Tyrol (Austria)

Summary 32 carbonate samples from a series of metamorphic rocks of greenschist to almandine-amphibolite facies in the Zillerthal Alps were investigated by optical and chemical methods, X-ray diffractometry, and the scanning electron microscope.The carbonates consist mainly of calcite which contains up to 11 mole % (MgCO₃+FeCO₃). Some of the calcites are characterized by skeleton-like dolomitic exsolutions of rhombohedral shape that are orientated on rhombohedron planes of the calcite matrix.The relations between metamorphic grade and calcite composition will be discussed. The (FeCO₃+MgCO₃)-content of calcite depends on the temperature of formation, CO₂ pressure, and the Fe and Mg concentrations of the carbonate-forming solutions.

---

Mineralogische und chemische Zusammensetzung von Karbonaten aus den Zillertaler Alpen, Tirol (Österreich)

Zusammenfassung 32 Karbonatproben aus den Zillertaler Alpen (Tirol, Österreich) wurden mit optischen und röntgendiffraktometrischen Methoden sowie mit dem Elektronenrastermikroskop untersucht.Die Karbonate sind Calcite, die bis zu 11 Mol% (MgCO₃+FeCO₃) enthalten. Die Calcitkristalle zeichnen sich durch skelettartige Dolomitentmischungen aus, die parallel zu Rhomboederflächen des Calcites orientiert sind.Die Karbonate stammen aus einer Serie metamorpher Gesteine der Grünschiefer- bis Almandin-Amphibolitfazies. Es werden die Beziehungen zwischen der Calcitzusammensetzung und dem Metamorphosegrad diskutiert. Der (FeCO₃+MgCO₃)-Gehalt der Calcite hängt von der Bildungstemperatur, vom CO₂-Druck und vom Fe- und Mg-Gehalt der Lösungen ab, aus denen sich die Karbonate gebildet haben.

---

---

With 10 Figures     

Rb-sr dating of epithermal vein mineralization stages in the eastern Harz Mountains (Germany) by paleomixing lines

A method is evaluated that enables the dating of binary isotopic paleomixing in hydrothermal alteration assemblages by iterative reconstruction and regression of corresponding two-component mixing lines from conventional Rb-Sr data. The model has been applied to illite-bearing granulometric fractions of hydrothermally altered sedimentary rocks associated with epithermal vein mineralization in the eastern Harz Mountains, Germany. These veins are characterized by a principal quartz-sulfide stage containing quartz, base metal sulfides, and siderite and a subsequent dominant calcite-fluorite-quartz stage. Rb-Sr analyses were performed on untreated granulometric fractions, HCl-treated residues, corresponding HCl leachates, and cogenetic vein minerals obtained from two silicified rock samples related to the quartz-sulfide and the calcite-fluorite-quartz mineralization, respectively.Neither the untreated nor the HCl-leached fractions of these rock samples yield statistically robust and geochronologically meaningful isochrons. When applying the binary mixing model, however, two well-defined paleomixing lines can be reconstructed for the HCl-treated fractions of the rock samples and associated vein minerals at model ages of 226 ± 1 Ma (quartz-sulfide alteration) and 209 ± 2 Ma (calcite-fluorite-quartz alteration). We examine the significance and reliability of these model ages and the corresponding paleomixing lines by means of statistical and geological criteria and discuss the effects of leaching experiments performed on the granulometric fractions using 1 N HCl as well as the nature and origin of the components dissolved in the acid leachates.Our results suggest that the mixing model provides a successful dating concept for isotopic disequilibrium processes during low-temperature hydrothermal events that produce binary mixtures among newly formed alteration phases.     

