安徽贵池铜山矽卡岩型铜矿床蚀变矿化分带特征及其成因

铜山矽卡岩型铜矿床产于长江中下游铁铜成矿带中的安庆—贵池矿集区。研究区矽卡岩化与矿化发生于碳酸盐岩地层与花岗闪长斑岩间的接触带中,蚀变及矿化具有水平与垂向分带特征。水平方向上,靠近岩体的矽卡岩中石榴子石含量较高,远离岩体的矽卡岩中透辉石含量较高;靠近大理岩带发育钙铁辉石矽卡岩,远离大理岩带的灰岩硅化较强。垂向上,从上到下依次为角岩带、钙质矽卡岩带和镁质矽卡岩带。矿物成分研究表明,靠近岩体处氧化性较强,石榴子石的钙铁榴石端员含量高;铜多富集于含石英脉的岩体、距岩体略远的矽卡岩、角岩或大理岩中,而锌多富集于硅化灰岩及远离岩体的矽卡岩中。研究表明,该矿床中蚀变矿化经历了进变期和退变期,包括接触热变质阶段、进化交代阶段和早退化蚀变阶段、晚退化蚀变阶段。其中,大规模的黄铜矿化主要发生于早退化蚀变阶段,且在岩浆演化晚期进一步富集于斑岩石英脉中。     

青海省兴海县赛什塘铜矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及地质意义

赛什塘铜矿位于东昆仑造山带东端的鄂拉山地区,是中国西部重要的矽卡岩型铜矿之一。矽卡岩形成于印支期石英闪长岩与中—下三叠统地层Tb2 1-2岩性段的接触带,矿体主要呈似层状、透镜状产于外接触带矽卡岩中。Tb2 1-2岩性段由中性火山岩、大理岩及变质粉砂岩构成,其中变安山质凝灰岩及安山岩与铜矿化有着密切的空间关系。岩相学研究表明,含铜矽卡岩的形成经历了矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段及石英-碳酸盐阶段。矽卡岩阶段形成石榴子石、辉石及硅灰石,退化蚀变阶段则形成绿帘石、角闪石及磁铁矿,石英-硫化物阶段大量金属硫化物发生沉淀。电子探针分析表明,石榴子石与辉石矿物组分分别为Gro0.00~91.00And7.02~100.00(Pyr+Alm+Spe)0.00~4.27与Di12.80~98.08Hd2.41~79.80(Jo+Jd+Opx)0.00~13.47,表明其属于典型的钙矽卡岩类。空间上,靠近石英闪长岩与安山岩接触带处,钙铝榴石和绿帘石更富集,而向大理岩的一侧以钙铁榴石为主,并常见硅灰石及含Mn的钙铁辉石。矿物学特征及矿物成分的变化显示:从矽卡岩阶段到石英-硫化物阶段,流体性质呈幕式的变化,成矿流体至少经历了2次氧化还原性质的转变,这种变化可能与成矿流体中大气降水的不断加入有关。赛什塘铜矿属于矽卡岩型矿床,以石英闪长岩为主的岩浆活动携带了大量的热量及流体,侵入到中—下三叠统地层中,与围岩地层发生物质交换的同时,引起了大理岩、变质粉砂岩与中性火山岩之间的双交代作用,是导致矽卡岩和矿体形成的重要机制。     

内蒙古朝不楞铁铜锌铋矿床的地质特征及矿床成因

内蒙古朝不楞铁铜锌铋矿床位于二连浩特-东乌旗多金属成矿带的东段,其矿化蚀变沿着花岗岩体与围岩的接触带分布。在外接触带,大理岩热液蚀变形成了进化矽卡岩,由石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石和方解石组成,泥质砂岩蚀变成角岩,由角闪石、黑云母、长石和石英组成。矽卡岩或角岩经退化蚀变形成了铁氧化物矿化,由磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和镜铁矿组成,伴随有绿帘石、方解石、萤石和黑云母蚀变;晚期热液退化蚀变形成了硫化物,由黄铜矿、白铁矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿、闪锌矿、辉铋矿和自然铋组成,伴随有透闪石、绿泥石、萤石、石英和方解石蚀变。在内接触带,花岗岩的热液蚀变形成了钾化,由钾长石、黑云母和少量石榴子石组成,随后被退化绿帘石、方解石和少量磁铁矿交代;晚期退化蚀变形成了硫化物脉,伴随有黑云母、方解石、石英和萤石蚀变。流体包裹体爆裂温度结果表明,该矿床形成于浅成（1.7~3.5 km）、高温环境,成矿热液具有从高温向低温多阶段演化的冷却史。矿床的地质、矿物组合特征及成矿物理化学条件显示出该矿床属于浅成、高温、近端的矽卡岩型矿床。     

