油气化探,何去何从?(代序)

油气化探自德国Laubmeyer在1929年第一次申请有关勘查油气方法与仪器的专利权之后已经过了80年.但其发展始终坎坷起伏.     

油气化探，何去何从？（代序）

油气化探自德国Laubmeyer在1929年第一次申请有关勘查油气方法与仪器的专利权之后已经过了80年.但其发展始终坎坷起伏.     

Hydrochemistry and pollution probability of selected sites along the Euphrates River, Western Iraq

The hydrochemistry of Euphrates River in the study area which extended from Hit to Al-Saqlawia was studied in order to determine the physical, chemical, and biological properties in addition to the radiation level. Thirty-one stations along the Euphrates River were chosen, 17 of them represented the Euphrates River itself, whereas the other stations are considered as point pollution sources which all empty their load directly in the Euphrates River with an average total discharge of 32 m³/s. Twenty-eight samples of the Euphrates water of both high- and low-flow periods were analyzed for cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺), anions (SO ₄ ⁼ , Cl^?, CO ₃ ⁼ , HCO ₃ ^? , NO ₃ ^? , PO ₄ ^?3 ), H₂S boron, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, bacteriological tests, radiation levels in addition to physical parameters such as hydrogen number (pH), total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, total suspended solid, and temperature. This study showed that the cations and anions during periods of high and low flows are within acceptable limit with exceptional Cl^?. Hydrochemical formula during the high flow was Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO₄, then it changed into Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO₄-Cl during the low-flow period. The average output cations and anions at downstream (Saqlawiya area) was relatively higher than those of input at upstream (Hit area); this attributed to the natural and anthropogenic activities originated mainly from agricultural activity and population communities around the river. Radiation level for ²¹²Pb, ²¹⁴Pb, ⁴⁰k, ²²⁰Ac, and ²¹⁴Bi showed that the higher level of radiation is concentrated within sediment rather than in water, but the radiation in both is within acceptable limit.     

伊拉克石油资源状况及其对中国能源安全战略的影响

伊拉克油气资源丰富,探明石油储量超过1125亿桶,天然气储量110万亿立方英尺。中国2001年石油进口量的55％来自中东,中东局势紧张,会直接影响中国石油的稳定供应。通过详细分析伊拉克石油资源状况,结合中国实际情况,探讨其对中国能源安全战略的影响,认为中国在摸清家底,加强国内油气地质勘查工作,包括全国油气资源战略选区工作,提高石油地质储量,增加国内生产能力的同时,应积极拓展中亚—俄罗斯、中东—北非和南美石油市场,实现原油进口地区的多元化,以降低对中东石油进口的依赖程度。     

Comparison between VES and 2D imaging techniques for delineating subsurface plume of hydrocarbon contaminated water southeast of Karbala City,Iraq

Shallow vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique with Schlumberger electrode array (maximum distance between current electrodes was 50 m) through 25 VES points distributed on five traverses. Two 2D imaging lines with Wenner electrode array 30 m each corresponding to two VES traverses were conducted near well water contaminated with hydrocarbon materials at Karbala Governorate, Iraq. It is found that these techniques can give good results in delineating contaminated and clear zones but the 2D imaging technique was better in delineating the boundaries of the contaminated water plume and gave clear image of the subsurface distribution of the contaminated water vertically and horizontally.     

Mineralogy, geochemistry, and reserve estimation of the Euphrates limestone for Portland cement industry at Al-Najaf area, South Iraq

This study deals with the mineralogical and geochemistry of the Euphrates Formation (Lower Miocene) in Bahr Al-Najaf area in order to assess the lithofacies of the Euphrates Formation for Portland cement manufacturing. Petrographic and mineralogical studies were carried out on 210 core samples, collected from 21 boreholes, and showed that calcite is the dominant mineral with few amounts of quartz, gypsum, feldspar, and a rare amount of dolomite. Clay mineral suites (palygorskite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite) formed about 5% from the total mineral composition. Palygorskite precipitated directly in alkali shallow water rich with Si and Mg ions. Chemical weathering of feldspar under acidic conditions participated in formation of Kaolinite. Geochemistry showed that there is no high variation in chemical constituents with depth, and the average of CaO (51.5), MgO (0.83), SO₃ (0.54), SiO₂ (4.3), Fe₂O₃ (0.45), Al₂O₃ (0.93), L.O.I (40.7), Na₂O₃ (0.08), K₂O (0.14), and Cl^- (0.1) qualified the lithofacies of Euphrates Formation to be raw materials suitable for manufacturing the Portland cement. Triangle Block method is applied to estimate the reserve on square area (2?×?2 km²) which is computed to be 63 million tons of medium-tough limestone as potential probable reserve.     

