不同变质程度煤的激光拉曼光谱特征

对不同矿区，不同变质程度煤的9个镜煤样品进行了激光拉曼光谱测定，并对其特征光谱进行了参数化。在1000－2000cm^-1的波数范围内有两个明显的拉曼频率振动峰G峰和D峰。当镜质体反射率R0＜2．28％时，D峰位置随R0的增大向低波数位置偏移。G峰与D峰峰位差和峰高比随R0的增大而增加。当R0约为2．1％时，拉曼光谱特征趋势发生逆转性变化。在2500－3250cm^-1之间有一个明显的拉曼谱带，并随煤变质程度的增加呈现如下规律，其谱带的变化与有机质的成熟度演化具有一珲的同步性，特别是在有机质进入成熟门限后，由于油相和气相成分的大量生成，出现明显的振动峰，而进入无烟煤（R0＞4．4％）后，其振动峰变弱，因此，煤的激光拉曼光谱特征可作为油气盆地判断有机质成熟度的一个指标。     

Different bedding loaded coal mechanics properties and acoustic emission

Using TAW-2000KN electro-hydraulic servo rock press machines and the American Physical Acoustics Company’s SH-II acoustic emission systems, experimental studies began to address the mechanical properties in different beddings of loaded coal and the related acoustic emission characteristics, established based on the acoustic emission damage model, and verify the model. The results show that the mechanical properties of different coal sample beddings are distinctive, with maximum uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of vertical stratification of coal samples and the minimum Poisson’s ratio. Thus, the minimum uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of oblique bedding coal samples along with the maximum Poisson’s ratio in the processes of loading result in different bedding coal samples having different stress–strain curves, especially when different bedding coal samples experience the stages of fissure compression, elastic deformation, plastic deformation and instability and destruction. In addition, the displacement proportions of each stage of the loading process have relatively obvious differences: the loading times of vertical, parallel and oblique bedding coal are 495, 382 and 331 s, respectively, and their acoustic emission mutation points of peak stress are approximately 60, 41 and 33%, respectively. Thus, we can use the mutation point as precursor information to estimate the damage intensity in different bedding seams. The theoretical and experimental stress–strain curves obtained by the coal damage model are basically identical, verifying the reliability of the model and reflecting the feasibility of acoustic emission technology in the study of coal damage. The results can effectively forecast coal and gas outburst hazard in coal mines, especially highly gassy and outburst mines. It can also make comprehensive predictions for flooding accidents, roof fall accidents and other disasters, and provide valuable evacuation time for underground coal mine workers. The results are of great scientific significance in safeguarding the safety of coal mines.     

实验变形煤结构演化的电子顺磁共振研究

通过１４件高温高压实验样品及其原样的电子顺磁共振研究,论述了温度、压力、应力、应变速率和应变强度等是影响变形煤化学结构演化的重要因素,但在不同的煤级中和不同的实验条件下,各因素所起的作用是不同的。变形煤ＥＰＲ参数的演化与镜质组反射率的变化密切相关,并且具有较好的规律性。说明镜质组反射率是煤化学结构演化的外在反映,是煤田构造研究中极为重要的标志物之一。     

考虑力学参数关联的非均质煤概率模型

何考虑煤的力学参数之间的关联性是非均质煤储层模拟的关键。通过试验获得了阜新五龙矿某工作面102组煤样的弹性模量、单轴抗压和抗拉强度,定义了弹性模量无量纲因数、单轴抗压强度无量纲因数和抗拉强度无量纲因数及拉弹因数比、压弹因数比5个物理参数,并对试验数据进行统计分析,结果表明,（1）煤的弹性模量、单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度均具有统计分布特征,可以用Weibull分布描述;（2）弹性模量因数、单轴抗压强度因数和抗拉强度因数三者之间存在关联性;（3）拉弹因数比和压弹因数比都符合Weibull分布。以弹性模量为基准,建立了考虑参数关联的非均质煤随机概率模型,开发了相应的虚拟煤体生成程序。研究了2个数值算例,算例1分别按考虑力学参数关联和不考虑力学参数关联两种方法生成煤的力学参数,并与试验数据进行对比,结果表明,前者获得的结果与试验数据更接近;算例2对比了2种方法赋值的平面应变煤样单轴压缩下的宏观应力-应变曲线和煤样破坏过程,结果表明,考虑力学参数关联比不考虑力学参数关联得到的模拟结果更合理,利用文中模型能更好地模拟煤的非均质力学特性。     

