Quantifying microartifacts using a personal computer

Microartifact analysis is a worthwhile endeavor in archaeological research. A recurring problem, however, has been the time invested in sample quantification. In this paper we offer an interactive way to quantify microartifact samples using a computer program called MMCOUNT. When the technique is applied during the point counting process, the time required to acquire reliable proportions of material classes can be reduced to approximately 25 minutes per sample, significantly less than usual counting times reported in other studies.     

矿床同位素定年方法的应用现状评析

高质量的年代学数据是矿床研究和对比的基础.针对近二十几年来在具体矿床同位素定年研究中,不同学者对同一矿床采用不同的定年方法常常得出相差十分悬殊的结论,甚至出现与地质事实截然相悖年龄数据的现象,文章对最常用的锆石U-Pb法、自生伊利石K-Ar法、金属硫化物Re-0s和Sm-Nd法、石英流体包裹体40Ar/39Ar法和Rb-Sr等时线法以及释光测年进行了评析.强调一套合理的矿床同位素年龄数据的获得,必须加强对地质背景的研究;明确测年矿物与矿化的成因联系,选择合适的定年方法.综合地质背景及可靠准确的年代学数据,对地质事件与成矿事件的联系做出合理的解释.     

中国大陆科学深钻井下参数随钻记录与回放系统

阐述了中国大陆科学深钻工程中实现井内井斜角、压力、温度等参数测试的重要意义;结合大陆科学深钻预研究项目的各项指标要求,对井下仪器设计的技术难点进行了分析,确定了该测试系统的总体设计思路.在大陆科学深钻现场的试验表明,随钻测量系统能满足井下高温、高压和强振动等恶劣工作环境下的高精度测试,获取了钻井轨迹的连续参数.与国外相关仪器对比结果表明,不仅检测结果正确、精度高,而且还具有起钻和下钻过程中的双重测试效果,另外该仪器在测试井斜的同时,还可监视泥浆温度、压力的变化,由于实现了随钻检测,因而无需为测斜而停钻,大大减少了辅助作业时间和钻井费用.     

Unlocking the applications of automated mineral analysis

Identifying and quantifying the relative abundance of minerals is a fundamental part of many aspects of both pure and applied geology. Historically, quantitative mineralogy could be achieved using optical microscopy and point counting. This is a slow and operator dependent process, and practically impossible to achieve in, for example, very fine grained samples. Over the last decade a range of automated mineralogy technologies have arisen from the global mining industry and are being increasingly used in other branches of geology. These technologies, based on scanning electron microscopy with linked energy dispersive spectrometers, have the potential to revolutionise how we quantify mineralogy. In addition, during measurement, the sample textures are also captured, providing a wealth of valuable data for the geologist. In this article we review the current state of automated mineralogy and highlight the many areas of application for this technology.     

遥感和多源地学数据图像处理技术及在地质找矿中的应用

图像处理技术用于遥感、物探、化探、地质、矿产和地理等多种数据的综合处理具有广阔的前景。它灵活、方便，可快速、直观、定量地从综合信息中发现和提取那些用常规方法难于获取的地质矿产信息，以便科学地进行基础地质研究和矿产资源综合评价。本文介绍了用图像处理技术在Ｉ２Ｓ／１０１大型数字图像处理系统中处理多源地学数据的方法及优越性。     

叠前时间偏移成像技术及其应用

零炮检距剖面是地震反射成像过程中的重要成果。通过弯曲反射界面模型,分析了共中心点(CMP)道集与共反射点(CRP)道集的差别,认为当反射界面倾斜时,常规处理中的CMP叠加不能得到准确的零偏移距剖面,而沿CRP道集叠加的叠前时间偏移能得到准确的零偏移距剖面,另外,还介绍了叠前时间偏移的实现方法和步骤,包括预处理、偏移速度场的建立和偏移后CRP道集的处理等,并结合实际资料进行了效果分析。     

It all comes out in the wash: Actualistic petrofacies modeling of temper provenance,Tonto Basin,Arizona, USA

Prehistoric potters frequently tempered their pottery with sand, the provenance of which can be established petrographically. In the Tonto Basin of central Arizona, the bedrock geology is highly variable, giving rise to geographically unique sands. Zones of sands with similar compositions can be modeled at an archaeologically relevant scale. Here we use the actualistic petrofacies concept, the Gazzi–Dickinson point‐counting technique, and multivariate statistics to create a petrofacies model, then apply it to sand‐tempered utilitarian pottery recovered from three Tonto Basin project areas. Data analysis reveals strong temporal and spatial ceramic production and consumption patterns. Production of pottery for exchange was established in at least one petrofacies ca. A.D. 600–950, with increasing specialization through time. By ca. A.D. 1150, corrugated wares had been added, and specialized production by ware was established in two petrofacies. Provenance evidence suggests different regional affiliations for groups in different parts of the basin. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