江西永平铜矿床蚀变矿化分带、矿石组构及成矿过程

江西永平铜矿床位于江山-绍兴断裂带南缘、北武夷山燕山早期岩浆岩与海西期-印支期信江断裂坳陷带接合带,是一个伴生S-W-Pb-Zn多矿种的层状铜矿床。逆冲推覆构造控制着矿区内晚古生代地层、燕山期岩浆岩及矿体的空间分布,即基底周潭群逆冲推覆到晚古生界地层上,燕山早期黑云母花岗岩-花岗闪长岩、石英斑岩、花岗斑岩等沿逆冲推覆断面侵入,矿体呈层状产在矽卡岩化石炭系叶家湾组中。矿体围岩主要是石榴石矽卡岩、千枚状页岩及矽卡岩化大理岩。本文从矽卡岩分带、矿石组构等方面来刻画永平铜矿成矿精细过程。永平铜矿矿区的探采工程揭示,以火烧岗岩体为中心向外,蚀变矿物组合、石榴石颜色及矽卡岩的含矿性等表现出明显的分带规律,即从岩体到围岩有:石榴石→透辉石→硅灰石矽卡岩矿物分带;红色→棕色→绿色的石榴石颜色分带;矽卡岩含矿性先增加后降低,其中矿体主要在(红)棕色石榴石矽卡岩呈条带状或网脉状产出。矽卡岩型和变质砂页岩型矿石的矿石矿物组成均与硫化物-石英大脉(～10m)中矿石矿物组成相同或相似,均为黄铁矿-白钨矿-(方铅矿)-闪锌矿-黄铜矿,且生成顺序一致,说明矿区内不同类型的矿石是同一成矿热液体系在不同围岩类型及控矿构造中的产物。永平铜矿成矿过程可划分为石榴石、(磁)赤铁矿阶段、白钨矿阶段、铁铜硫化物阶段、铅锌硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段等六个阶段,其中石榴石阶段形成矽卡岩分带,在该阶段晚期形成磁黄铁矿-铁闪石-(黄铜矿)-石英块状矿石;(磁)赤铁矿阶段发育磁铁矿、赤铁矿;白钨矿阶段形成白钨矿及少量黑钨矿;铁铜硫化物阶段是铜硫矿主要矿化阶段,形成块状及脉状黄铜矿矿石;铅锌硫化物阶段是成矿晚期阶段;碳酸盐阶段代表原生成矿过程结束。     

江西朱溪铜钨多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

朱溪铜钨多金属矿床位于赣东北深大断裂北西侧。矿体主要产于燕山期侵入岩与碳酸盐岩接触带的矽卡岩或矽卡岩化大理岩中,代表性矽卡岩矿物有石榴子石、透辉石、透闪石、硅灰石、蛇纹石、金云母、符山石、绿泥石等。根据矿物共生组合及交代关系推断流体经历了5个阶段,分别为矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英硫化物阶段、石英碳酸盐阶段和表生氧化阶段。特征矿物的电子探针分析结果表明,石榴子石主要为钙铝榴石—钙铁榴石;辉石以透辉石—钙铁辉石系列为主;角闪石属钙角闪石系列;绿泥石主要是密绿泥石和斜绿泥石。推测岩浆侵入后,在矽卡岩阶段为中酸性弱氧化条件,在退化蚀变阶段氧逸度和pH值升高,氧化物析出,随着氧逸度的又一次降低,金属硫化物沉淀。最后,通过其矿物成分特征推测该矿床金属矿化的种类。     