Palynomorph stratigraphy,palynofacies and organic geochemistry assessments for hydrocarbon generation of Ratawi Formation,Iraq

Seventy-two core and cutting samples of the Ratawi Formation from selected wells of central and southern Iraq in Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin are analysed for their sedimentary organic matters. Dinoflagellates, spores and pollen are extracted by palynological techniques from these rocks. Accordingly, Hauterivian and late Valanginian ages are suggested for their span of depositional time. These palynomorphs with other organic matter constituents, such as foraminifer’s linings, bacteria and fungi, are used to delineate three palynofacies types that explain organic matter accumulation sites and their ability to generate hydrocarbons. Palaeoenvironments of these sites were mainly suboxic to anoxic with deposition of inshore and neritic marine environments especially for palynofacies type 2. Total organic matters of up to 1.75 total organic carbon (TOC) wt.% and early mature stage of up to 3.7 TAI based on the brown colour of the spore species Cyathidites australis and Gleichenidites senonicus with mottled interconnected amorphous organic matter are used for hydrocarbon generation assessment from this formation. On the other hand, these rock samples are processed with Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Outcomes and data calculations of these analyses are plotted on diagrams of kerogen types and hydrocarbon potential. Theses organic matter have reached the mature stage of up to T _max?=?438 °C, hydrogen index of up to 600 mg hydrocarbons for each gram of TOC wt.% and mainly low TOC (0.50–1.55). Accordingly, this formation could generate fair quantities of hydrocarbons in Baghdad oil field and Basrah oil fields. Organic matters of this formation in the fields of Euphrates subzone extends from Hilla to Nasiriyah cities have not reached mature stage and hence not generated hydrocarbons from the Ratawi Formation. Software 1D PetroMod basin modelling of the Ratawi Formation has confirmed this approach of hydrocarbon generation with 100 % transformations of the intended organic matters to generate hydrocarbons to oil are performed in especially oil fields of East Baghdad, West Qurna and Majnoon while oil fields Ratawi and Subba had performed 80–95 % transformation to oil and hence end oil generation had charged partly the Tertiary traps that formed during the Alpine Orogeny. Oil fields of Nasiriyah and Kifle had performed least transformation ratio of about 10–20 % transformation to oil, and hence, most of the present oil in this field is migrated from eastern side of the Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin that hold higher maturation level.     

Terrace staircases of the River Euphrates in southeast Turkey,northern Syria and western Iraq: evidence for regional surface uplift

We present the first overall synthesis of the terrace deposits of the River Euphrates in SE Turkey, northern Syria, and western Iraq, combining new observations with summaries of data sets from different reaches that had previously been independently studied on a piecemeal basis. The largest number of terraces observed in any reach of the Euphrates is 11, in western Iraq, where this river leaves the uplands of the Arabian Platform. In many other localities not more than 5 or 6 terraces have previously been identified, although we infer that some of these are resolvable into multiple terraces. These terraces are typically formed of gravel, principally consisting of Neotethyan ophiolite and metamorphic lithologies transported from Anatolia. Although older gravels are also evident, most of the Euphrates terrace deposits appear, given the chronologies that have been established for different parts of the study region, to date from the late Early Pleistocene onwards, the cold stages most often represented being interpreted as marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 22, 16, 12, 8, 6 and/or 4, and 2. The formation of this terrace staircase reflects regional uplift of the Arabian Platform. Estimated amounts of uplift since the Middle Pliocene decrease southeastward from almost 300 m in SE Turkey to ∼150 m in western Iraq. Uplift rates increased in the late Early Pleistocene, the uplift estimated since then decreasing from ∼110 m in SE Turkey to a minimum of ∼50 m in the Syria–Iraq border region, then increasing further downstream across western Iraq to ∼70 m. Numerical modelling of this uplift indicates a relatively thin mobile lower-crustal layer, consistent with the low surface heat flow in the Arabian Platform.     