微炭屑的几种统计方法比较及其对人类活动的指示意义

微炭屑是研究火的历史和过去人类活动、重建古生态的一项重要指标。它一般指长轴小于120μm、黑色不透明的炭化颗粒。常用点接触法（11刻点和202刻点）、图像识别法、颗粒计数法和分粒级法进行微炭屑统计。本文利用不同方法求得的微炭屑面积浓度或颗粒浓度曲线显著相关,相关系数在0.6以上（p<0.05）,表明这几种方法的微炭屑统计结果具有相似的变化趋势,尤其是两种点接触法与图像识别法的统计结果更加相近,相关系数分别为0.79与0.88;  颗粒计数法与点接触法、图像识别法的相关系数是0.75和0.74。分粒级法与点接触法、图像识别法和颗粒计数法的相关性随着粒级的变化而不同。两种点接触法的微炭屑统计结果的相关系数高达0.93,反映了这两种方法所得微炭屑统计结果具有几乎相同的变化趋势。202刻点接触法由于与其他统计法的相关性都比较高,统计视域多且鉴定统计速度快,是进行微炭屑统计的最佳方法。微炭屑浓度高的时段出现在繁荣的文化期,可能指示着强烈的人类活动。     

大功率激电在二密铜矿应用效果

通过运用大功率激电在二密铜矿发现新矿体的讨论，表述了二密铜矿床的地质背景，总结了该矿的成矿类型，强调在充分研究地球物理条件的前提下，恰当地选用物探方法、合理进行工作部署是取得找矿突破的重要一环。指出随着成矿理论的发展，认识亦不断深化，老矿区仍存在一定找矿潜力。     

建议用准确的力学概念研究地球动力学

随着构造地质和地球动力学研究的深入,所引用的力学概念也越来越多,这些概念在力学中已先于地质学有严格的定义,那么引用这些概念时也应该遵循这些定义,以免错用。在进行构造解析和地球动力学分析时,准确运用力学概念有利于对问题的精确和量化解释,否则不仅不利于地质学的发展,还会阻碍地质学与力学和地球物理学之间的交流。然而,近年的文献中误用力学概念的现象时有发生,这与学科日新月异发展的形势很不相称。地质学每次突跃式发展都与其他学科,尤其力学概念的引入分不开。文章仅就几个最常用的力学概念作些基本解释,以期引起关注和研讨。     

高密度三维地震勘探在四川复杂山区应用效果

四川山区地形高差大、地层倾角陡、煤层薄、地质情况复杂,过去虽然经过多次探索和试验,地震勘探一直未获得成功。近年来,随着技术的发展、多道数字地震仪的引进、功能齐全的数字处理技术应用的基础上,成功地采用高密度三维地震勘探,获得了较好的地质成果,为矿井建设提供了可靠的地震地质资料。     

二维自动地电阻率技术探测门头沟老窑

针对门头沟区采空灾害十分严重的情况，采用二维自动地电阻率方法进行探测。施工中，根据实际地质情况合理布置装置；对地表不均匀性的影响采用统计平均剔除的方式较正；用拟断面图做资料处理解释。钻孔验证表明，二维自动地电阻率方法的地质效果良好。     

数量化理论Ⅲ在瓦斯突出预测敏感地质指标筛选中的应用

论述了数量化理论及数量化理论Ⅲ的基本原理,提出了反应标度的概念和计算方法,扩展了原来反应取值的适用范围和科学性。以中马村矿区为研究实例,研究了影响煤与瓦斯突出的地质因素,并采用统计单元划分结合数量化理论Ⅲ的方法,从11个地质因素中筛选出8个瓦斯突出预测敏感地质指标,并据此对中马村矿已采区进行了瓦斯地质区划。实践表明:将数量化理论Ⅲ应用于瓦斯地质学是可行的,为瓦斯突出预测敏感地质指标的筛选提供了新的思路。     

