Ocean wave parameters retrieved directly from compact polarimetric SAR data

We aim to directly invert wave parameters by using the data of a compact polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(CP SAR) and validate the effectiveness of ocean wave parameter retrieval from the circular transmit/linear receive mode and π/4 compact polarimetric mode. Relevant data from the RADARSAT-2 fully polarimetric SAR on the C-band were used to obtain the compact polarimetric SAR images, and a polarimetric SAR wave retrieval algorithm was used to verify the sea surface wave measurements. Usin...     

全极化SAR图像中溢油极化特征研究

相比于单极化SAR图像,全极化SAR图像不仅能体现海面目标的几何特征、后向散射特征,还能体现目标的极化特征。因此,在溢油检测方面,极化SAR更具优势。特征提取作为溢油检测的关键步骤,直接影响到溢油检测的精度。在本文中,我们分析了全极化SAR图像中海面溢油的极化特征,如极化散射熵、平均散射角等。并提出了新的极化特征P,该特征参数能够反映海面目标电磁散射过程中布拉格散射机制和镜面散射机制的比例。为了研究极化特征溢油检测的能力,本文基于SIR-C/X-SAR和Radarsat-2全极化SAR图像开展了相关实验,并对比分析了溢油的多种极化特征。实验结果显示,在中低风速情况下,C波段溢油探测效果优于L波段;本文提出的极化特征P对海面散射机制敏感;基准高度和特征参数P在C波段比其他极化特征更适于溢油检测。     

一种新的用于极化SAR图像船只检测的散射相似性测度

本文提出了一种新的用于极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）海上船只目标检测的测度。首先利用散射相似性参数研究船只与海杂波散射机制的差异。基于这些差异,提出了一种新的船只检测测度,该测度能够有效区分船只目标和海杂波。然后提出了利用核密度估计（KDE）方法对该测度进行建模的方法。基于统计模型,实现了自适应恒虚警率（CFAR）的检测方案。本文利用多景C波段RADARSAT-2极化SAR（Pol-SAR）数据上进行实验,系统分析了所提出测度的海杂波拟合性能与船只检测性能,并与两个经典的极化测度进行了比较,实验和比较结果证明了所提的测度的可行性。     

Aircraft measurements of the microwave scattering signature of the ocean

Microwave scattering signatures of the ocean have been measured over a range of surface wind speeds from 3 m/s to 23.6 m/s using the AAFE RADSCAT scatterometer in an aircraft. Normalized scattering coefficients are presented for vertical and horizontal polarizations as a function of incidence angle (nadir to55deg) and radar azimuth angle (0degto360deg) relative to surface wind direction. For a given radar polarization, incidence angle, and azimuth angle relative to the wind direction, these scattering data exhibit a power law dependence on surface wind speed. The relation of the scattering coefficient to azimuth angle obtained during aircraft circles (antenna conical scans) is anisotropic and suggests that microwave scatterometers can be used to infer both wind speed and direction. These results have been used for the design of the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) to be flown in 1978 on this first NASA oceanographic satellite.     

Polarimetric analysis and modeling of multifrequency SAR signaturesfrom Gulf Stream fronts

Using airborne synthetic aperture radar data from the 1990 Gulf Stream Experiment, this paper investigates the polarization and wavelength dependence of radar signatures for narrow fronts with converging flows occurring within the Gulf Stream. The signal-to-background ratios of the cross-polarization backscatter return from a convergent front were found much higher than those of copolarization returns, when the flight path is crossing the front. However, a second convergent front, imaged at 45°, showed that the signal-to-background ratios are nearly equal for co- and cross-polarizations. A polarimetric procedure, which has been successfully used to measure terrain slopes and to generate elevation maps, is applied to the convergent front to explain the polarization and imaging geometry dependence of these radar responses. A theoretical modeling of radar modulation using an ocean wave model and a composite-Bragg scattering model, which incorporates the effect of breaking waves, was developed. Calculations with the model agree reasonably well with the radar measurements at various polarizations for three radar frequencies: P-band (68 cm in wavelength), L-band (24 cm), and C-band (5.7 cm)     

