Viscosity effect on consolidation of poroelastic soil due to groundwater table depression

In this study, the viscosity effect on consolidation of poroelastic soil due to groundwater table depression is examined. A viscoelastic consolidation numerical model is developed to conduct this examination. By nondimensionalizing the governing equations the viscosity number that depends on hydraulic conductivity, viscous moduli, and thickness of soil is obtained to represent the viscosity effect on consolidation of poroelastic soil. The case of clay stratum sandwiched between sandy strata subjected to sudden and gradual groundwater table depressions is used to investigate the importance of viscosity effect to poroelastic consolidation. The results show that the displacement and pore water pressure of clay stratum are strongly related to the viscosity effect. The overestimation of soil displacement will occur if the viscosity effect is neglected. Hence, the viscosity effect needs to be considered in modeling consolidation of poroelastic soil under groundwater table depression.     

Analysis of soil consolidation by vertical drains with double porosity model

The soil around a drain well is traditionally divided into smeared zone and undisturbed zone with constant hydraulic conductivity. In reality, hydraulic conductivity of the soil changes continuously and it may not be always appropriate to approximate its distribution with two zones. In this study, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the soil is described by an arbitrary function of radial distance. The horizontal flow under equal strain condition is analysed for a soil–drain system with a circular or regular polygonal boundary. It is found that the horizontal flow can be generally characterized with a linear equation in which the flow rate of water through soil–drain interface is proportional to the difference between the average excess pore pressure in the soil and the excess pore pressure in the drain well. The water exchange between the drain and the soil is analogous to that between fractures and matrix in a double porosity system, a popular conceptual model of fracture rocks. On the basis of this characterization, a simplified approach to analyse soil–drain systems is developed with one‐dimensional double porosity model (DPM). Analytical solutions for both fully and partially penetrating drains are derived. The solution for partially penetrating drains is compared with both numerical and approximate analytical results in literature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抽降地下水引起地面沉降的计算与预测

通过理论分析,提出抽降地下水引起地面沉降的计算方法,并根据抽降承压水引起地面沉降的估算公式对沉降及差异沉降进行预测.     

A method to predict the group fissuring and faulting caused by regional groundwater decline

Ground fissuring is a recurrent problem in many countries where water extraction surpasses the natural recharge of aquifers. Due to differential settlement, the soil layer undergoes deformation and cracks with serious consequences for civil infrastructure. Here, we propose an approximate analysis of the fissuring process that can be used to predict the location of cracks, which increasingly affect some middle- and large-sized cities in the world. For that purpose, the ground loss theory is applied to sediments overlying a sinusoidal-shaped graben. This analysis shows the existence of a tensile zone at the border of the graben with maximal values on its shoulder where tension cracks are more likely to appear. It also shows that soil deformation under differential settlement may evolve into ground faulting if water withdrawal continues. Finally, when a crack has completely developed, the tensile zone shifts towards the center of the graben, creating a new area for potential cracking and faulting.     

真空联合堆载预压加固含承压水软基中水位和出水量变化规律研究

对含承压水地层的真空联合堆载预压地下水位和出水量变化进行了分析和研究。现场测试结果表明,（1）撕膜和非撕膜的塑排板施工工艺能有效防止承压水贯通,真空联合堆载预压加固软基效果较为明显;（2）联合预压期间地下水位相对稳定,最大水位下降值为1.8 m,工程后期SW2水位上升约1.0 m,说明加固区局部已贯通承压水层;（3）加固区内外承压水水位变化具有类似的规律,加固区内外水位变化分别受真空度分布和降雨的影响;（4）抽真空初期出水量较大,随着抽真空时间增加出水量迅速减小,在工程后期单泵出水量小于同一地区相同工法加固深厚软基的单泵出水量,说明研究区真空联合堆载预压并未完全贯通承压水地层。     