胶东大尹格庄金矿碳酸盐矿物的特征、物源及其在金成矿过程中的作用

胶东金矿的成因研究一直是矿床学研究的热点, 其中金的物质来源与活化、沉淀机制是最受关注的问题之一。大尹格庄金矿位于胶西北地区的招平断裂带中段, 是区内典型的超大型破碎蚀变岩型金矿, 以存在大量碳酸盐脉而有别于区内其他金矿床, 这些热液成因的碳酸盐脉对该矿区Au成矿具有重要作用, 因而是破解胶东巨量Au物质来源和成矿机制的良好对象。本研究通过细致的岩相学观察, 发现大尹格庄金矿中的碳酸盐矿物主要包括菱铁矿和方解石, 以脉状、浸染状存在于黄铁绢英岩型矿石中, 其中部分菱铁矿与黄铁矿等金属硫化物共生, 其他菱铁矿则与石英共生, 方解石则呈浸染状和脉状两种形式产出, 菱铁矿和方解石均为热液型碳酸盐矿物。扫描电子显微镜研究表明, 在菱铁矿和方解石中均发现有金矿物的存在。Au含量分析结果表明, 菱铁矿和方解石是大尹格庄金矿的重要载金矿物, 形成于成矿作用的主要阶段。碳酸盐矿物原位微区稀土元素数据也显示出热液型碳酸盐矿物的特征; 同位素地球化学数据显示大尹格庄金矿中碳酸盐矿物与胶东地区前寒武纪变质基底中的大理岩明显不同。C-O同位素分析显示, 大尹格庄金矿中菱铁矿的δ¹³C_PDB为-5.12‰~-4.82‰, δ¹⁸O_SMOW为12.13‰~12.80‰, 具有明显的幔源特征; 而方解石δ¹³C_PDB为-0.64‰, δ¹⁸O_SMOW为6.21‰, 显示出幔源流体在上升过程中受到了一定程度的围岩的影响。金矿中菱铁矿显示轻稀土相对亏损, 重稀土相对富集, 有轻微的负Eu异常, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i为0.709842~0.710087, ε_Nd(t)为-18.5~-17.1;方解石的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i为0.710861, ε_Nd(t)为-12.7, 指示形成碳酸盐矿物的CO₂流体可能来自于幔源的基性岩浆。结合胶东以及整个华北克拉通中生代地质演化, 本文认为胶东巨量金可能来自于富集的岩石圈地幔, 成矿物质随这些幔源基性岩浆的活动沿断层等壳内软弱面向上运移, 而CO₂流体在这个过程中起到了促进作用, 并随含金流体最终运移至地壳浅部发生金成矿作用。

     

Selected elements in major minerals from bituminous coal as determined by INAA: implications for removing environmentally sensitive elements from coal

The four most abundant minerals generally found in Euramerican bituminous coals are quartz, kaolinite, illite and pyrite. These four minerals were isolated by density separation and handpicking from bituminous coal samples collected in the Ruhr Basin, Germany and the Appalachian basin, U.S.A. Trace-element concentrations of relatively pure ( 99⁺%) separates of major minerals from these coals were determined directly by using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). As expected, quartz contributes little to the trace-element mass balance. Illite generally has higher trace-element concentrations than kaolinite, but, for the concentrates analyzed in this study, Hf, Ta, W, Th and U are in lower concentrations in illite than in kaolinite. Pyrite has higher concentrations of chalcophile elements (e.g., As and Se) and is considerably lower in lithophile elements as compared to kaolinite and illite. Our study provides a direct and sensitive method of determining trace-element relationships with minerals in coal.Mass-balance calculations suggest that the trace-element content of coal can be explained mainly by three major minerals: pyrite, kaolinite and illite. This conclusion indicates that the size and textural relationships of these major coal minerals may be a more important consideration as to whether coal cleaning can effectively remove the most environmentally sensitive trace elements in coal than what trace minerals are present.     

Sr isotope variation in vein barites from the NE Bavarian Basement: Relevance for the source of elements and genesis of unconformity-related barite deposits

Summary Vein-type barite mineralizations from the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian zone of the NE Bavarian Basement have similar⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. The different rock types of both tectonic regions are of no influence on those ratios, so that no distinction between barites from the Moldanubian and Saxothuringian zone can be made. The⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data point to a crustal derivation of ore-bearing fluids rather than to a homogeneous mantle source. Carbonates associated with barite in these veins display similar ratios. The⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of barites vary with host rocks. From the enclosing wall rocks towards the granitic core zone the ratios tend to increase, while a continuous decrease along with plunge of fold axes (e.g. Berga Anticline) of the host anticline is demonstrated for the Frankenwald vein-type barite occurrences. Based on these isotope data a model on unconformity related barite deposits is discussed for this area.