In-situ LA–ICP-MS trace elemental analyses of magnetite: The Mesozoic Tengtie skarn Fe deposit in the Nanling Range,South China

The Nanling Range in South China hosts numerous world-class W–Sn deposits and some Fe deposits. The Mesozoic Tengtie Fe skarn deposit in the southern Nanling Range is contemporaneous with the regional Sn mineralization. The deposit is composed of numerous ore bodies along the contacts between the late Paleozoic or Mesozoic carbonate rocks and the Yanshanian Lianyang granitic complex. Interaction of the magma with hosting dolomitic limestone and limestone formed calcic (Ca-rich) and magnesian (Mg-rich) skarns, respectively. The Tengtie deposit has a paragenetic sequence of the prograde stage of anhydrous skarn minerals, followed by the retrograde stage of hydrous skarn minerals, and the final sulfide stage. Magnetite in the prograde and retrograde skarn stages is associated with diopside, garnet, chlorite, epidote, and phlogopite, whereas magnetite of the final stage is associated with chalcopyrite and pyrite. Massive magnetite ores crosscut by quartz and calcite veins are present mainly in the retrograde skarn stage. Laser ablation ICP-MS was used to determine trace elements of magnetite from different stages. Some magnetite grains have unusually high Ca, Na, K, and Si, possibly due to the presence of silicate mineral inclusions. Magnetite of the prograde stage has the highest Co contents, but that of the sulfide stage is extremely poor in Co which partitions in sulfides. Magnetite of magnesian skarns contains more Mg, Mn, and Al than that of calcic skarns, attributed to the interaction of the magma with compositionally different host rocks. Magnetite from calcic and magnesian skarns contains 6–185 ppm Sn and 61–1246 ppm Sn, respectively. The high Sn contents are not due to the presence of cassiterite inclusions which are not identified in magnetite. Instead, we believe that Sn resides in the magnetite structure. Regionally, intensive Mesozoic Sn mineralization in South China indicates that concurrent magmatic–hydrothermal fluids may be rich in Sn and contribute to the formation of high-Sn magnetite. Our study demonstrates that trace elements of magnetite can be a sensitive indicator for the skarn stages and wall-rock compositions, and as such, trace elemental chemistry of magnetite can be a potentially powerful fingerprint for sediment provenance and regional mineralization.     

西藏嘎拉勒铜金矿床地质特征与控矿条件分析

嘎拉勒铜金矿床位于冈底斯成矿带西段北缘,是近年来该区域发现的一个重要的典型镁质矽卡岩型铜金矿床。本文在矿区大比例尺地质填图基础上,结合前人研究资料,对该矿床地质特征和控矿条件进行了系统阐述和分析。矿区内出露地层主要为下白垩统捷嘎组白云岩和白云质灰岩,其下伏为下白垩统郎久组砂岩、粉砂岩和流纹质-英安质火山岩及火山碎屑岩。矿区内至少发生了3期构造变形,第1期形成北西向褶皱和北东向张性横断层,第2期形成北东向褶皱、北东向压性纵断层和北西向小型张性横断层,第3期形成近南北向正断层。区内自早到晚侵入有燕山晚期斑状石英闪长岩、闪长玢岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩。在石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩与捷嘎组白云岩和白云质灰岩接触带附近形成典型镁质矽卡岩,包括早、晚两个阶段,早阶段形成由橄榄石、粒硅镁石和少量尖晶石、石榴子石、透辉石组成的干矽卡岩,晚阶段形成由蛇纹石、金云母和少量绿帘石组成的湿矽卡岩,叠加在干矽卡岩之上或其外侧,构成自岩体向外的橄榄石+尖晶石+粒硅镁石±石榴石±金云母带、金云母+蛇纹石±橄榄石±石榴石±透辉石带、蛇纹石+金云母+绿帘石±透辉石带、蛇纹石±金云母化大理岩带。矿体呈层状、似层状、团块状及不规则状主要产于蛇纹石+金云母化带内,金属矿物主要有磁铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、自然金等,伴有硅化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化。成矿作用与花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩的侵入活动密切相关,主要受北东和北西向褶皱及相关断裂控制,矽卡岩化受捷嘎组中部纹层状白云岩和砂质白云岩等有利岩性控制,矿体就位于矽卡岩带的高渗透率部位。     