定量化火成岩结构分析与岩浆固结的动力学过程

定量化火成岩结构分析将传统的定性或半定量化的岩相学研究提高到了与岩石地球化学分析相比拟的定量化程度,实现了诸如晶体粒度分布、晶体空间分布、晶体定向程度分析和二面角测量等方面的定量化研究。集中介绍了以上4种国际上应用广泛的定量化火成岩结构分析方法,包括各种研究方法的基本理论公式、岩浆动力学意义和实现方式。详细介绍了定量化火成岩结构分析中处于核心地位的晶体粒度分布理论,概括了二维岩石薄片法、三维连续剖面法和X射线层析技术,在定量化火成岩结构分析中的应用原理和现状。对晶体粒度分布分析中数据的封闭性和有效性检验进行了简要论述。综合阐述了晶体成核生长,晶体的聚集、分离和分解,岩浆混合,压滤、压熔和岩浆流动,结构的调整和平衡等一些基本的岩浆动力学过程中晶体粒度分布特征的表现。结合一些已发表的晶体粒度分布和晶体空间分布数据,简要概括了重要的基本定量化火成岩结构参数所表达的封闭和开放岩浆体系的特征,以及参数间协变关系所反映的岩浆固结动力学过程。最后给出了二维岩石光薄片分析法的基本流程和注意事项,认为今后定量化火成岩结构分析和地球化学分析结合在一起的综合方法,将成为研究成岩成矿动力学过程的重要手段,也将会逐步扩展到岩浆相关矿床中成岩成矿机制分析和成矿预测的方向。     

青海东昆仑乌兰乌珠尔铜矿金属矿物特征及意义

通过详细的光、薄片研究,认为乌兰乌珠尔铜矿主要金属矿物有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、毒砂、闪锌矿、黑钨矿和锡石等.进一步通过金属矿物组合及其成分分析和流体包裹研究,推断乌兰乌珠尔铜矿的金属矿物主要是在高硫逸度较还原环境下形成的,其形成作用可划分为锡石-多金属和黄铜矿-多金属两个成矿阶段.结合乌兰乌珠尔区域地质和矿床地质的研究,确定该矿床为中高温热液Cu矿床.     

Analysis of the Variability of a Two-Dimensional Finite Strain Estimate

Finite strain estimation is a widely used technique for the study of rock deformation in structural geology. One particular algorithm proposed by Shimamoto and Ikeda uses the ‘average shape matrix’ of deformed markers. This paper provides a detailed error analysis for resulting strain estimates in two dimensions. When the number of markers exceeds 100, estimators of components of the strain tensor are shown to have an approximately Gaussian distribution with variances that increase with their mean. Equal variance estimators are obtained by applying a log transform for the elongation and an arcsin transformation for the orientation estimates. Confidence interval formulae for strain tensor components are proposed. Lithology specific constants arising in these formulae are estimated from undeformed samples. The results are validated by application to simulated data as well as observational data from thin sections of sandstone sampled from SE Ireland.     

The Valley and Ridge Province of eastern Pennsylvania—stratigraphic and sedimentologic contributions and problems

Many contributions that have led to a better understanding of Appalachian geology have resulted directly from work in the folded Appalachian Mountain and Great Valley sections of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province of eastern Pennsylvania. Disagreements have been common since H.D. Rogers first described the geology of the area in 1858. Many differing opinions still exist regarding the stratigraphy, structural geology, geomorphology, and glacial geology. The rocks in the area, which range from Middle Ordovician to Late Devonian in age, are more than 25000 feet (7620 m) thick. This diversified group of sedimentary rocks was deposited in many different environments, ranging from deep sea, through neritic and tidal, to alluvial. In general, the Middle Ordovician through Lower Devonian strata are a sedimentary cycle related to the waxing and waning of Taconic tectonism. The sequence began with a greywacke-argillite suite (Martinsburg Formation) representing synorogenic basin deepening. This was followed by basin filling and pro-gradation of a sandstone-shale clastic wedge (Shawangunk Formation and Bloomsburg Red Beds) derived from the erosion of the mountains that were uplifted during the Taconic orogeny. The sequence ended with deposition of many thin units of carbonate, sandstone, and shale on a shelf marginal to a land area of low relief. Another tectonic-sedimentary cycle, related to the Acadian orogeny, began with deposition of Middle Devonian rocks. Deep-water shales (Marcellus Shale) preceded shoaling (Mahantango Formation) and turbidite sedimentation (Trimmers Rock Formation) followed by another molasse (Catskill Formation).     

基于MapObjects野外地质数据采集系统设计与实现

野外地质数据采集系统是计算机辅助区域地质调查系统的一个重要组成部分,由于没有合适的数据采集的地质模型和数学模型,使常规十分简单的地质现象用计算机辅助进行数据采集、存贮、处理显得十分困难.文章通过以点为核心的数据采集模型,利用数据库前端与后端分离技术、动态模型技术、元数据、数据字典技术、数据分块存储、共享技术,在Visual Basic 6.0与MapObjects相结合的环境下,研发了地质数据采集系统,有效的把老三件(地质锤、罗盘、放大镜)与新三件(笔记本、GPS、数码相机)有机的结合起来,实现了地质数据的方便采集、存贮、处理及输出.