---

Strontium-Isotopen-Variationen in Gang-Baryten aus den Nordost-Bayerischen Grundgebirge: Bedeutung für die Herkunft der Elemente und für die Genese von Barytlagerstätten an Diskordanzen

Zusammenfassung Die Strontium-Isotopen-Variation in Gang-Baryten des NE-bayerischen Grundgebirges zeigen⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-Verhältnisse, die eine krustale Herkunft der Lösungen erkennen lassen. Das Sr-Verhältnis wird durch begleitende Karbonate nicht verändert. Ihre Verhältnisse sind ähnlich denen des Sulfats. Innerhalb der beiden Gruppen (A: nichtmetamorphes Paläozoikum des Frankenwaldes, Bergaer Sattel; B: Granite mit Kristallinhülle des Fichtelgebirges und Oberpfälzer Wald) ist eine Tendenz zu höheren bzw. granittypischen Verhältnissen mit Annäherung an den Sattelkern bzw. zum Granit hin feststellbar. Auf der Grundlage dieser Isotopendaten wird ein Genesemodell für diese Barytvorkommen diskutiert, welches von der Bindung dieser Lagerstätten an die spätvariszische Diskordanz ausgeht.

     

Spatial distribution of major and trace elements in shallow reservoir sediments: an example from Lake Waco, Texas

 Sediment geochemistry of a shallow (6-m average) reservoir (Lake Waco) was evaluated for the spatial distribution of major and trace elements. Sixty bottom and core samples along a 21-km transect within the reservoir, 18 overbank sediment samples, and 8 rock types in the drainage area were collected and analyzed for major (Al, Ca, Fe) and trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn). Elemental concentrations in the reservoir sediments closely correspond to concentrations in the regional rocks and represent a mixture of overbank sediment composition of the tributaries. Elemental concentrations were statistically regressed against Al concentrations in order to establish regional baseline levels and thereby distinguish natural from anthropogenic sources. Spatial geochemical trends, considered in terms of element-to-Al ratio versus V-to-Al ratio, relate to the natural and anthropogenic sources contributing to the elemental concentrations. The spatial elemental distribution in the reservoir, which receive sediments from two mineralogically contrasting basins, reflect textural and mineralogical transition within the reservoir and suggest a progressive mixing of sediment from the tributaries. The spatial elemental distribution and sediment texture suggest that the sediment-source, which determines the sediment-type, has a greater influence on the major- and trace-element distributions in shallow reservoir sediments than bathymetry. Received: 25 September 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998     

Compositional variations (major and trace elements) of clinopyroxene and Ti-andradite from pyroxenite, ijolite and nepheline syenite, Alnö Island, Sweden

Clinopyroxenes from pyroxenite, ijolite and nepheline syenite from the main intrusion of the Alnö complex define two sub-parallel compositional trends with respect to Na, Ca and Fe_TOT plotted against alkali-pyroxene fractionation index (Na–Mg). Both trends define a smooth fractionation of increasing Na and Fe_TOT and decreasing Ca with increasing Na–Mg, but one set of samples contain clinopyroxenes that constantly plot at higher Na and lower Fe_TOT and Ca (at similar Na–Mg) than the rest of the samples. Clinopyroxenes with higher Ca and Fe_TOT and lower Na (trend 1) co-exist with substantial amounts of Ti-andradite (up to 70 vol.%), while the sample set defining the more Na-rich trend (trend 2) lack co-existing Ti-andradite. Clinopyroxenes from both trends show fractionated REE patterns with a distinct difference in HREE content, reflecting the content of co-existing Ti-andradite. The rocks of the first Ti-andradite-bearing trend crystallized slightly prior to the rocks of the second trend, probably from a primitive, Ca- and Ti-rich nephelinitic magma. Crystallisation of pyroxenite and melteigite occurred under low aSiO₂ and high aCaO and aTiO₂ as evidenced by the presence of perovskite and sometimes substantial amounts of magnetite. Subsequent increase in aSiO₂ is evidenced in the overgrowth of perovskite by titanite, which in turn is overgrown by Ti-andradite. Nepheline syenitic residuals crystallized under higher aSiO₂ and aNa₂O and lower aCaO and aTiO₂, which reduced Ti-andradite into an accessory phase and produced more Si- and Na-rich clinopyroxenes. Some of these residuals probably also mixed with new primitive magma producing a hybrid magma that crystallised the more Na-rich and Ca- and Fe_TOT-poor clinopyroxenes of trend 2. The complete lack of Ti-andradite in these rocks indicates different crystallisation conditions and also a different magma composition.     