宣广盆地中二叠世栖霞组层序地层特征及页岩气勘探前景

对宣广盆地中二叠世栖霞组进行层序地层学分析,结合栖霞组富有机质页(泥)岩有机地球化学特征,评价页岩气勘探前景。研究表明:区内栖霞组可分为3个三级层序;每个层序划分出海侵体系域、凝缩段和高水位体系域,代表了一次相对较大的海平面升降旋回。富有机质页(泥)岩主要分布于凝缩段、凝缩段与海侵体系域或高水位体系域的转换过渡层段。栖霞组富有机质页(泥)岩厚8~35 m,TOC值0.77％~9.49％,有机质成熟度为1.428％,脆性矿物(石英、长石)相对富集,具有良好的脆性和可压性,页岩气成藏条件良好,特别是栖霞组五段具有巨大的资源潜力。     

青海省浪琴地区成矿条件与找矿前景分析

青海省天峻县浪琴地区1∶5万区域地质矿产调查,综合利用已有区域地质、物探、化探、遥感及矿产等资料,在区域地质调查、水系沉积物测量和遥感解译及蚀变信息提取等基础上,开展矿点概略性检查和物化探异常查证等工作,基本查明了区内铜、金、银、钒、铬、镍等矿产的成矿地质背景和成矿条件,圈定了45处水系沉积物单元素异常,其中乙类异常31处,丙类异常14处,新发现金属矿(化)点4处,圈定了找矿远景区,指明了找矿方向。     

准噶尔盆地陆梁油田油气源研究

地质色层效应、输道层矿物的吸附和储集层中油气的热演化,导致了生物标志物的多解性和常规油气源研究的不确定性。四面临凹,且凹陷都有可能成为其油气源区的陆梁油田油气源研究更具挑战性和难度。笔者通过对周边凹陷的构造演化、烃源岩生烃能力和地球化学特征、输道层的演化和特征以及陆梁油田油气地球化学特征进行分析,运用三环二萜烷C₂₀、C₂₁、C₂₃和甾烷C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉等生物标志物进行对比,认为陆梁油田的油主要来源于具有巨大生烃潜力的盆1井西凹陷二叠系烃源岩,气主要来自侏罗系烃源岩。     

合肥盆地构造演化、差异变形及油气勘探前景

合肥盆地的发育经历了基底形成、坳陷、断陷及构造反转等阶段的演化,进一步可以划分为坳陷盆地发育期(早侏罗世—中侏罗世)、前陆盆地发育期(晚侏罗世)、走滑盆地发育期(早白垩世)、断陷盆地发育期(晚白垩世—古近纪)和盆地消亡期(新近纪—第四纪)等5个阶段。控制合肥盆地构造-沉积格局的关键构造变形期为:早燕山期、中燕山期、晚燕山期—早喜马拉雅期。合肥盆地差异构造变形特征十分明显,自南往北可以划分为3个构造带,即金寨—舒城逆冲—伸展叠合构造带、六安—肥西逆冲推覆-断陷叠合构造带、淮南—定远冲断-断陷叠合带。这种南北方向的构造分带性受NWW向展布的断裂带控制。笔者依据对盆地各构造形变区勘探潜力的分析,确立了淮南—定远冲断-断陷叠合带为Ⅰ类远景区,即最有利的构造形变区;六安—肥西逆冲推覆-断陷叠合带为Ⅱ类远景区,即有利构造形变区;金寨—舒城逆冲-伸展叠合构造带为Ⅲ类远景区,即较有利构造形变区。     

Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) graptolite faunas of the Sandia Region,southern Peru

Ordovician graptolite faunas of Peru are restricted to a short interval in the Middle to basal Upper Ordovician, found in three regions of the country. All Peruvian graptolite faunas are strongly dominated by shallow water elements of the Atlantic Faunal Realm, represented largely by Didymograptus s. str. and Aulograptus, but a number of faunal elements of the pandemic isograptid biofacies have recently been discovered in the Sandia Region of SE Peru. Peruvian graptolite faunas are reviewed and the new records from the Sandia Region are discussed in detail. The faunas from the Purumpata and Iparo members of the San José Formation range in age approximately from the Undulograptus austrodentatus Biozone to the Holmograptus lentus Biozone (early to middle Darriwilian). The faunas provide a better understanding of faunal composition and diversity in this region and help to correlate shallow water and deeper water graptolite faunas from this time interval. Biserial graptolites are rare in most samples and usually indeterminable, but a single identifiable specimen of Undulograptus austrodentatus was found, indicating a level close to the base of the Darriwilian. A number of specimens of the genera Isograptus and Arienigraptus from the Sandia Region represent pandemic graptolite faunas of the isograptid biofacies, described for the first time from this region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