柔性侧限条件下软土的变形特性及固结模型

软黏土具有含水率高、压缩性强、泊松比大的物理特性。对于深厚软黏土地基而言,在竖向荷载的作用下很难保证侧向变形为0,适当考虑侧向变形的柔性约束条件可能更符合工程实际。因此,提出了柔性侧限条件下的竖向固结试验方法,对原状土样及重塑土样分别进行了不同侧向约束条件下的竖向固结对比试验,分析了侧限条件对软黏土沉降特征及变形参数的影响。试验成果表明,柔性侧限条件下土体的主固结变形量、次固结变形量均较K0侧限条件下的大,主固结完成时间较短,且等时曲线非线性化程度更高。基于试验成果及ε-lgp曲线,引入非达西渗流理论,对一维Terzaghi经典固结理论进行修正,建立了柔性侧限约束条件下的非线性控制方程,此计算模型参数通过柔性侧限固结试验获取,可计算一定侧向变形条件下土体的变形特性,通过对室内试验成果的模拟验证了模型的有效性。     

盾构施工引起的固结沉降分析

盾构在低渗透性土层中开挖,常常伴随着地表下沉,究其原因为超孔隙水压力消散引起固结沉降的结果。为对盾构施工引起土体的固结沉降进行研究,首先,根据隧道施工前后土体应力的变化值,应用Henkel超孔隙水压力理论,推导了隧道开挖引起的初始超孔隙水压力的计算公式,并采用数值分析方法,考虑了由于土体的固结引起的沉降变形。研究成果应用到上海地铁2号线,根据具体的地质条件进行理论计算分析。结果表明,隧道开挖引起的初始超孔隙水压力最大值位于隧道起拱线处,地表固结沉降预测值与实测值吻合较好。     

地下水位升高时黏性土无限边坡的水平位移

在平面应变条件下,采用摩尔-库仑强度准则和相关联流动法则,对地下水位升高过程中平移模式下的黏性土无限边坡进行了弹塑性分析,探讨了坡体变形的变化规律,分析了边坡安全系数和坡面水平位移的关系。数值分析表明,土坡的初始应力状态和抗剪强度指标对地下水位升高过程中滑坡前塑性区的厚度、坡体内塑性应变和水平位移的发展都有很大影响。     

武汉一级阶地基坑降水引起土层水位变化及压缩变形研究

武汉一级阶地地层具有典型的二元结构特征,从浅层至深层土体渗透性逐渐增加,在基坑工程开挖降水过程中,随着疏干含水层水位的下降,各层土体水位变化特点各不相同,水位的变化影响着土体固结的压缩变形。采用现场群井抽水试验的方法,通过在抽水试验期间对不同深度含水层水位的观测及不同深度土体沉降的监测,结合各层土体性质及相关理论对武汉一级阶地基坑降水引起的土层水位变化及压缩变形规律进行研究。结果表明,武汉一级阶地基坑降水水位变化存在着明显的时空效应,沉降与水位变化密切相关,且沉降过程中土层中出现架空效应。     

地下工程中由控稳到控水的断裂屏障机制

结合工程实例分析了原始地质条件下的不导水断层在采动影响下透水并最终导致突水事故发生的作用机理。研究表明,在一定条件下,断裂破碎带成为围岩变形和采动应力传播的屏障。这种屏障作用的结果使得断裂带内岩体变形强烈,变形梯度大,开挖空间与断裂带之间围岩变形和采动应力集中加剧,这容易引起断裂带含有原生结构面的构造岩体和存在断层伴生裂隙的围岩变形错动,并进一步导致地下水导升。工程实例证明了这一分析的合理性。     