河北下堡基性岩墙地球化学特征及源区性质

通过对河北后城基性岩墙进行系统研究,SiO2=47.07％～50.28％,(Na2O+K2O)在2.83％～3.75％之间变化.具有明显的轻稀土元素富集 ((La/Yb)N=4.40～4.86)和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th和U等)富集现象,亏损高场强元素Nb和Ta.地球化学特征表明,岩墙产于板内拉张的构造环境,经过了橄榄石、单斜辉石、角闪石和黑云母等矿物的分离结晶作用.对La/Sm、Ta/La、Nb/La的分析表明,本区岩浆在上升过程中受到地壳物质的混染作用影响不明显,岩墙的源区与深俯冲作用引起的地幔交代作用有关.通过对微量元素及稀土元素比值的研究证明,基性岩墙源区为过渡型地幔源区,岩墙的母岩浆来自石榴子石二辉橄榄岩地幔,主要经历了石榴石+尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融,熔融程度在10％～20％之间,岩浆的起源深度在75kin左右.     

鲁西青山组火山岩形成的构造背景及其成因探讨:主元素和微量元素证据

研究区内火山岩从基性—中性—中酸性都有出露，包括橄榄玄武岩、安山岩和英安岩，且都属于非碱性系列。通过对主元素和微量元素的研究，认为本区火山岩为滞后型弧(陆缘弧)火山作用的产物。源区由于存在大量的因俯冲作用进入地幔的陆壳物质以及流体的交代作用，从而出现富含金云母和不相容元素的交代富集型地幔源，并具有壳源的元素组成特征。火山岩的形成是富集地幔部分熔融的结果，但在成岩过程中可能存在单斜辉石、斜长石、橄榄石和Ti—Fe氧化物等矿物的分离结晶作用，以及橄榄石的堆晶作用。     

A comparative evaluation of minerals and trace elements in the ashes from lignite, coal refuse, and biomass fired power plants

Coal being a limited source of energy, extraction of energy from other sources like lignite, coal-refuse, and biomass is being attempted worldwide. The minerals and inorganic elements present in fuel feeds pose different technological and environmental concerns. Lignite ash, refuse ash, and biomass ash collected from Indian power plants burning lignite, coal-refuse, and mustard stalk, respectively, were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics and trace elements. The lignite ash has high SiO₂, CaO, MgO, Al₂O_3, and SO₃; the refuse ash has high SiO₂ and Fe₂O₃, but low SO₃; the biomass ash has high SiO₂ (but low Al₂O₃), and high CaO, MgO, K₂O, Na₂O, SO₃, and P₂O₅. A substantial presence of chloride (2.1%) was observed in the biomass ash. Quartz is the most abundant mineral species. Other minerals are mullite, hematite, gehlenite, anhydrite, and calcite in the lignite ash; orthoclase in the refuse ash; albite, sanidine, gehlenite, anhydrite, and calcite in the biomass ash. Ashes with high concentrations (> 100 mg/kg) of trace elements are: lignite ash (V < La < Mn < Cr < Ni < Nd < Ba < Ce, Zn < Sr); refuse ash (Cr < Ce < V < Rb < Mn < Sr, Zn < Ba); biomass ash (Cu < Zn < Ba, Sr). Based on Earth crust normalization, Co, Ni, As, Se, Mo, Zn, Pb, U, and REEs (except Pr and Er) are enriched in the lignite ash; molybdenum, Zn, Cs, Pb, Th, U, La, Ce, and Lu in the refuse ash; and Mo, Zn, Sr, Cs, Pb, and Lu in the biomass ash. Elements As, Zn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Cr, V, Ba, Sr, and REEs are correlated with Al, indicating the possibilities of their association with aluminum silicates minerals. Similarly, barium, Cs, Th, and U are correlated with iron oxides; molybdenum and Sr may also be associated with sulfates and chlorides. Due to the alkaline nature of these ashes, the high concentrations of As and Se in the lignite ash; molybdenum in the biomass ash; and Se in the refuse ash may pose environmental concerns.     