西藏嘎拉勒铜金矿床地质特征及矽卡岩矿物学特征研究

嘎拉勒铜金矿床位于班公湖-怒江缝合带西段,是该带上新近发现的十分重要的矽卡岩(斑岩)型铜金矿床,其金资源量已达大型以上规模。矿区内出露地层有白垩系朗久组及捷嘎组,并发育大量燕山期中酸性侵入岩。矿体主要产于灰白色花岗闪长岩与白云岩或白云质大理岩的接触带矽卡岩内。矽卡岩主要呈层状、似层状、港湾状及不规则状等产出;矽卡岩矿物主要为橄榄石、蛇纹石、辉石、金云母、透闪石、绿帘石、水镁石等;靠近内接触带可见石榴子石;金属矿物主要有磁铁矿、自然金、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、辉钼矿等。电子探针分析表明,矿区内矽卡岩矿物中的橄榄石主要为镁橄榄石,辉石主要为透辉石,云母主要为金云母,由此构成的矽卡岩矿物组合为典型的镁质矽卡岩;与之伴生的钙质矽卡岩矿物石榴子石主要为钙铁榴石。矿区中的矽卡岩在空间上具有较好的分带性,其表现为从内接触带至外接触带经历了镁橄榄石-透辉石相至金云母-透闪石相的渐变过渡演化,表明矿区矽卡岩具有从高温至低温的矿物组合演化序列;与矽卡岩分带相伴随的矿化分带,表现为深部的铜(钼)矿化过渡到浅部的铜金矿化。矿区最新勘查成果显示,在深部已发现少量斑岩型矿化,显示存在统一的矽卡岩-斑岩成矿系统的可能性,深部找矿潜力较大。     

秘鲁中部超大型特罗莫克斑岩-矽卡岩铜钼矿地质特征及区域成矿作用

秘鲁中部莫罗科查地区在板块俯冲引发的中新世构造-岩浆-热液作用下,形成了斑岩型、矽卡岩型、浅成低温热液型等多种铜钼铅锌银多金属矿化.文章选取该地区超大型特罗莫克铜钼矿床为典型矿床实例,通过岩石学、岩相学和年代学系统研究,深入剖析矿床的蚀变类型和矿化地质特征,并结合区域岩浆-热液作用过程,总结其区域成矿特点,以期为该区资...     

Geology and Metallogeny of the Shizhuyuan Skarn-Greisen Deposit,Hunan Province,China

The Shizhuyuan deposit is the largest among the economically important polymetallic tungsten deposits in China. The deposit occurs within the thermal aureole of Yanshanian felsic intrusions that were emplaced into Devonian carbonates and marls. The mineralization can be divided into three phases that are genetically associated with three episodes of granitic emplacement-pseudoporphyritic biotite granite, equigranular biotite granite, and granite porphyry. During the emplacement of pseudoporphyritic biotite granite, thermal metamorphism and subsequent skarnization developed around the stock. The pure limestone was transformed to marble, whereas marls and argillite interlayers were changed to a series of metamorphic rocks such as grossular-diopside hornfels, wollastonite hornfels, diopside hornfels, wollastonite-vesuvianite hornfels, muscovite-K-feldspar-anorthite hornfels, and prehnitevermiculite hornfels. Because of the subsequent strong skarn development, most hornfelses later were transformed into skarns. The skarns distributed around the granite stock are mainly calcic. They are massive in structure, and are composed mainly of garnet, pyroxene, vesuvianite, and wollastonite, with interstitial fluorite, scheelite, and bismuthinite. Although there is no cassiterite in the early skarns, their tin contents average 0.1%. The distribution and compositional and mineralogical relationships of skarn minerals suggest that they formed as a result of progressive reactions of a hydrothermal solution with a limestone of generally constant composition, and that the dominant process was progressive removal of Ca and addition of other constituents to the rocks.