Diagenetic transformation of early Permian sepiolite and its relationship with coal metamorphism — An example in pingle depression and its vicinity,south China

Sepiolite phase-transformation has been successfully imitated in laboratory for many years, but no natural example has been reported yet. In this paper the authors intend to provide a good natural example in southern China, especially in the Pingle depression, where the Permian sepiolite has been generally converted to talc and minor stevensite (magnesium montmorillonite) due to anadiagenesis during post-sedimentation. In our opinion, the degree of transformation can be indicated by the degree of metamorphism of coal (rank of coal). In order to study the relationship between clay transformation and coal rank, the authors have proposed some parameters of coalification correlated with sepiolite conversion. It happens that volatile matter in the Permian coal comprises 30–52% and a vitrinite reflectance of approximately 0.4–0.8% (R°) is reliable to indicate the existence of sepiolite. The consideration that sepiolite phase-transformation has a linear relationship with the rank of coal can be justified on the trend surface analysis diagrams which show that the areas of lower coal rank are obviously consistent with the sepiolite-distributed areas. Therefore, there is such a possibility as to predict new occurrences of sepiolite on the basis of the distribution of the lower coal ranks.     

不同煤阶深煤层含气量差异及其变化规律

基于Langmuir 等温吸附方程式,开展不同煤阶不同温压条件下等温吸附模拟实验,实验结果表明：在煤岩镜质组反 射率Ro<3.0%时,Langmuir 等温吸附曲线随煤阶、温度、压力升高表现出明显的分带性。随着煤阶的升高,煤吸附能力逐 渐增强。温度小于55℃时不同煤阶Langmuir 体积受温度影响较小,之后影响逐渐增大。低煤阶在12 MPa、中高煤阶在 15 MPa以前随压力增加Langmuir 体积增大明显。根据实测含气量外推法结合高温高压等温吸附实验建立了深煤层含气量数 学模型,显示煤层含气量随埋深呈现快速增加—缓慢增加—不增加—缓慢减小的变化规律,其中低煤阶临界深度介 于1400~1700 m,中高煤阶临界深度介于1500~1800 m。该含气量数学模型对预测深部煤层含气量变化规律及煤层气资源评 价提供基础依据。     

岩石力学性质的应变率效应试验

以玄武岩为试样,开展了中低应变率下的岩石单轴抗压试验。本次研究分析应变率对岩石抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比等力学参数的影响,分别提出了岩石抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比等参数与应变率之间的拟合关系式。以峰值应力对应的应变和峰值后的软化模量为脆性评价指标,分析加载应变率对岩石脆性的影响。研究表明:(1)岩石抗压强度、弹性模量均随应变率的增加而增加。(2)岩石泊松比随应变率增加而减小。(3)随着应变率增加大,峰值应力对应的应变增大,峰值后的应变软化程度减小,岩石脆性减弱。(4)应变率对岩石抗压强度影响较大,对弹性模量和泊松比的影响较小。(5)曲线拟合效果良好,提出的拟合关系式合理。     

Prediction of uniaxial compression PFC3D model micro‐properties using artificial neural networks

Artificial neural networks are used to predict the micro‐properties of particle flow code in three dimensions (PFC3D) models needed to reproduce macro‐properties of cylindrical rock samples in uniaxial compression tests. Data for the training and verification of the networks were obtained by running a large number of PFC3D models and observing the resulting macro‐properties. Four artificial networks based on two different architectures were used. The networks used different numbers of input parameters to predict the micro‐properties. Multi‐layer perceptron networks using Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, uniaxial compressive strength, model particle resolution and the maximum‐to‐minimum particle ratio showed excellent performance in both training and verification. Adding one more variable—namely, minimum particle radius—showed degrading performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicted CO2 emissions from maceral concentrates of high volatile bituminous Kentucky and Illinois coals