陕西几类重要铅锌矿床的矿物微量元素和稀土元素特征

文章将陕西铅锌矿分为海底喷气沉积型(即SEDEX型)、与海底喷气沉积-改造作用有关的类SEDEX型和MVT型3类.对马元(MVT型)、南沙沟和江坡(类SEDEX型)、铅硐山和二里河(SEDEX型)铅锌矿床中的闪锌矿等矿物进行的微量元素和稀土元素测定结果表明,3类矿床各具特点:马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿的Co、Ni、Th、Y含量较低,而Mo、Cs、Sr、Ba、T1含量较高;南沙沟和江坡铅锌矿床闪锌矿的Sn、Sb、W含量较低,而Mn、Y、Zr、In含量较高;铅硐山和二里河铅锌矿床闪锌矿的Li、Zr、CB、Ba含量较低,而W含量较高;在闪锌矿Li-Cs、Zr-In、W-Sn、∑REE-δEu、δEu-δCe散点图上,5个矿床的投点按上述3类分别集中.但铅硐山和二里河铅锌矿床与南沙沟和江坡铅锌矿床具有更多的相似性,而与马元铅锌矿床差异较大:在闪锌矿Sr-Ba、Co-Ni、Th-Y、Mo-T1散点图上,马元的投点集中于一处,而其他4个矿床的投点集中于另一处;马元闪锌矿具有十分明显的铕正异常,而南沙沟、江坡、铅硐山和二里河闪锌矿铕异常不明显,或具有负铕异常;5元素矿床闪锌矿稀土元素配分曲线均为轻稀土元素稍富集的右倾型,但马元的稀土元素总量明显低于其他4个矿床.     

Chemical composition,volatile components,and trace elements in the melts of the Gorely volcanic center,southern Kamchatka: Evidence from inclusions in minerals

Melt inclusions in olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts from rocks (magnesian basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, ignimbrite, and dacite) of various age from the Gorely volcanic center, southern Kamchatka, were studying by means of their homogenization and by analyzing the glasses in 100 melt inclusions on an electron microprobe and 24 inclusions on an ion probe. The SiO₂ concentrations of the melts vary within a broad range of 45–74 wt %, as also are the concentrations of other major components. According to their SiO₂, Na₂O, K₂O, TiO₂, and P₂O₅ concentrations, the melts are classified into seven groups. The mafic melts (45–53 wt % SiO₂) comprise the following varieties: potassic (on average 4.2 wt % K₂O, 1.7 wt % Na₂O, 1.0 wt % TiO₂, and 0.20 wt % P₂O₅), sodic (3.2% Na₂O, 1.1% K₂O, 1.1% TiO₂, and 0.40% P₂O₅), and titaniferous with high P₂O₅ concentrations (2.2% TiO₂, 1.1% P₂O₅, 3.8% Na₂O, and 3.0% K₂O). The melts of intermediate composition (53–64% SiO₂) also include potassic (5.6% K₂O, 3.4% Na₂O, 1.0% TiO₂, and 0.4% P₂O₅) and sodic (4.3% Na₂O, 2.8% K₂O, 1.3% TiO₂, and 0.4% P₂O₅) varieties. The acid melts (64–74% SiO₂) are either potassic (4.5% K₂O, 3.6% Na₂O, 0.7% TiO₂, and 0.15% P₂O₅) or sodic (4.5% Na₂O, 3.1% K₂O, 0.7% TiO₂, and 0.13% P₂O₅). A distinctive feature of the Gorely volcanic center is the pervasive occurrence of K-rich compositions throughout the whole compositional range (silicity) of the melts. Melt inclusions of various types were sometimes found not only in a single sample but also in the same phenocrysts. The sodic and potassic types of the melts contain different Cl and F concentrations: the sodic melts are richer in Cl, whereas the potassic melts are enriched in F. We are the first to discover potassic melts with very high F concentrations (up to 2.7 wt %, 1.19 wt % on average, 17 analyses) in the Kuriles and Kamchatka. The average F concentration in the sodic melts is 0.16 wt % (37 analyses). The melts are distinguished for their richness in various groups of trace elements: LILE, REE (particularly HREE), and HFSE (except Nb). All of the melts share certain geochemical features. The concentrations of elements systematically increase from the mafic to acid melts (except only for the Sr and Eu concentrations, because of active plagioclase fractionation, and Ti, an element contained in ore minerals). The paper presents a review of literature data on volcanic rocks in the Kurile-Kamchatka area in which melt inclusions with high K₂O concentrations (K₂O/Na₂O > 1) were found. K-rich melts are proved to be extremely widespread in the area and were found on such volcanoes as Avachinskii, Bezymyannyi, Bol’shoi Semyachek, Dikii Greben’, Karymskii, Kekuknaiskii, Kudryavyi, and Shiveluch and in the Valaginskii and Tumrok Ranges.