Following the primary skarn formation, some of the assemblages were retrograded to new assemblages such as fluorite-magnetite-salite rock, magnetite-fluorite-amphibole rock, and magnetite-fluorite-chlorite rock. The retrograde alteration of the skarns is characterized by a progressive addition of fluorine, alkali components, silica, tin, tungsten, and bismuth. A zonation from garnet-pyroxene skarn or garnet skarn, through fluorite-magnetite-salite rock, to magnetite-fluorite-chlorite rock frequently can be recognized in the deposit. All retrograde-altered rocks contain scheelite, cassiterite, molybdenite, and bismuthinite.

During the emplacement of equigranular biotite granite, skarn veins several tens of centimeters wide were developed; they contain large crystals of garnet and vesuvianite, and interstitial scheelite, wolframite, cassiterite, and molybdenite. This second stage of mineralization occurs predominantly as coarse and fine stockwork greisens, which were superimposed on the massive skarns and surrounding marble. Such W-Sn-Mo-Bi-bearing greisens can be divided into topaz greisen, protolithionite greisen, muscovite greisen, and margarite greisen. Besides calcic skarn veins and greisens, manganese skarn veinlets also were developed; they consist of rhodonite, spessartine-almandine solid solution, spessartine, and helvite. The distribution of greisens is responsible for a metal zonation—i.e., W-Sn-Mo-Bi and Sn-Be-Cu-F zones from the contact boundary between the granite stock and skarns outward in the deposit. A third stage of mineralization is represented by lead-zinc veins, which also are accompanied by manganese skarns consisting of spessartine, rhodonite, manganese-rich pyroxene, helvite, tephroite, fluorite, tourmaline, and manganese-rich phlogopite.     

黑龙江省三矿沟夕卡岩型铁铜矿床矿物学特征及成矿物理化学条件

黑龙江三矿沟铁铜矿床位于大兴安岭北段多宝山矿集区,矿体产于燕山期侵入岩与奥陶系多宝山组大理岩接触带的夕卡岩内。根据矿物共生组合及交代关系,确定热液成矿过程包括夕卡岩阶段、退夕卡岩阶段和石英硫化物阶段。铁矿化主要发生在退夕卡岩阶段,形成磁铁矿、镜铁矿等铁氧化物,呈浸染状、条带状、块状产于钙铁榴石夕卡岩中。铜矿化主要发生在石英硫化物阶段,形成黄铜矿、斑铜矿等硫化物,交代早期矿物。电子探针分析等研究表明,三矿沟铁铜矿床发育钙质夕卡岩矿物组合,其石榴子石主要为钙铝榴石和钙铁榴石,辉石为透辉石钙铁辉石系列,角闪石属于钙角闪石系列,绿泥石属于I型三八面体富铁绿泥石。石榴子石有3种类型：早期自形粗粒的钙铝榴石(Grt-Ia)和钙铁榴石(Grt-Ib),以及晚期呈脉状产出的钙铁榴石(Grt-Ⅱ)。夕卡岩阶段成矿流体具有高温、弱酸性、高氧逸度的特征;退夕卡岩阶段流体温度降低,pH升高,形成大量铁氧化物;石英硫化物阶段流体温度和氧逸度降低,金属硫化物沉淀。     

W–Au skarns in the Neo-Proterozoic Seridó Mobile Belt,Borborema Province in northeastern Brazil: an overview with emphasis on the Bonfim deposit