盾构施工引起地表固结沉降问题的研究

将隧道周围土体视为均质连续各向同性的饱和弹性介质,采用保角变换的方法将含有隧道的半无限平面映射为同心圆环计算域。根据Terzaghi-Rendulic二维固结理论,建立隧道在不透水的情况下周围土体超孔隙水压力分布的控制方程。然后,采用分离变量法计算得到土体超孔隙水压力分布的解析解,最后,根据弹性理论计算得出隧道中线上方地表固结沉降的计算公式。结合算例,分析盾构施工扰动程度、土体渗透系数、土体弹性模量及隧道埋深等因素对隧道中心上方地表处固结沉降的影响。研究结果表明,地表固结沉降的增加值与隧道外侧初始超孔隙水压力值C0的变化量成正比例关系,施工扰动程度越大所引起的固结沉降越大;土体的渗透系数越大固结沉降速度越快,但土体的渗透系数与最终的地表固结沉降量无关;土体的弹性模量越大,最终的地表固结沉降量越小;隧道埋深越深,地表固结沉降所需时间越长,最终的地表固结沉降量也越大。     

Sedimentation–consolidation of a double porosity material

This paper studies the sedimentation–consolidation of a double porosity material, such as lumpy clay. Large displacements and finite strains are accounted for in a multidimensional setting. Fundamental equations are derived using a phenomenological approach and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, as set out by Coussy [Coussy, Poromechanics, Wiley, Chichester, 2004]. These equations particularise to three non-linear partial differential equations in one dimensional context. Numerical implementation in a finite element code is currently being undertaken.     

考虑有效电势变化的软土一维电渗固结理论

通过前人研究成果和电渗室内试验,发现了电渗中有效电势先随时间线性减小后保持不变的规律。将此规律作为基本假设,与Esrig一维电渗固结理论相结合,列出了工程中常见的阳极不排水、阴极排水情况下考虑有效电势变化的一维电渗固结方程。求解出了考虑有效电势变化的孔隙水压力和平均固结度的解析式。与实际情况相比,考虑有效电势变化的一维电渗固结理论解较Esrig理论解误差更小,将两理论进行了对比,求出了任意时刻排水量的误差减少量,为实际工程提供参考。     

BP网络并行预测地下水位研究

提出了适用于孔隙承压水水源地的BP-遗传元胞自动机方法,这种方法的原理来源于地理元胞自动机的方法框架。把每个水源地作为一个元胞,每个水源地的下一时刻的状态由其本身、周围水源地上一时刻的状态和下一时刻的行为及它们所处的环境条件决定。并用该方法进行了多水源地水位并行预测,效果良好。     

Axisymmetric consolidation of a poroelastic soil layer with a compressible fluid constituent due to groundwater drawdown

Axisymmetric consolidation of a poroelastic soil layer with a compressible fluid constituent induced by groundwater drawdown was studied based on Biot’s axisymmetric consolidation theory. Laplace and Hankel transforms were employed to solve the governing equation. Explicit analytical solutions are obtained in the Laplace–Hankel transform domain when groundwater drawdown is induced by a constant pumping well. Based on the solutions, numerical computations were performed to study the influences of the compressibility of the fluid constituent on the consolidation behavior of the soil layer.     

Semi-analytical solutions for soil consolidation induced by drying

Acta Geotechnica - Drying induced consolidation is ubiquitous in nature, yet no theoretical model is available to delineate this phenomenon. Fundamentally, this phenomenon is a multi-physical...     

Simulation of a groundwater fall caused by geological discontinuities

In some areas close to a reverse fault with significant vertical displacement, or the boundary of a mining area in multi-layer rock and the boundary of perched water, the phreatic water-level changes abruptly from one side of the fault or boundary to the other. There is no direct hydraulic connection between the two sides and a groundwater fall occurs across the fault or boundary. This groundwater fall cannot be easily handled by the modules available in MODFLOW. Semi-analytical solutions were derived for water discharge from the upstream to the downstream side of the fault or boundary, and verified by air-water two-phase numerical simulation. The numerical results show that the derived semi-analytical solutions can be used to accurately estimate the groundwater flux at the fault even though the unsaturated zone is not considered. A module package, GWF, was developed to simulate the groundwater fall, which can be embedded directly into MODFLOW. A theoretical example is presented to show how the package GWF is used to simulate perched water. This package was also applied successfully to build a regional groundwater model of the Urumqi River Basin, Xinjiang, China, and the simulation results showed good agreement with the local hydrogeologic conditions.