Applying chaos to radar detection in an ocean environment: anexperimental study

Ship navigation through ice-infested waters is a problem of deep concern to the oil exploration industry of Northern countries. Conventional marine radars do not perform satisfactorily in detecting small targets such as small pieces of iceberg. This paper reports a new method for detection in an ocean environment. The approach is based on the recent observation that sea clutter, radar echoes from the sea surface, can be modeled as a nonlinear deterministic dynamical system which can be used as an alternative to the conventional stochastic process. Based on this model, detection in sea clutter is considered as dynamical system classification instead of statistical hypothesis testing. Two dynamical detection methods are proposed. The first one uses a dynamical invariant called the attractor dimension to distinguish a target from a pure clutter process. The second approach tries to detect the existence of a target by observing the “difference” of the motion of the target and the clutter process. To show the validity of the idea of dynamical detection in sea clutter, real sea clutter, and target data were used in this study     

基于海杂波随机游走模型的多重分形谱分析

海杂波具有非线性、非平稳和时变特性,多重分形测度分析是对物理系统局部奇异性的一个完整描述。本文根据海杂波电磁散射的经典模型——随机游走模型,利用随机微分理论对海杂波的物理特性进行了系统地建模分析。建立了描述海杂波电磁散射时变特性的随机微分方程,利用Itô公式得到了海杂波散射信号幅度和相位的扩散过程模型,并利用多重分形谱分析了该模型的奇异性。为了验证其准确性,与加拿大McMaster大学IPIX雷达实测海杂波数据的多重分形谱进行对比,实验结果表明两者完全一致,从而表明基于随机游走的随机微分模型是描述海杂波动力学机理的有效算法。     

A model for Doppler peak spectral shift for low grazing angle sea scatter

A model is formulated for Doppler spectral characteristics of radar sea scatter for low grazing angles, and is compared with previous radar measurements reported in the literature. The Doppler model is based upon the two-scale model for radar scatter, with scatterer motions hypothesized as due to the orbital wave velocity of the large-scale waves, Stokes and wind drift currents, and the phase velocity of the small-scale Bragg scatterers. Expressions for Doppler shifts due to these motions are derived, and are given as a function of wave height, wave period, and wind speed. Although this model appears to account for the peak Doppler shift of the sea-scatter Doppler spectrum for vertical polarization, it is insufficient to describe horizontally and cross-polarized data, which have larger mean Doppler shifts. However, these two cases are found to scale very closely with the nearly simultaneous vertically polarized data for the variety of environmental conditions reported. Implications of the extension of these results to higher-angle remote-sensing applications are discussed.     

高分辨率全极化SAR水上桥梁参数反演

高分辨率SAR中,桥梁的各次反射回波表现为条带状,这给桥梁参数的反演带来了困难。本文提出了一种适用于高分辨率全极化SAR的水上桥梁参数反演方法。首先,通过极化散射特征区分出桥梁的单次、二次和三次反射回波目标。然后,结合微波反射和折射的原理,分析了高分辨SAR图像中桥梁的各次反射回波成条带状的原因,在此基础上提出了各次回波目标的提取方法和桥梁参数反演方法。最后,利用获取的AIRSAR数据反演了桥梁的上下桥高、桥厚、桥宽、桥长及桥塔高度等参数,通过与实测数据对比,结果表明,本文的方法能较准确地反演桥梁的各项参数,其中桥高误差仅为1.3%,结果也表明了在高分辨率条件下,C和L波段的桥梁参数反演能力相当。     

全极化X波段雷达掠散射海面回波统计分布特征研究

尽管复Wishart分布已被广泛应用于SAR数据统计分析,然而该分布函数却很少被用来研究雷达海面掠散射回波时间序列的统计特征。本文通过分析IPIX雷达海面掠散射回波数据发现：大尺度海浪遮挡区的雷达回波能量很低,主要是雷达系统噪声,如果将该部分低能量回波数据剔除以后,真实海面的IPIX 雷达回波时间序列数据亦满足圆高斯分布,因此,IPIX 雷达海面回波的时间序列数据也必然满足复Wishart分布。在此,我们基于Wishart分布模型分别对全极化IPIX 雷达不同极化通道数据的海面回波时间序列数据进行了统计研究,并推导给出了不同通道数据协方差矩阵元素实部、虚部及相位差等参数的统计分布函数模型。通过与雷达测量数据比计较可见,推导所得理论统计模型与实际测量数据吻合很好。本文所得结论对进一步深入理解掠散射海面雷达回波的统计特征具有一定理论意义。     