The Seridó Mobile Belt (SMB) is located in the Borborema Province in northeastern Brazil and consists of a gneiss basement (Archean to Paleo-Proterozoic), a metasedimentary sequence (marble, quartzites, and schists), and the Brasiliano igneous suite (both of Neo-Proterozoic age). In this region, skarns occur within marble and at the marble–schist contact in the metasedimentary sequence. Most of the skarn deposits have been discovered in the early 1940s, and since then, they have been exploited for tungsten and locally gold. Recently, the discovery of gold in the Bonfim tungsten skarn has resulted in a better understanding of the skarn mineralization in this region. The main characteristics of the SMB skarns are that they are dominantly oxidized tungsten skarns, with the exception of the Itajubatiba and Bonfim gold-bearing skarns, which are reduced based on pyrrhotite as the dominant sulfide, garnet with high almandine and spessartine component, and elevated gold contents. In the Bonfim deposit, pressure estimates indicate that the skarns formed at 10- to 15-km depth. The mineralized skarns present the prograde stage with almandine, diopside, anorthite, and actinolite-magnesio-hornblende, and titanite, apatite, allanite, zircon, and monazite as accessory minerals. The retrograde stage is characterized by alkali feldspar, clinozoisite–zoisite–sericite, calcite, and quartz. Scheelite occurs in four ore-shoots distributed within the marble and at the marble–schist contact. The main ore body is 5–120 cm wide and contains an average of 4.8-wt.% WO₃, which occurs in the basal marble–schist contact. Fold hinges appear to control the location of high-grade scheelite. The late-stage gold mineralization contains bismite (Bi₂O₃), fluorine-bearing bismite, native bismuth, bismuthinite (Bi₂S₃), and joseite [Bi₄(Te,S)₃], and also chlorite, epidote, prehnite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. This gold–bismuth–tellurium mineralization exhibits a typical late character and occurs as a black fine-grained mineral assemblage controlled by conjugate brittle-ductile faults (and extensional fractures) that crosscut not only the banding in prograde skarn but also the retrograde alkali feldspar and clinozoisite–zoisite–sericite assemblage. The Au–Bi–Te-bearing minerals are intergrown with retrograde epidote, prehnite, chlorite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, indicating that gold mineralization at Bonfim is linked to a late-stage skarn event. The polymetallic nature of the Bonfim deposit can be used as an important guide for the exploration of this type of skarn deposit in the Borborema Province, which potentially contains significant new, undiscovered gold and polymetallic deposits.     

Fluid Evolution and Ore‐forming Processes of the Jiama Cu Deposit,Tibet: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions

The Jiama deposit is a large copper deposit in Tibet. Mineralization occurs in three different host rocks: skarn, hornfels and porphyry. A detailed fluid inclusion study was conducted for veins in the different host rocks to investigate the relationship between fluid evolution and ore-forming processes. Based on examination of cores from 36 drill holes, three types of veins(A, B and D) were identified in the porphyries, four types(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ andⅣ) in the skarn, and three(a, b and c) in the hornfels. The crosscutting relationships of the veins and that of the host rocks suggest two hydrothermal stages, one early and one late stage. Fluid inclusions indicate that the Jiama hydrothermal fluid system underwent at least two episodes of fluid boiling. The first boiling event occurred during the early hydrothermal stage, as recorded by fluid inclusions hosted in type A veins in the porphyries, type a veins in the hornfels, and wollastonite in the skarns. This fluid boiling event was associated with relatively weak mineralization. The second boiling event occurred in the late hydrothermal stage, as determined from fluid inclusions hosted in type B and D veins in the porphyries, type Ⅰ to Ⅳ veins in the skarns, and type b and c veins in the hornfels. This late boiling event, together with mixing with meteoric water, was responsible for more than 90% of the metal accumulation in the deposit. The first boiling only occurred in the central part of the deposit and the second boiling event took place across an entire interlayered structural zone between hornfels and marble. A spatial zoning of ore-elements is evident, and appears to be related to different migration pathways and precipitation temperatures of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag.     

Mineralization and fluid evolution of the Jiyuan polymetallic Cu–Ag–Pb–Zn–Au deposit,eastern Tianshan,NW China