A large collection of well-characterized coals, documented in the Center for Applied Energy Research's (CAER) database, was used to estimate the CO₂ content of maceral concentrates from Kentucky and Illinois high volatile bituminous coals. The data showed no correlation between CO₂ versus coal ranks and between CO₂ versus maceral content. Subsequently, eight sets of low-ash density-gradient centrifugation (DGC) maceral concentrates from five coal beds were examined, spanning in the high volatile rank range. Heating value was not determined on the concentrates, but instead was calculated using the Mott–Spooner formula. There was a good correlation between predicted CO₂ and maceral content for the individual iso-rank (based on vitrinite reflectance, analyzed on whole (parent) coal) sets. In general, the predicted CO₂ increases from liptinite-rich through vitrinite-rich to inertinite-rich concentrates (note: no “concentrates” are absolutely monomaceral).     

煤岩强度离散性及三轴压缩试验研究

简述了煤的强度离散性原因。采用超声脉冲穿透法测量煤样波速并进行岩石力学试验,回归分析得出了煤岩试件声速与其力学参数之间的关系式,为尽可能避免因煤样离散性而带来的盲目试验提供了一条技术途径。采用MTS815岩石伺服试验系统进行了煤样三轴压缩试验。结果表明,与花岗岩等高强度岩石不同,由于煤的孔隙裂隙发育在围压作用下孔隙裂隙被压密闭合,煤的弹性模量随围压增大而增大,但并非线性关系;煤的轴向破坏应力及残余强度均随围压增大而增大。研究结论对于在破碎煤体中掘进的巷道的锚固机理研究有重要指导意义。     

煤镜质组反射率光性组构变形实验研究

不同煤级煤的高温高压实验表明，在温、压和差异应力作用下，煤镜质组反射率值和各向异性都有一定程度增加，变形越强烈，增加越明显，尤其在中煤级中、晚期阶段更是如此。在变形过程中，反射率主轴将发生有规律的偏转，变形越强烈，最小反射率主轴越接近于最大挤压应力方向。随着变形的增强，镜质组反射率椭球由单向伸长同压缩型转化。     

不同含水率砂岩单轴压缩力学特性及波速法损伤

为了探究不同含水率砂岩单轴压缩下力学特性及损伤变化情况,首先对5种不同含水率砂岩进行静态单轴压缩实验,获得其物理力学参数;而后利用超声波检测仪测量该5种不同含水率砂岩的波速,将该批次砂岩加载到80%峰值强度后卸载到0,测量此时砂岩声波波速,利用声波法定义损伤,研究含水率对砂岩损伤的影响。结果表明:单轴压缩下,砂岩的峰值强度及弹性模量随含水率升高逐渐降低,而峰值应变变化呈相反趋势;总功及弹性能随含水率增加而下降,耗散能随含水率增加而增大。实验前声波波速随含水率升高逐渐减小,实验后声波波速随含水率升高而下降,且下降趋势较实验前更迅速;砂岩的残余塑性变形和内部损伤均随含水率升高逐渐增大。研究结果可为现场岩石损伤测试提供依据。      

Prediction of Engineering Properties of Basalt Rock in Jordan Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock derived from Lava and spread over different localities in Jordan. It can be used in industrial applications, and as construction materials. Before using basalt, it is essential to determine its dry density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, and Brazilian tensile strength. The testing procedure and sample preparation used to determine the engineering properties are time-consuming and need expertise. Hence, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, a quick and non-destructive evaluation method, was used to determine the engineering properties. Empirical relationships for determination of dry density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, and tangent modulus of elasticity were deduced. Good correlation coefficients (R²?=?0.832–0.929) were obtained between UPV and dry density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. These correlations were limited to intact basalt with UPV?≥?4000 m/s.     