利用海骚回波推测海面风浪

本文根据我国海岸雷达的实际情况,提出了直接测量海骚回波强度和直接测定海骚回波最大距离的方法,并利用实测资料,建立了最大风速与海骚回波最大距离的相关关系式及海骚回波最大距离与海面风浪关系曲线。     

Polarimetric radars and polarimetric SAR data in tasks of detection and identification of marine oil pollution

Detecting and distinguishing different kinds of oil pollution, including spills of crude oil on the sea surface, is one important problem of modern remote sensing. The wide use of imaging radars is not always effective. In this review paper, the main principles and methods of polarization radar imaging and radar data processing are discussed based on present theoretical and experimental approaches and ideas. The efficiency of polarimetric methods for oil-spill detection and accurate identification on the sea surface is demonstrated as well. As is shown, modern methods of multipolarimetric radar-signal processing is a powerful means for improving oil-pollution detection and discrimination algorithms.     

Polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface with a two-scale scattering model

The relationships among an ocean wave spectrum,a fully polarimetric coherence matrix,and radar parameters are deduced with an electromagnetic wave theory.Furthermore,the relationship between the polarimetric entropy and ocean wave spectrum is established based on the definition of entropy and a twoscale scattering model of the ocean surface.It is the first time that the polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface is presented in theory.Meanwhile,the relationships among the fully polarimetric entropy and the parameters related to radar and ocean are discussed.The study is the basis of further monitoring targets on the ocean surface and deriving oceanic information with the entropy from the ocean surface.The contrast enhancement between human-made targets and the ocean surface with the entropy is presented with quad-pol airborne synthetic aperture radar（AIRSAR） data.     

Shipboard measurements of the modulation characteristics of 3.2 cm radar signals scattered by the sea surface

The results of shipboard measurements of the modulation characteristics of 3.2 cm radar signals scattered by a rough sea surface at low grazing angles are reported. The experiments were carried out from on-board a drifting research vessel in the Atlantic trade wind zone at wind speeds of 7–10 m s⁻¹ and coinciding directions of the wind and waves. Azimuthal isotropy of the modulation spectra was observed. It is emphasized that the ‘sea surface-scattered signal’ modified modulation transfer function is somewhat larger for horizontal polarization than for vertical polarization. Translated by V. Puchkin.     

Evaluation of the relationship between parameters of the radar signal backscattered by the sea surface at grazing angles and the wind wave breaking characteristics

The results of investigations of the statistical characteristics of spikes of radar signals scattered by the sea surface at grazing angles and borizontally polarized radiation are reported. The measurements were conducted at wind speeds ranging from 2.8 to 9 m s^–1 and at various azimuthal directions relative to the general sense of wind wave propagation. The relationship between the theoretically and experimentally derived distribution parameters allows a conclusion about the linear dependence of spike amplitudes on the extent of instable areas. The theoretical model provides a qualitatively authentic azimuthal nature of the variation of the mean radar signal.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