The newly discovered Jiyuan Cu–Ag–(Pb–Zn–Au) deposit is located in the southern section of the eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China. It is the first documented deposit in the large Aqikekuduke Ag–Cu–Au belt in the eastern Tianshan orogen. Detailed field observations, parageneses, and fluid inclusion studies suggest an epithermal ore genesis for the main Cu–Ag mineralization, accompanied by a complicated hydrothermal alteration history most likely associated with the multi-stage tectonic evolution of the eastern Tianshan. The Jiyuan Cu–Ag ore bodies are located along the EW-striking, south-dipping Aqikekuduke fault and are hosted by Precambrian marble and intercalated siliceous rocks. Early-stage skarn alteration occurred along the contact zone between the marble layers and Early Carboniferous diorite–granodiorite and monzogranite intrusions; the skarns are characterized by diopside–tremolite–andradite–pyrite–(magnetite) assemblages. Local REE-enriched synchysite–rutile–arsenopyrite–(clinochlorite–microcline–albite) assemblages are related to K–Na alteration associated with the monzogranite intrusions and formed under conditions of high temperature (310°C) and high salinity (19.9 wt.% NaCl). Subsequent hydrothermal alteration produced a series of quartz and calcite veins that precipitated from medium- to low-temperature saline fluids. These include early ‘smoky’ quartz veins (190°C; 3.0 wt.% NaCl) that are commonly barren, coarse-grained Cu–Ag mineralized quartz veins (210°C; 2.4 wt.% NaCl), and late-stage unmineralized calcite veins (140°C; 1.1 wt.% NaCl). Tremolite and Ca-rich scapolite veins formed at an interval between early and mineralized quartz veins, indicating a high-temperature, high-salinity (>500°C; 9.5 wt.% NaCl) Ca alteration stage. Fluid mixing may have played an important role during Cu–Ag mineralization and an external low-temperature Ca-rich fluid is inferred to have evolved in the ore-forming system. The Jiyuan auriferous quartz veins possess fluid characteristics distinct from those of the Cu–Ag mineralized quartz veins. CO₂-rich fluid inclusions, fluid boiling, and mixing all demonstrate that these auriferous quartz veins acted as hosts for the orogenic-type gold mineralization, a common feature in the Tianshan orogenic belt.     

Geochemical Characteristics,Origin, and Evolution of Ore‐Forming Fluids of the Khut Copper Skarn Deposit,West of Yazd in Central Iran

The Khut copper skarn deposit is located at about 50 km northwest of Taft City in Yazd province in the middle part of the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc. Intrusion of granitoid of Oligocene–Miocene age into carbonate rocks of the Triassic Nayband Formation led to the formation of marble and a calcic skarn. The marble contains high grade Cu mineralization that occurs mainly as open space filling and replacement. Cu‐rich sulfide samples from the mineralized marble are also anomalous in Au, Zn, and Pb. In contrast, the calcic skarn is only weakly anomalous in Cu and W. The calcic skarn is divided into garnet skarn and garnet–pyroxene skarn zones. Paragenetic relationships and microthermometric data from fluid inclusions in garnet and calcite indicate that the compositional evolution of skarn minerals occurred in three main stages as follows. (i) The early prograde stage, which is characterized by Mg‐rich hedenbergite (Hd_53.7Di_42.3–Hd_86.1Di_9.5) with Al‐bearing andradite (69.8–99.5 mol% andradite). The temperature in the early prograde skarn varies from 400 to 500°C at 500 bar. (ii) The late prograde stage is manifested by almost pure andradite (96.2–98.4 mol% andradite). Based on the fluid inclusion data from garnet, fluid temperature and salinity in this stage is estimated to vary from 267 to 361°C and from 10.1 to 21.1 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Pyrrhotite precipitation started during this stage. (iii) The retrograde stage occurs in an exoskarn, which consists of an assemblage of ferro‐actinolite, quartz, calcite, epidote, chlorite, sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite that partially replaces earlier mineral assemblages under hydrostatic conditions during fracturing of the early skarn. Fluids in calcite yielded lower temperatures (T < 260°C) and fluid salinity declined to ～8 wt% NaCl equivalent. The last stage mineralization in the deposit is supergene weathering/alteration represented by the formation of iron hydroxide, Cu‐carbonate, clay minerals, and calcite. Sulfur isotope data of chalcopyrite (δ³⁴S of +1.4 to +5.2‰) show an igneous sulfur source. Mineralogy and mineral compositions of the prograde assemblage of the Khut skarn are consistent with deposition under intermediately oxidized and slightly lower fS₂ conditions at shallow crustal levels compared with those of other typical Fe‐bearing Cu–Au skarn systems.     