中国部分煤储层解吸特性及甲烷采收率

根据常压下的解吸实验和煤层气参数井实测数据分析,我国煤的解吸特笥变化较大,解吸率主要受煤层埋深及煤级的影响。最侍解吸深度一般在４００～６００ｍ之间,镜质体反射率小于３％时,随煤级的升高而增大;大于３％时,则相反。我国煤储层的吸附时间长短琚煤级没有特定关系,但在某些地区工层的含气量高低有关,甲烷含量低则吸附时间长,尤其是小于８ｍ＾３／ｔ时急剧增长。从现有资料看,我国煤储层的吸附时间一般不超达９ｄ。煤     

煤中游离气含量估算方法及应用

为了探讨不同煤级煤储层中游离气含量分布特征,本文基于游离气主要存在于煤孔隙中的认识,优化了游离气含量估算方法,并利用全国典型含煤地区包含从褐煤到无烟煤的42组不同煤级煤的煤层气参数测试数据,采用优化的游离气含量估算方法计算了不同煤样的游离气含量,并与解吸气含量结果进行了比较。结果表明:煤中游离气含量所占总气含量的比例随镜质体平均最大反射率增高呈减小趋势,在褐煤到无烟煤三号阶段的所占比例分布在2.13%~33.25%;游离气含量和解吸气含量与镜质体平均最大反射率关系均呈"双峰"特征,但双峰峰值大小顺序正好相反,游离气含量在肥煤阶段的峰值高于无烟煤三号阶段,总气含量与镜质体平均最大反射率关系主要受控于解吸气含量。      

豫北煤田焦作、鹤壁、安阳矿区二1煤层优势断裂构造地球化学特征

对豫北煤田焦作、鹤壁和安阳矿区二１煤层的对比样（构造煤和原生结构煤）进行了显微镜和扫描电镜下观察、镜质组反射率测试、Ｘ射线衍射分析和化学分析等。研究结果表明,构造煤因发生了断裂构造地球化学作用,其化学成分、元素成分和煤分子结构与原生结构煤明显不同：构造煤的挥发分含量（％）比原生结构煤一般要小０．５５～３．４８,平均要小１．５９;构造煤和原生结构煤相比,碳含量（％）平均增加了３．１,氢含量（％）平均     

Study of mechanical properties of Vindhayan shaly rocks at elevated temperature

Shale is an important rock due to its suitability for different engineering and scientific applications. Elevated temperature may cause major deformation or damage in shale rock and it may be of irreversible in nature. Such damage have adverse effect on the physicomechnical properties of shale rock. The uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of two shales (upper Vindhyan basin, India) have been estimated at elevated temperature using point load strength index method. The rock samples have been analyzed at various temperatures starting from room temperature to 900 °C. The effect of elevated temperature on the physicomechanical properties and their influence on the uniaxial compressive strength has been studied in detail. Damage induced, in both shale have been estimated using compressional wave velocity. The analysis of the experimental result shows that the uniaxial compressive strength decreases from 63.45 to 18.45 MPa and 60.94 to 22.22 MPa, for Jhiri and Ganurgarh shale respectively. Tensile strength of shales have been also estimated. The value of tensile strength decreases from 3.65 to 1.05 MPa and 3.46 to 1.26 MPa respectively for Jhiri and Ganurgarh shale. Multivariate regression analysis has been carried out to obtain the correlation between physicomechanical properties and uniaxial compressive strength of Jhiri and Ganurgarh shale.     

Mongolian coal-bearing basins: Geological settings, coal characteristics, distribution, and resources