伊拉克艾哈代布油田白垩系生物碎屑灰岩储集层特征及主控因素

伊拉克中南部艾哈代布油田的中上白垩统生物碎屑灰岩构成两类储集层:中高孔渗储集层和中高孔低渗储集层。两类储集层的形成环境、储集空间、孔隙结构及孔渗性能等均不相同。前者主要发育在台内滩亚相颗粒灰岩类中,以铸模孔、非组构选择性溶孔、粒内溶孔和粒间孔为主,具有良好的孔喉配置关系,储渗性能较好,为本区最优质的储集层。后者主要发育在能量较低的泥晶灰岩类中,以体腔孔和晶间孔等孔隙为主,孔喉配置稍差,渗透性能较差。储集层受到沉积相和建设性成岩作用的控制。台内滩亚相是最有利的沉积相带,溶蚀作用、新生变形作用和白云石化作用是本区绝大多数次生孔隙形成的主控因素,其中同生期和表生期的溶蚀作用是本区有利储层形成的关键。     

Sedimentology of the Middle Marker (3.4 Ga), Onverwacht Group,Transvaal, South Africa

The Middle Marker is a thin (3–6 m) sedimentary unit at the base of the Hooggenoeg Formation in the 3.4 Ga old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. The original sediments consisted largely of current-deposited volcaniclastic detritus now represented by green to buff-colored silicified volcaniclastic rock and fine-grained gray chert. Black chert, possibly formed by the silicification of a non-volcaniclastic precursor, makes up a significant part of the unit. The Middle Marker is underlain and overlain by mafic and commonly pillowed volcanic flowrock. Although the original sediment has been replaced by and/or recrystallized to a microquartz, chlorite, sericite, carbonate and iron oxide mosaic under lower greenschist-grade metamorphism, sedimentary textures and structures are remarkably well preserved. Textural pseudomorphs indicate the primary volcaniclastic sediment consisted of a mixture of crystal, vitric and lithic debris. Middle Marker sediments were deposited as a prograding, cone-flanking volcaniclastic sedimentary platform in a relatively-shallow and locally current/wave-influenced subaqueous sedimentary environment. Available paleocurrent data indicate a largely bimodal, orthogonal distribution pattern which is quite similar to both ancient and modern shallow marine/shelf systems. Diagnostic evidence for tidal activity is lacking. As felsic volcanic activity waned, an extensive airfall blanket of fine-grained volcanic ash and dust was deposited in a low-energy subaqueous environment. The sedimentary cycle was terminated with a renewal of submarine mafic volcanism. Middle Marker volcaniclastic sediments accumulated in an anorogenic basin removed or isolated from the influence of continental igneous and metamorphic terranes. Although compositionally dominated by a volcanic source, Middle Marker sediments owe their final texture and sedimentary structures to subaqueous sedimentary rather than volcanogenic processes.     

Petrography, geochemistry and palynology of the Stockton coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian), Martin County, Kentucky

The Middle Pennsylvanian (Westphalian D) Stockton (also known as the Broas) coal bed of the Breathitt Formation is an important energy resource in Kentucky. Petrographic, geochemical and palynologic studies were undertaken from mine, core and highway exposures in Martin and northern Pike counies, Kentucky, in order to determine the influence of the Stockton depositional ecosystem on those parameters.Vitrinite-rich Stockton lithotypes are dominated by Lycospora. Dull lithotypes, including both high- and low-ash yield durains, generally have abundant Densosporites, suggesting that the parent plant inhabited a fairly wide range of environments. Lithologies having tree ferns as an important component also have high fusinite + semifusinite and a low telinite/gelocollinite ratio. The aerial root bundles of the tree ferns were susceptible to oxidation and, for tissue not oxidized to inertinite, to preservation as gelocollinite.In the initial stages of formation, the Stockton mire was discontinuous and had a rather restricted floral assemblage. The presence of durains higher in the Stockton section, particularly the low-ash yield durains having petrographic indicators of degradation, suggests that portions of the mire developed as a domed peat. The termination of the mire as a high-sulfur, arboreous lycopod-domimated mire is consistent with the return to more planar mire development.     