Fractured-controlled fluid flow and metasomatism in the contact aureole of the Marulan Batholith (New South Wales, Australia)

The Late Silurian Bungonia Limestone was contact metamorphosed adjacent to the Early Devonian Glenrock Granodiorite at 500-580 °C and 0.7-2.2 kbar. At >60 m from the granodiorite contact the limestone is pure calcite marble. Closer to the contact it was extensively metasomatised to form metre-scale dykes of garnet and clinopyroxene, massive wollastonite skarns, decimetre-thick veins dominated by vesuvianite, and distinct breccia zones that contain millimetre-wide veinlets of vesuvianite-garnet. These skarns and veins represent channel ways for aqueous Si-Mg-Fe-Al-bearing metasomatic fluids of magmatic origin. The '¹⁸O values of the marble are typically little reset (>20‰), even within millimetres of the skarn breccias, and only within tens of centimetres of the thicker skarns. The pattern of metasomatism and isotope resetting observed around and within the skarn zones does not accord with simple flow models that assume fluid flow from the granodiorite into marble that initially contained a connected, fluid-filled porosity. Instead, the data are most compatible with hydrofracture of corrosive, metasomatic fluids into initially dry rocks in short-duration flow events.     

吉林省桦甸市小天平岭铜矿床地质特征及找矿方向

小天平岭铜矿床是燕山期花岗岩和花岗闪长岩沿向斜次级褶皱的轴部侵入大理岩、灰岩和安山质火山岩中,在侵入体周围的接触带形成以石榴石为主的矽卡岩型铜矿床。矿床成因符合矽卡岩铜矿的成矿规律,找矿标志明显,具有很大的找矿前景。     

短波红外光谱技术在矽卡岩型矿床中的应用——以鄂东南铜绿山铜铁金矿床为例

铜绿山铜铁金矿床是长江中下游铜铁多金属成矿带最重要的矽卡岩型矿床之一,矿床的形成与铜绿山石英闪长岩株体密切相关,矿体主要沿北北东向断裂产于石英闪长岩与大理岩/白云质大理岩的接触带,形成钙-镁复合型矽卡岩铜多金属矿化。围岩蚀变由致矿岩体到接触-蚀变矿化中心为:绢云母-绿泥石-钾化带、高岭石-绿泥石-弱矽卡岩化带、皂石-绿泥石-强矽卡岩化带。蚀变矿化期次可分为岩浆-热液期和表生期,其中,岩浆-热液期可分为矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、氧化物阶段、硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。绿泥石是钻孔岩芯中出现最多且分布最为广泛的蚀变矿物之一。经短波红外光谱(SWIR)研究发现,从蚀变矿化中心到外围,绿泥石出现由铁绿泥石/铁镁绿泥石逐渐转变为镁绿泥石,且绿泥石Fe-OH特征吸收峰位值(Pos2250)显示出从高值变为低值的趋势。结合其他蚀变矿物的空间分布特征,文章提出绿泥石的高Fe-OH特征吸收峰位值(Pos22502253 nm)与金云母、蛇纹石、绿帘石、皂石和高岭石的大量出现,对指示铜绿山矽卡岩型矿床的矿化中心具有一定的作用。     

云南个旧塘子凹锡多金属矿床夕卡岩地质地球化学特征

从地质产状、矿物组合和岩石化学成分等方面探讨了个旧塘子凹接触带不同类型夕卡岩的特征。该夕卡岩带从内侧到外侧常具有辉石夕卡岩带和石榴子石夕卡岩带交替出现的现象，其岩石化学成分也相应地发生韵律变化，表现为在辉石夕卡岩带中SiO2和MgO含量较高，而在石榴子石夕卡岩带中CaO、TFe和Al2O3含量较高。认为夕卡岩带中的韵律变化一方面与被交代围岩中存在灰质白云岩和大理岩的互层带有关，另一方面与岩浆期后热液的渗滤交代作用有关。围岩中的灰质白云岩层被交代后形成辉石带，大理岩层被交代后形成石榴子石带。