This paper presents geological settings, stratigraphy, coal quality, petrography, reserves and the tectonic history of the Mongolian coal-bearing basins. This is based on a synthesis of the data from nearly 50 coal deposits. The results of ultimate and proximate analyses, and calorific value, maceral composition and vitrinite reflectance data is given.The coal deposits of Mongolia tend to become younger from west to east and can be subdivided into two provinces, twelve basins, and three areas. Main controlling factor of coal rank is the age of the coal bearing sequences. Western Mongolian coal-bearing province contains mostly high rank bituminous coal in strata from Late Carboniferous. The basins in southern Mongolia and the western part of central Mongolia have low rank bituminous coal in strata from the Permian. The northern and central Mongolian basins contain mainly Jurassic subbituminous coal, whereas the Eastern Mongolian province has Lower Cretaceous lignite. The Carboniferous, Permian and Jurassic coal-bearing sequences were mainly deposited in foreland basins by compressional tectonic event, whereas Cretaceous coal measures were deposited in rift valleys caused by extensional tectonic event. Petrographically, Mongolian coals are classified as humic type. Vitrinite/huminite groups of Carboniferous, Permian, and Cretaceous coal range from 44.9% to 82.9%. Inertinite group varies between 15.0% and 53.3%, but liptinite group does not exceed more than 7%. Jurassic coals are characterized by high percentages of vitrinite (87.3% to 96.6%) and liptinite groups (up to 11.7%). This might be explained by paleoclimatic conditions. Mongolian coal reserves have been estimated to be 10.2 billion tons, of which a predominant portion is lignite in the Eastern Mongolian province and coking coal in the South Gobi basin.     

Development of a reconstituted brown coal material using cement as a binder

Like any other coal, the highly heterogeneous nature of brown coal can sometimes make it difficult to interpret the results of laboratory experiments. More homogeneous samples with properties reproducible in the laboratory would provide significant advantage, especially in understanding the effects of various factors in the properties of coal. An attempt was made to develop reconstituted coal (RC) samples in the laboratory through an extensive material development and laboratory testing programme. The latter consisted of mainly uniaxial compression tests. The main objective in developing the RC material is to use it in future research on CO₂ sequestration in unmineable coal seams. A highly homogeneous coal sample would make it much easier to identify, for example, the effect of CO₂ sorption on the mechanical, flow and transport properties of coal. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on some brown coal samples to determine the approximate mechanical properties. The results revealed an average uniaxial compressive strength of 1.46 MPa, an average elastic modulus of 77.43 MPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.16. The measured properties were used as a reference for the development of RC samples. An extensive laboratory experimental programme was conducted to develop RC samples with the desirable mechanical properties. Portland cement was used as the cementing agent for the RC. Different variables such as percentage of cement, water content, compaction load and curing time were taken into account when developing RC samples. Uniaxial compression tests were carried out to ensure that the RC samples were reasonably homogeneous and the properties were similar to those of natural coal. Percentages of cement by weight of coal such as 4, 6 and 8% were attempted and a 4% cement mix with 50% water was considered most suitable for the RC samples. Average compressive strength of 0.8 MPa (28-day strength) and an average elastic modulus of 34 MPa were achieved for the RC samples. Further efforts at improvement would involve better matching of the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of RC samples with the natural coal samples.     

升温速率对高温作用后砂岩的宏细观性质影响

砂岩受到高温影响后,宏细观性质会发生不同程度的变化,400 ℃ 和1 000 ℃ 是砂岩宏细观性质变化的两个重要节点。为进一步研究升温速率对高温砂岩物理性质、力学特性以及内部微观破裂的影响,以350 ℃和 950 ℃为目标温度,开展了不同升温速率下砂岩的单轴压缩试验,单轴压缩全程采用声发射监测,采用扫描电镜分析了砂岩破坏后的细观形貌。研究结果表明：经不同升温速率处理后,350 ℃砂岩的质量、体积、密度以及纵波波速变化较小;950 ℃砂岩的质量、密度及纵波波速显著降低,体积明显增大,且升温速率越高变化率越小。350 ℃砂岩的应力−应变曲线、应力−体积应变曲线、抗压强度及弹性模量受升温速率的影响较小;950 ℃ 下砂岩试样应力−应变曲线随升温速率的增加向上偏移,抗压强度和弹性模量则先增加后达到恒定。350 ℃ 及 950 ℃砂岩的声发射振铃累计数都有随升温速率增大而减小的趋势,950 ℃ 下升温速率为1 ℃/min 时砂岩的振铃累计数最大,突发性声发射活动区域最多。对不同升温速率砂岩进行扫描电镜分析发现,升温速率对350 ℃ 砂岩的微观形貌影响较小,950 ℃ 砂岩试件则会随着升温速率的下降出现微裂纹和微孔隙数量增多、体积扩大的情况。