Geochemistry and genesis of sulphide ore deposits in Sharosh Village,Qandil Series,Kurdistan Region,NE Iraq

The low-grade base metal sulphide Cu–Zn–Pb and Fe mineralization of Qandil Series develop in shear zones that occur in formations of the north-western part of the Zagros Orogen. This sulphide mineralization occurs either as quartz vein type or disseminated type associated with metamorphic rocks (marbles and phyllites). This study aims to characterize these sulphide-rich ores by means of their mineralogical and geochemical features, including also the features of the corresponded host formations and those of marbles (calcitic and dolomitic) and phyllites. Petrographical data indicate the presence of Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe sulphides in hydrothermal quartz (±calcite) veins of different generations. Geochemical data of surface samples indicate enrichment of Cu and Fe in shear zones with low concentrations in Zn and Pb. The REE data indicate that the genesis of these sulphide ores took place in a hydrothermal system and was generally attributed to high temperature (> 250 °C).The mineralization seems to be fault-controlled, which is favoured by the significant tectonic deformation of the area.     

Potentiality of Paleocene source rocks and their contribution in generating the accumulated oil in the Eocene Pila Spi Reservoir in Taq Taq Oil Field, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The organic matters within the Paleocene Aaliji and Kolosh Formations in the well TT-04, Taq Taq Oil Field in Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq have been studied optically and also analytically by means of pyrolysis, Gas Chromatography (GC), and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Amorphous organic matters seemed to be the dominant component of the extracted organic matters within the studied section with an obvious increase of the Phytoclasts at the upper part of Kolosh Formation. Thermal Alteration Index, vitrinite reflectance, pyrolysis, and gas chromatography data all indicated the maturity of the lower part from the studied layers (known generally as Aaliji/Kolosh) and within the early stages of oil generation. Oil–source correlation indicates the possibility of contribution of the Paleocene source rocks in generating the accumulated oil in the Eocene Pila Spi reservoir in the field which also appeared to be a mature and of marine-to-mixed carbonate source. Oil–oil correlation between the oil in Pila Spi and the oil in the Upper Cretaceous reservoirs showed the possibility of existence of more than one source for the two oils. GC/MS analysis for the Pila Spi oil indicated the effect of biodegradation which may be considered as one of the reasons for being the American Petroleum Institute (API) of this oil about 24° while the oil in the Cretaceous reservoirs is of more than 47° API.     

Dolomitization of Carbonate Periplatform Deposit,Machari Formation (Middle to Late Cambrian),Korea

The petrography, the geochemistry and the burial history all constrain the origin and modification history of dolomites in an ancient periplatform carbonate slope deposit,the Machari Formation (late Miclclle to early Late Cambrian),Korea. The formation is mainly composed of rhythmic bedding. laminated to bedded lime mudstone alternating with argillaceous lime mudstone. The rhythmic bedding is a product of the deposition of offshore periplatform ooze and hemipelagic clay on a periplatform slope. This formation also shows minor and intermittent influx of other lithofacies including the bioclastic-peloidal packstone, peloidal wackestone, and intraclasts deposited as turbidites. Five types of dolomite occur in the Machari Formation, whose occurrence.texture and geochemistry provide an insight into origin and modification history.     

准噶尔盆地东部石炭系火山岩气藏石油地质特征及有利勘探方向分析

准噶尔盆地火山岩油气勘探取得重大进展。笔者经综合研究,提出影响该区天然气藏形成的石油地质主要特征是：前陆坳陷控制了烃源岩区域展布,后碰撞火山岩是主要的储层,古生代晚期的构造优化了储层物性并形成圈闭。松喀尔苏组为前陆坳陷磨拉石建造的近端粗碎屑岩沉积,是克拉美丽造山事件后快速沉积产物,作为主要烃源岩的下石炭统滴水泉组,是与松喀尔苏组同期前陆坳陷不同位置的沉积层系,滴水泉组是前陆坳陷中央的细粒沉积层系。后碰撞火山岩覆盖在前陆坳陷沉积层系之上,分布广泛,分布范围不受古生代造山带和现今构造单元控制。二叠纪发育断陷构造,形成凹隆相间的构造格局,在构造高部位的隆起区石炭系火山岩风化壳和构造裂缝,优化改善了火山岩储层的储集性能,形成有利油气运移通道和储集空间。克拉美丽山南缘的前陆坳陷中央为有利烃源岩分布区,该范围内的构造高部位的火山岩发育区,将是准噶尔盆地东部下一步火山岩油气藏勘探的有利区域。