各向异性海面全极化微波双站散射的仿真与分析

为了解各向异性随机粗糙海面的微波双站散射机制及其特性,本文利用解析近似的积分方程模型以及一种改进的半经验海浪谱模型实现了对各向异性随机粗糙海面的全极化微波散射仿真模拟,并与卫星观测数据、经验的地球物理模式函数及已有的解析近似散射模型仿真结果进行了对比,验证了仿真结果的可行性和准确性。利用该模型分析了入射波频率、入射角、极化方式、海面风速及风向等参数对各向异性海面双站散射的影响。模拟结果表明,在不同的入射角、散射角及方位角等观测几何条件下,海面不同波段的双站散射表现出不同的空间散射特性,且对风速、风向等海面动力学参数表现出不同的敏感性,以L波段为例,海面向后半球双站散射在各个极化方式下都对风速较为敏感,而在同极化方式下,其对风向的响应在中低风速和高风速条件下相反,整体而言,低风速下海面双站散射对风向更为敏感。这表明对于海面动力参数的反演,双站散射可以提供比传统单站雷达后向散射更丰富的物理信息。本文探讨了各向异性海面微波双站散射特性,为基于主动式及分布式微波传感器的海洋动力参数遥感反演提供了理论分析基础。     

Sea-clutter modeling using a radial-basis-function neural network

Recently, neural networks have been proposed for radar clutter modeling because of the inherent nonlinearity of clutter signals. This paper performs an analysis of the practicality of using a radial basis function (RBF) neural network to model sea clutter and to detect small target embedded in sea clutter. An experiment using an instrumental quality radar was carried out on the eastcoast of Canada to create a rich sea clutter and small surface target database. This database contains both staring and scanning data under various environmental conditions. Using data-sets with different characteristics, we investigate the effects of quantization error, measurement noise, generalization of the neural net over ranges and sampling rate on the RBF clutter model. Despite these physical limitations, the RBF model was shown to approach an optimal predictive performance. The RBF predictor was also applied to detect various small targets in this database based on the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) principle. This RBF-CFAR detector was demonstrated to be able to detect small floating targets even in rough sea conditions     

Shallow sea topography detection using fully polarimetric Gaofen-3 SAR data based on swell patterns

Compared to single-polarization synthetic aperture radar(SAR) data, fully polarimetric SAR data can provide more detailed information of the sea surface, which is important for applications such as shallow sea topography detection. The Gaofen-3 satellite provides abundant polarimetric SAR data for ocean research. In this paper, a shallow sea topography detection method was proposed based on fully polarimetric Gaofen-3 SAR data. This method considers swell patterns and only requires SAR data and ...     

多极化SAR溢油探测影响因素分析研究

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR) oil spill detection parameters conformity coefficient(μ), Muller matrix parameters(|C|, B_0), the eigenvalues of simplified coherency matrix(λ_(nos)) and the influence of SAR observing parameters, ocean environment and noise level are investigated. Radarsat-2 data are used to make systematic analysis of polarimetric parameters for different incidences, wind speeds, noise levels and the ocean phenomena(oil slick and look likes). The influence of the SAR observing parameters, the ocean environment and the noise level on the typical polarimetric SAR parameter conformity coefficient has been analyzed. The results indicate that conformity coefficient cannot be simply used for oil spill detection, which represents the image signal to the noise level to some extent. When the signals are below the noise level for the oil slick and the look likes, the conformity coefficients are negative; while the signals above the noise level corresponds to positive conformity coefficients. For dark patches(low wind and biogenic slick) with the signal below the noise,polarization features such as conformity coefficient cannot separate them with oil slick. For the signal above the noise, the oil slick, the look likes(low wind and biogenic slick) and clean sea all have positive conformity coefficients, among which, the oil slick has the smallest conformity coefficient, the look likes the second, and the clean sea the largest value. For polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection, the noise plays a significant role. So the polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection should be carried out on the basis of noise consideration.     

高频地波雷达海杂波的边界约束循环对消

在对海洋监视监测的过程中,高频地波雷达的船只目标检测能力与其对海杂波的抑制能力密切相关。但是,传统海杂波时域抑制方法存在目标回波参数与海杂波相近时难以区分其各自分量,对消时目标被误消除的问题。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种适用于高频地波雷达海杂波的边界约束循环对消方法。该方法综合海杂波频移理论和实际海杂波特性分析制定出边界条件,约束建模对消过程,实现海杂波分量的抑制。实测地波雷达数据和船舶自动识别系统(AIS)数据检验的结果表明,本文方法克服了传统方法的不足且信杂比改善更加稳定,能够更加有效地实现海杂波循环对消。